Bio 180 Final
Listed below are the equilbrium constants for a number of reversible chemical reactions. Order them (smallest to largest) from that which most favors reactants to that which that most favors products. 1001 1x10-5 0.5 0.00035 1x103 0.0021 1.35
(6) 1001 (1) 1x10-5 (3) 0.5 (1) 0.00035 (5) 1x103 (2) 0.0021 (4) 1.35
Clinicians will often administer 5% glucose intravenously (IV) to patients. What is the molarity of a 5% glucose solution? (Hint: glucose has molecular weight of 180)
.278
the backbone of an RNA strand is composed of phosphate and sugars. How many phosphates are there for every sugar inthe backbone?
1
Water molecules hydrogen bonding to other mater molecules is called ______. While water molecule experiencing electrostatic attraction molecules other than water is called ______.
Cohesion; Adhesion
Which of the following statements is a logical consequence of the second law of thermodynamics?
Every chemical reaction must increase the total entropy of the universe
What is the following molecule? crimpy =O ----OH
Fatty acid
which of the following would be most likely to readily dissolve in water
KCl
Which of the following cytockeletal proteins is not associated with a known motor protein
Keratin
Larger more complex molecules like glucose ahve more potential energy than smaller less complex molecules like carbon dioxide because
Glucose has more chemical bonds than carbon dioxide
Which of the following are primarily responsible for cytokinesis in plant cells but no in animal cells
Golgi-derived vesicles
you see a nitrogenous base taht is made of two cyclic rings and can make 3 hydrogen bonds. It is
Guanine
Which of the following molecules contains a carbonyl group
H----C=== O H----
A certain channel protein in the cell membrane is equally permeable to both Na+ and K+. Na+ concentrations are high on the outside of the cell (which is positive), while K+ concentrations are high on the inside of the cell (which is negative). Assuming equal concentration gradients for both Na+ and K+, which of the following statements is true regarding the movement of these ions through this channel?
More Na+ ions will be transported
Which of the following is not one of the elements making up 96% of living matter
Na
Cells from an advanced malignant tumor most often have very abnormal chromosomes, and often an abnormal total number of chromosomes. Why might this occur?
chromosomally abnormal cells can still go through cell cycle checkpoints
The cytochrome b-f protein in photosynthesis is analogous to ......... in cell respiration
comlex III
The amino acid isoleucine belongs to the non-polar amino acids due to the nature of its side chain. Its side chain is most likely made of which functional group
alkyl group
Ribose is a significant carbohydrate because...
it is a component of nucleotides
what are the scaffolding proteins
large molecules to which several relay proteins attach to facilitate cascade effects
Binding of signaling molecule to which type of receptor leads directly to a change in distribution of ions on opposite of the membrane
ligand-gated ion channel
lactose
dimer
maltose
dimer
sucrose
dimer
Vinblastine is a drug used to treat cancer. it interferes with the assembly of microtublules; therefore, its effectiveness in treating cancer must relate to
disruption of the mitotic spindle
Glucose diffuses very slowly through artificial phospholipid bilayers. The cells lining the small intestine, however, rapidly move large quantities of glucose from the glucose-rich food into their glucose-poor cytoplasm. Using this information, which transport mechanism is most probably functioning in the intestinal cells?
facilitiated diffusion
The inner membrane monolayer of organelle membranes is called the cytosolic leaflet
false
Which of the following can be effective in preventing the onset of viral infection in humans?
getting vaccinated
which of the following is not an adantage of internal membranes
greater control of mobility
Which of the following pairs has a relationship such that the second term is always a member of the first term
integral membrane proteins: Transmembrane proteins
chromosomes align at an impaginary plane equidistant between the 2 poles of the cell during
metaphase
following molecule? O OH OH
nucleotide
DNA is a polymer of repeating units called
nucleotides
which of the following monolayers is called a cytosolic leaflet
outer layer of the oranellular membrane
Which of the following are true regarding pKa.
pKa is the negative log of the Ka pKa is the pH when the conjugate base and weak acid are at the same concentration pKa is physical characteristic of each unique buffering system pH=pKa+log(A-/HA)
Amylopectin
polymer
amylose
polymer
cellulose
polymer
chitin
polymer
glycogen
polymer
On a hot day, a plant will close its stomata inorder to
prevent loss of water
Which of the following categories of endocytosis is regulated by cellular receptors?
receptor-mediated endocytosis phagocytosis
which of the follwoing stages requires ATP
reductions stage and ribulose regeneration stage
Insulin binds to its receptor on the liver causing the liver to store glucose as glycogen A cell surface receptor on a fibroblast cell receives a signal from a growth factor causing the cell to produce a cyclin which leads to its progression through the cell cycle Testosterone binds it receptor in a skeletal muscle cell which leads to this muscle growing larger (hypertrophy) is response to exertion. Cells surrounding the site of an infection release chemical signals which are 'sensed' by white blood cells and allows them to migrate toward the site of infection.
regulate enzyme activity regulate gene transcription regulate gene transcription activate movement of cytoskeleton
The genome of a bacterial cell is sequenced and several remnants of phage DNA are uncovered. The most likely explanation is
transduction has occured
The outer monolayer of the plasma membrane is called the extracellular leaflet true or false
true
calvin cycle stages
1. carbon fixation 2. carbon reduction 3. ribulose regeneration
How many total ATP are produced by 3 glucose molecules through the various glycolytic pathways
12
Lead-210 (Z=82) decays by alpha emission. What is the mass number of the resulting atom.
206
Assume a mitochondrion contains 58 NADH and 19 FADH2. If each of the 77 dinucleotides were used, approximately how many ATP molecules could be generated as a result of oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmosis)?
212
Neon has 10 electrons. How many of those electrons fill 2p orbitals?
6
You have a cellulose chain consisting of 120 glucose residues. You also have 40 monomeric glucose residues. You place both in water and perform multiple condensation reactions until all reactants are gone. Which of the following best describe the product(s) of your reactions?
A cellulose chain with 160 residues and 40 water molecules
Protein phosphorylation is commonly involved with all of the following EXCEPT? A) a. regulation of transcription by extracellular signal molecules. B) b. enzyme activation. C) c. activation of G protein-coupled receptors. D) d. activation of receptor tyrosine kinases. E) e. activation of protein kinase molecules.
C) activation of Gprotein coupled receptors
Which of the following bonds would result in a partial charge on the bonded atoms?
C-O
which of the following is a protien maintained at constant levels throughout the cell cycle that requires cyclin to become catalytically active
Cdk
Determine if the statement in quotations is true or False. If false, identify one of the corrections below that make it a true statement. "The oligosaccharides that sometimes decorate membrane proteins are only found on the cytosolic monolayer of the plasma membrane."
Change cytosolic to extracellular
Whcih of the following describes the sequence of electron carriers inthe electron transprot chain, starting with the least electronegative?
FMN,Fe*S, ubiquinone, cytochromes
True or false. Denatured proteins can still carry out normal functions but at a much lower level.
False
Use the following words to fill in the blanks in this sentence. Each word will be used once. Head Tail Phosphate Hydroxyl The 5' end of a nucleic acid is considered the _______________. It is characterized by the presence of a _____________ functional group. While the 3' end is considered the _________. It is characterized by the presence of a _____________ functional group.
Head, phosphate, tail, hydroxyl
The free energy for the oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water is -686 kcal/mole and the free energy for the reduction of NAD+ to NADH is +53 kcal/mole. Why are only two molecules of NADH formed during glycolysis when it appears that as many as a dozen could be formed?
Most of the free energy available form the oxidation of glucose remains in pyruvate, one of the products of glycolysis
Which of the following molecules is not possible
O=C-C-C-C-N
A hallmark of cancer cells is anchorage independence - the ability to grow on a surface that does not resemble the cell�s native microenvironment. Along with the availability of growth factors and the density of cells surrounding the cancer cells, anchorage independence in normal cells is linked to the key environmental checkpoint in the cell cycle. As such, which of the following is true?
Signal transduction pathways form properly adhered cells would most likely result in the transcription of cyclin
Which of the following statements correctly describes the nomal toncicity conditions for typical plant and animal cells
The animal cell is isotonic solution and the plant cell is in a hypotonic solution
WE sometimes use the term asymmetric to describe a memebrane. What does this mean?
The inner surface of the membrane has a different look, feel and functionthan the outside of the membrane
Biologists sometimes utilize biological molecules that contain radioactive isotopes in place of stable isotopes. One example is tritiated thymidine. Thymidine is a building block of DNA and some of the hydrogen atoms within this molecule have been replaced with a radioactive isotope that contains two neutrons and one proton called tritium. Which of the following describe the properties of radioactive isotopes that make them useful in biology (select all that apply): (1.6)
The particles emitted from radioactive isotopes such as tritium are detectable even at low levels making them useful for sensitive biological experiments.
A researcher lyses a cell that contains nucleic acid molecules and capsomeres of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). The cell contents are left in a covered test tube overnight. The next day this mixture is sprayed on tobacco plants. Which of the following would be expected to occur?
The plants would develop the typical symptoms of TMV infection
ATP has three different structural regions. Which of the following regions is primarily responsible for the energy transfers that ATP carries out in the cell?
The poly phosphate
density-dependent inhibition is explained by which of the following?
as cells become more numerous, the cell surfcae proteins of one cell contact the adjoining cells and they stop dividing
A major group of G protein-linked receptors contain seven transmembrane alpha helices. The amino terminus of the protein lies at the exterior of the plasma membrane. Loops of amino acids connect the helices either at the exterior face or on the cytosol face of the membrane. The loop on the cytosol side between helices 5 and 6 is usually substantially longer than the others. Where would you expect to find the carboxyl terminus?
at the cytosol surface
With respect to question on G protein coupled receptors, the coupled G protein most likely interacts with this receptor
at the loop between H5 and H6
Which of the following is true about the passage of water across a cell membrane
because water is polar, it cannot easily cross the cell membran
buffers are substances that help ressit shifts in pH
both donating H to a solution when bases are added and accepting h when acids are added
What explains the increase concentration of Ca2+ in the ER?
calcium ions are actively imported from the cytoplasm into the ER
which of the following is a protein synthesized at specific times during the cell cycle that associates with a kinase to form a catalytically active complex
cyclin
Which of the following is true regarding the periodic table:
each element in a group (column) of the periodic table will ahve the same valence shell electron configuration
Changing the temperature or pH will alter the activity of an enzyme. Enzymes are made or destroyed when a cell needs or doesn't need to catalyze a particular reaction. ) A regulator will bind to an enzyme at a site other than the active site and cause a conformational shift either activating or inhibiting the enzyme. A regulator produced by an enzyme or by a subsequent enzyme in a metabolic pathway will decrease the activity of the enzyme. Enzymes are localized to compartments or membranes within a cell in order to regulate their function.
environmental regulation temporal regulation allosteric regulation feedback inhibition spatial regulation
GTPase activity is involved in the regulation of signal transduction because it
hydrolyzes GTP binding to G protein
Which of the following most accurately describes how a siganl is propagated by a phosphorylation cascade
in a series, kinase use ATP to transfer a phosphate to protein substrates
Which of the following is true for the signaling system in an animal cell that lacks the ability to produce GTP?
it would not be able to activate and inactivate the g protein on the cyotplasmic side of the plasma membrane
kinase or phosphatase Action of this enzyme leads to a conformational shift in substrate which usually activates the protein substrate's enzymatic function.
kinase
kinase or phosphatase Transfers a phosphate from ATP to substrate generating ADP and a phosphorylated substrate.
kinase
Which of the following accurately represents the units of molarity?
moles/Liters
deoxyribose
monomer
fructose
monomer
galactose
monomer
glucose
monomer
ribose
monomer
What is the most common source of genetic diversity in prokaryotes?
mutation
glycoprotein or glycolipid on cell surface
oligomer
The covalent link between two amino acids forming a polypeptide chain is called a
peptide bond
which of the following types of bonds holds the primary structure of a protein intact
peptide bond
Which of the following is NOT a purpose of cellular signal transduction pathways?
permits genetic material to be passed by a virus into a cell
Which of the following organelles is NOT a member of the endomembrane system?
peroxisomes
kinase or phosphatase Usually this enzyme's action will lead to Inactivation of protein substrates
phosphatase
kinase or phosphate Removes phosphate from substrate generating inorganic phosphate (Pi) and dephosphorylated substrate
phosphate
An inhibitor of which of the following could be used to block the release of calcium form the endoplasmic reticulum?
phospholipase C
why is ATP an important molecule in metabolism
provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions
Succinate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of succinate to fumarate. The reaction is inhibited by malonic acid, which resembles succinate but cannot be acted upon by succinate dehydrogenase. Increasing the ratio of succinate to malonic acid reduces the inhibitory effect of malonic acid. Based on this information, which of the following is correct?
succinate is the substrate and fumarate is the product
cytokinesis typically occurs during
telophase
if a pharmaceutical company wished to design a compound
that increases phosphodesterase activity
Which of the following best defines the term specific heat
the amount of enregy required to raise 1 g to of liquid to 1 Celcius
The process of oxidative phosphorylation can be likened to a battery that powers a water pump as well as a turbine which is powered by the pumped water. In this analogy the proton motive force best can be represent by which of the following:
the force of the movement of the pumped water down through a turbine
Which of the following span the phospholipids bilayer, usually a number of times?
transmembrane proteins
The process of transduction usually begins
when the siganl molecule changes the receptor protein in some way