Bio 182- Unit 1 reading quaetions
Which statements accurately describe the process, or concerns related to, habitat destruction? Multiple select question. often caused by humans is the primary cause of species extinction and a major threat to biodiversity prevents the area from supporting the species that were originally present thought to be related to localized geologic change
often caused by humans is the primary cause of species extinction and a major threat to biodiversity prevents the area from supporting the species that were originally present
When constructing a life table most age classes often represent
one year
When humans harvest a species at a rate that is unsustainable, based on the species' natural rate of mortality and rate of reproduction, it is called
overexploitation
Which of the following accurately describes the carbon cycle? Multiple select question. phototrophs acquire CO2 from the atmosphere about 1/7th of CO2 in the atmosphere is used by phototrophs each year about 1/5th of the CO2 in the atmosphere is replenished each year by respiration and the decomposition of plants CO2 is present at a level of 400 parts per trillion (ppt)
phototrophs acquire CO2 from the atmosphere about 1/7th of CO2 in the atmosphere is used by phototrophs each year
The carbon cycle is accurately described by which of the following statements? Multiple select question. phototrophs include plants, algae, and cyanobacteria carbon moves from the atmosphere and then into organisms where it is permanently stored carbon moves from the atmosphere, into organisms, and back again plants, algae, and cyanobacteria are collectively called heterotrophs
phototrophs include plants, algae, and cyanobacteria carbon moves from the atmosphere, into organisms, and back again
Microscopic, photosynthetic organisms that live in the open ocean are called
phytoplankton
Marsupial mammals are often out competed by introduced mammals in Australia.
placental
Of the carbon that is attributed to living things on Earth, the highest percentage is found in
plants
A group of individuals of the same species occupying the same area at the same time is called a(n)
population
Many individuals of the same species living together in a defined area form a(n)
population
Which of the following is commonly used to display information about the age structure of a population?
population pyramid
increased global temperatures are expected to alter global
precipitation
How would you best explain the existence of a mountain range that has abundant conifer trees, ferns, and mosses on the east side, but only sparse shrubby plants on the west side?
precipitation differences due to a rain shadow on the west side produce the differing plant communities
invasive species that act as provide powerful examples of the effects of invasive species.
predators
By knowing the per capita growth rates ecologists can
predict population growth because it determines the change in the number of individuals in the population over a period of time
Ninety-nine percent of Earth's biosphere by mass consists of ______, which thus contribute most to ecosystem biomass production.
primary producers
According to the species- hypothesis, species richness can be predicted by the total amount of plant material produced over time.
productivity
According to the species-_______ hypothesis, species richness can be predicted by the total amount of plant material produced
productivity
Age-specific fertility rate is the ______, whereas net reproductive rate is the
proportion of female offspring born to females of reproductive age; number of offspring born to all females of all ages
Age-specific fertility rate is the ______, whereas net reproductive rate is the ______.
proportion of female offspring born to females of reproductive age; number of offspring born to all females of all ages
A square frame used to enclose an area in order to isolate a sample and determine population density is called a
quadrat
Plant ecologists employ a sampling device called a(n) . It consists of a square frame which can be used to outline an area for population density estimates.
quadrat
When estimating population density an ecologist may use a(n) ,which is a square plot of land of an enclosed area to isolate a species, or a(n) , which is a tape laid out in a straight line along two poles.
quadrat line transect
In mountains, when air is blown across the Earth's surface and up over the mountains, it cools as air expands because of:
reduced pressure
Which have contributed to human overexploitation of plants?
removal of valuable species from their native habitats
The population growth rate per generation is the net ______ rate.
reproductive
Animals that are uncommon in temperate deciduous forests are
reptiles
Some people believe that the horns of can cure conditions as diverse as hangovers and cancers.
rhinos
The global patterns of atmospheric circulation and precipitation occur because of
rising masses of warm air and sinking masses of cool air.
Select the factors that affect ocean currents. Multiple select question. Adiabatic cooling Rotation of the Earth Winds Elevation
rotations of the Earth Winds
What factor would you expect to show the largest difference between the lotic and intertidal biomes?
salinity
The level is the average level for the surface of one or more of the Earth's oceans.
sea
The biomass of herbivores is often used as the measure of ______ production of an ecosystem.
secondary
Which of the following is an example of a placental mammal out competing a marsupial mammal in Austraila? Choose all that apply. Multiple select question. sheep vs. red kangaroo sheep vs. brush-tailed rock wallyby sheep vs. dingo dingo vs. thylacine sheep vs. western gray kangaroo
sheep vs. red kangaroo sheep vs. brush-tailed rock wallyby dingo vs. thylacine sheep vs. western gray kangaroo
Species richness will be lower in a ______ area than in a _____ area according to the species-area hypothesis.
smaller; larger
Variation in temperature as different latitudes of Earth are influenced by energy.
solar
The pool of potential species available to colonize an island is called the pool.
source
Large expanses of open water help to moderate temperature extremes in the hemisphere.
southern
In a tropical rain forest, the ground cover is
sparse
Plant life in cold deserts is
sparse
Which of the following provide examples of introduced species? Multiple select question. species introduced for landscaping purposes species introduced for re-establishing native populations species introduced for agricultural purposes species introduced to provide a source for timber or wool
species introduced for landscaping purposes species introduced for agricultural purposes species introduced to provide a source for timber or wool
According the equilibrium model of island biogeography, _____.
species richness will increase with increasing island size
A population pyramid is often used to display information about the age of a population
structure
zones have high pressure with relatively dry air as most of the moisture has been lost over the equator.
subsidence
the average area of land under crop cultivation throughout the world is 12% but varies around the world.
substantially
The gradual and continuous change in species composition and community structure following a disturbance is called
succession
A graph of the proportion of surviving individuals at each age is called a(n) curve.
survivorship
Overexploitation occurs when humans harvest a species at a rate that is not ______ . This practice has been the cause of various human caused extinctions throughout the past.
sustainable
The biome called taiga is also known as
temperate coniferous forest.
Most of Europe is in the ______ biome.
temperate deciduous forest
Much of eastern Europe is covered by
temperate deciduous forest
Wild horses in Asia and kangaroos in Australia live in
temperate grasslands
In an ecosystem, a strong relationship exists between primary production and secondary production, usually measured as
the biomass of herbivores.
The species-productivity hypothesis predicts that species richness will be higher in areas with:
the greatest production by plant material
As more species immigrate onto an island, the rate of extinction will increase until _______
the number of species reaches equilibrium
As more species immigrate onto an island, the rate of extinction will increase until _______.
the number of species reaches equilibrium
The species-time hypothesis proposes that habitats in tropical areas have greater species richness because
the organisms have had more time to evolve and diversify than in temperate and arctic areas.
The Earth is spherical, which causes differences in the intensity of solar radiation at different latitudes. The Earth is also titled on its axis at a 23.5° angle. How do you think this tilt affects the intensity of solar radiation?
the sun's rays strike the northern hemisphere more obliquely during its winter months and less obliquely during its summer months
Which of the following responses accurately answers the question, 'how is the water cycle different from other cycles?' Multiple select question. driven by evaporation and precipitation the water cycle is a chemical process rather than a physical process driven by evaporation, freeze thaw cycles, and precipitation the water cycle is a physical process rather than a chemical process
the water cycle is a physical process rather than a chemical process driven by evaporation and precipitation
The equilibrium model of Island biogeography proposes that immigration onto an island is highest when:
there are no species already present on the island
What characterizes the trees in tropical deciduous forest?
they often shed their leaves
Which of the following provide explanations for why the sea lamprey was so successful in the Great Lakes after its introduction from the ocean? Multiple select question. they were difficult to prevent from entering the lake they were able to reproduce and live in freshwater they swam faster than other predators they colonized the environment quickly
they were difficult to prevent from entering the lake they were able to reproduce and live in freshwater they colonized the environment quickly
According to the species- hypothesis, temperate regions have less rich communities than tropical ones because they are younger, and thus not as likely to have evolved and diversified.
time
The average number of live births a woman has during her lifetime is called the
total fertility rate
A line is a sampling technique in which a string is stretched along the ground in a straight line between two poles and any organism along its length is counted.
transect
Many species of take extended periods of time, hundreds and perhaps thousands of years, for seed dispersal.
trees
Each level of a food chain is called a level.
trophic
Ecological pyramids describe the distribution of abundance, biomass, or energy among different:
trophic levels
You have survived a plane crash. When you regain consciouness, you cannot remember what your original destination was, but you make several observations about your surroundings that may help you figure out where you are. First, you notice tall trees are plentiful, and the ground is covered with fallen leaves.The air temperature is very hot, and you notice that the soil is quite dry underneath the leaf litter. Into what biome has your plane most likely crashed?
tropical deciduous forest
You awaken to find yourself lying on the bare ground, dirty and injured. In the dim light, you can make out wreckage around you and surmise that you have survived a plane crash. Over the next few days, you wander the hot, humid area and find an amazing number of different plant and insect species. You are able to trap and eat several rodent size mammals, but do not see any larger mammals. Into what biome did your plane crash?
tropical rain forest
In general, which of these main climate zones have the highest species richness?
tropical regions
True or false: Even though nitrogen makes up 78% of the atmosphere it is in limited supply to living organisms.
true
True or false: the accumulation of chemicals in the bodies of organisms in food chains is more of a problem at the higher trophic levels.
true
Which of the following best supports the idea that global warming will affect precipitation patterns on land? Multiple select question. lower temperatures increase evaporation warm air holds less water vapor than cooler air warm air holds more water vapor than cooler air higher temperatures increase evaporation
warm air holds more water vapor than cooler air higher temperatures increase evaporation
n terrestrial systems, ______ is a major determinant of primary production, which shows a nearly linear increase with annual precipitation. An additional factor is ______, which slows or accelerates plant metabolic rates.
water; temperature
elect all of the following that describe lotic habitats. Multiple select question. Well-oxygenated Deep water Calm water Rivers
well-oxygenated rivers
Which of the following describes the effects of predation, herbivory, and parasitism on the two species involved in the interaction?
+/-
Climate affects the distribution of organisms. Indicate whether the following statements about climate are true or false.1. Warm air rises. (Click to select) True False 2. Cold air holds more moisture than warm air. (Click to select) True False 3. As air rises in the atmosphere it cools down. (Click to select) True False 4. When air cools down it releases moisture in the form of precipitation. (Click to select) True False 5. Warm, wet air circulates away from the equator as dry cool air comes up behind it. (Click to select) True False 6. As air descends it cools down and picks up moisture, making the air more humid. (Click to select) True False 7. Sunlight is more direct and intense at the equator than at the poles. (Click to select) True False 8. Tropical rainforests near the equator are characterized by high levels of annual rainfall and relatively constant annual temperatures. (Click to select) True False 9. At 30° latitude there is ample precipitation in all seasons, with extreme seasonal variation in temperatures. (Click to select) True False
1. true 2. False 3. True 4. True 5. False 6. False 7. True 8. true 9. false
Approximately of the world's land is covered in forests.
1/3
How many broad terrestrial biomes are defined by Whittaker's scheme based on average annual temperature and precipitation?
10
A life table provides data on the number of living individuals in a particular age class. Age classes are often represented by a time period of month(s).
12
Darimont's data suggest that humans kill adult prey at rates up to X the rate of other predators.
14
In 2015, about how many people were being added to the world's population every minute?
150
According to 2015 estimates, about _______ people per minute were being added to the human population in developed countries, and about ________ people per minute were being added in less-developed nations, for total of 150 people per minute being added to the world's population.
2; 148
The average ecological footprint on Earth is about _____ hectares of land.
3
Match the biomes with their corresponding temperature and precipitation patterns.
350 cm precipitation and 25C- tropical rain forest 150 cm precipitation and 10C- temperate deciduous forest 100 cm precipitation and 0C-taiga
Between 1 C.E. and the year 1750, the world's population increased by about ______.
500 million
The black market value of rhino horn in Southeast Asia is estimated to be ________ per kilogram, making it more valuable than gold.
65,000
In 2017, the world's population was estimated to be about ______ billion.
7.5
Buffalo populations were estimated to be ___million in the 18th century but, due to overexploitation by humans, populations dwindled to an estimated 1150 by the year_____
70; 1899
Even though % of the water that reaches the atmosphere has passed through plants and exited by evapotranspiration, only approximately % of water is found in the bodies of organisms or frozen in the soil.
90; 2
Which of the following is an example of a chemical defense against predation?
A bombardier beetle violently ejects a hot spray toward an attacker
What was the result of studies conducted in the West Indies on bird and butterfly species?
A direct correlation exists between island size and species richness
A survivorship curve is defined as which of the following?
A graph of the proportion of individuals surviving at each age
Which of the following describes a community?
A group of organisms of different species occupying the same area at the same time
Select organisms of primary interest when measuring ecosystem biomass production. Multiple select question. Algae Plants Cyanobacteria Fungi Insects Fishes
Algae Plants Cyanobacteria
What do predation, herbivory, and parasitism all have in common?
All have a positive effect on one species and a negative effect on the other.
According to the data shown here, which statement below is most accurate? As Minke whale populations declined whalers began to focus on Sei whales As Blue whale populations declined whalers began to focus on Fin whales As Fin whale populations declined whalers began to focus on Blue whales As Blue whale populations declined whalers began to focus on Minke whales
As Blue whale populations declined whalers began to focus on Fin whales
The chestnut blight fungus (Cryphonectria parasitica), that wreaked havoc on chestnut trees in the U.S. during the first half of the last century, was accidentally introduced from
Asia
The - fertility rate is the rate of female offspring production for females of a certain age, whereas the rate is the average number of offspring born to all females of all ages.
Blank 1: age Blank 2: specific Blank 3: net Blank 4: reproductive
n the 1920s, how did ecologists stop the invasive prickly pear cactus from continuing to overrun thousands of acres of rangeland in Australia?
By importing its natural herbivorous enemy, the small cactus moth
limate change can be correctly described with which statements below? Multiple select question. Climate change may be associated with changes in ocean currents All regions will experience an increase in the average surface temperature Climate change may be associated with changes in the circulation of the atmosphere A key component of climate change is global warming
Climate change may be associated with changes in ocean currents Climate change may be associated with changes in the circulation of the atmosphere A key component of climate change is global warming
Which of the following definitions is the best description of clonal organisms?
Clonal organisms are patches of genetically identical individuals.
Why don't temperatures keep increasing with decreasing latitudes near the equator?
Cloudiness and rain reduce average temperatures.
the tolerance model of succession proposes that:
Competition-intolerant species are more successful early in succession, while competition-tolerant species appear later in succession
Match how competition affects succession according to the tolerance model.
Competition-intolerant species matches Successful early in succession Competition-tolerant species matches Successful late in succession
What is density in terms of populations?
Density is the numbers of organisms in a given unit of area or volume.
Select all of the following that can be explained by evolution and geology. Distinct species may only occur on one continent even though the biome occurs elsewhere on Earth. Abiotic factors determine species distributions, such that each region only supports the organisms best adapted to it. Biomes contain the same communities of organisms no matter where they occur on Earth. Closely related species can often exists in widely separated locations on different continents. The same biome often contains different organisms on different continents.
Distinct species may only occur on one continent even though the biome occurs elsewhere on Earth. Closely related species can often exists in widely separated locations on different continents. The same biome often contains different organisms on different continents.
Select the true statements about the flora and fauna of South America, Africa, and Australia. Each continent is characterized by distinctive animal and plant species. Each continent supports the same animal and plant species. South America, Africa, and Australia all have similar biomes. South America, Africa, and Australia have markedly different biomes.
Each continent is characterized by distinctive animal and plant species. South America, Africa, and Australia all have similar biomes.
Which of the statements given below accurately describes the impact of the Earth's tilt on seasons found throughout the year? Choose all that apply? Temperature variation can be extreme at the equator and less variable as one moves away from the equator Earth's axis of rotation is tilted by 23.5 degrees throughout the year For one half of the year the Northern hemisphere receives more solar energy than the Southern hemisphere Temperature variation can be extreme throughout the year as one moves farther from the equator
Earth's axis of rotation is tilted by 23.5 degrees throughout the year For one half of the year the Northern hemisphere receives more solar energy than the Southern hemisphere Temperature variation can be extreme throughout the year as one moves farther from the equator
hich of the following would be the most likely method used by ecologists to determine density of clonal individuals?
Estimating the amount of ground covered by clonal plants
Which of the following are factors of the facilitation process that assist in the establishment of a climax community? Multiple select question. Facilitation results in the most dominant species colonizing the community. Facilitation results in a community that continues to change as earlier and later colonists compete for resources. Facilitation promotes the invasion of new colonists. Facilitation promotes the establishment of earlier species over invading colonists.
Facilitation results in the most dominant species colonizing the community. Facilitation promotes the invasion of new colonists.
What factor produces the substantial variation in Earth's temperature with latitude?
Incoming solar radiation
hat are the two main factors influencing species richness on an island? Multiple select question. Island size Topography Mutation rates Distance from the source pool
Island size Distance from the source pool
A community that is in equilibrium can be characterized by which of the following? Multiple select question. It is drought resistant. It has stable species-richness. It has stable species diversity. It has low species richness. It has stable weather. It has high population densities.
It has stable species-richness. It has stable species diversity.
What is the net reproductive rate?
It is the population growth rate per generation.
What is the finite rate of increase?
It is the ratio of the population size from one year to the next.
Match each freshwater habitat type to its correct description.
Lentic matches Standing-water Lotic matches Running-water
Select parts of the ocean that tend to be more productive. Multiple select question. Northern and southern oceans Continental margins Areas of upwellings Tropical oceans Dead zones Places of low chlorophyll concentrations Need help? Review these concept resources.
Northern and southern oceans Continental margins Areas of upwellings
Match each hemisphere to the direction of flow of its major ocean currents.
Northern- clockwise southern- counterclockwise
Select all that apply What are factors that determine the number of offspring born to females of any given age class? Number of females in that age class Finite rate of increase for that age class Age-specific survivorship of reproductive females in that age class Age-specific fertility rate of females in that age class Net reproductive rate of females of the previous age class
Number of females in that age class Age-specific fertility rate of females in that age class
The world's most extensive biome is the
Open Ocean
Referring to the image, match each type of interaction to its correct description regarding lethality and duration of interaction.
Parasitoids matches High lethality, high duration of interaction Predators matches High lethality, low duration of interaction matches Low lethality, low duration of interaction Parasites matches, Low lethality, high duration of interaction
Which of the following describes why ecologists can use per capita growth rate to help predict how a population will grow?
Per capita growth rates indicate the change in the number of individuals in population over a change in time.
Several different sampling methods exist for quantifying the density of animal populations. Match the method with its correct description.
Pitfall traps matches Set into the ground to catch species wandering over the surface Sweep nets matches Passed over grassland vegetation to dislodge and capture the insects feeding there Mist nets matches , Consist of very fine netting spread between trees Baited live traps matches Used to catch terrestrial animals, including Komodo dragons
Select all of the following that are types of ecological pyramids. Multiple select question. Pyramid of biomass Pyramid of chain length Pyramid of magnification Pyramid of numbers Pyramid of energy
Pyramid of biomass Pyramid of numbers Pyramid of energy
Tropical grassland is also called ______ and supports the greatest assemblage of large terrestrial mammals on Earth.
Savannah
Why do temperate oceans tend to be more productive than tropical oceans?
Seasonal storms in temperate areas allow mixing of water and nutrients.
Which of the following correctly describes the greenhouse effect? Multiple select question. Short-wave radiation passes through the atmosphere to heat the surface of the Earth Long-wave radiation, re-radiated from the surface of the Earth cannot effectively pass back through the atmosphere Short-wave radiation, re-radiated from the surface of the Earth cannot effectively pass back through the atmosphere Long-wave radiation passes through the atmosphere to heat the surface of the Earth
Short-wave radiation passes through the atmosphere to heat the surface of the Earth Long-wave radiation, re-radiated from the surface of the Earth cannot effectively pass back through the atmosphere
Which of the following describes the relationship between species richness and island size based on the equilibrium model?
Smaller islands are more susceptible to extinction and species richness decreases with decreasing island size.
studies conducted in the West Indies supported what prediction of the equilibrium model of island biogeography?
Species richness increases with increasing island size
What biome is characterized by average temperatures of about 0 degrees Celsius, forests of coniferous trees, and heavily furred mammals?
Taiga
Primary production in terrestrial ecosystems is influenced by several factors. What are they? Multiple select question. Temperature Water Dry biomass Nutrient availability Number of herbivores
Temperature Water Nutrient availability
The carrying capacity is defined as which of the following?
The maximum number of individuals the environment can sustain
What are three predictions of the island biogeography model? Multiple select question. The number of species increase with increasing distance from the source pool The number of species decrease with increasing distance from the source pool. Species turnover should be high. The number of species is directly proportional to island size. The number of species is inversely proportional to island size. Species turnover should be very low.
The number of species decrease with increasing distance from the source pool. Species turnover should be high. The number of species is directly proportional to island size.
What is the definition of climate?
The prevailing weather pattern of a given region.
What does age-specific fertility rate refer to?
The rate of female offspring produced for females of a specific age class
Select all reasons why there is less heat at high latitudes. The sun's rays travel a greater distance through the atmosphere. The sun's rays hit the Earth obliquely. There is less carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The thinner air in the mountains cannot retain the heat.
The suns rays travel a greater distance through the atmosphere the suns rays hit the earth obliquely
Select characteristics of Gause's experiments with Paramecium aurelia, P. caudatum, and P. bursaria.. No two Paramecium species were able to co-exist when grown together. The upper and lower parts of the culture tubes contained different food sources. P. caudatum went extinct when grown with P. aurelia. When grown separately, the three species exhibited exponential growth. P. caudatum outcompeted P. aurelia.
The upper and lower parts of the culture tubes contained different food sources. P. caudatum went extinct when grown with P. aurelia.
Which biome has substantial rainfall, hot temperatures, and distinct wet and dry seasons?
Tropical deciduous forest
What biome includes tropical areas with low rainfall, average temperatures between 20C to 30C, and occasional trees?
Tropical grassland
Select all of the following that are broad terrestrial biomes. Multiple select question. Tropical grassland Tundra Intertidal zone Tropical deciduous forest Tropical rain forest Coral reef
Tropical grassland Tundra Tropical deciduous forest Tropical rain forest
Which biome has an average temperature of 250C and an average precipitation of about 300 cm?
Tropical rain forest
Select all accurate depictions of a food web. Multiple select question. Chain length is typically long Usually greater than six trophic levels Usually less than six trophic levels Chain length is typically short
Usually less than six trophic levels Chain length is typically short
What is aposematic coloration?
Warning coloration often associated with a chemical defense
Which of the following plant species have been overexploited? Multiple select question. Eastern sugar maple West Indian mahogany Western red wood Lebanese cedar
West Indian mahogany Lebanese cedar
Select all that apply What are ways in which predation, herbivory, and parasitism interactions are classified? . Whether or not they are lethal How likely they are to survive natural disasters The length of association between consumer and prey The duration of the species' lifetime
Whether or not they are lethal The length of association between consumer and prey
The greenhouse effect is necessary for life on earth. This statement is supported by which of the following statements?
Without the greenhouse effect average temperatures would likely average -17C
A simple linear sequence of feeding relationships between organisms is called:
a food chain
Which of the following accurately describes the phosphorous cycle?
a simple cycle with no atmospheric component
animal life in wetlands is
abundant
The rate of offspring production for females of a certain age is called the fertility rate.
age specific
The number of offspring born to females of a given age class depends not only on the number of females, but also their
age-specific fertility
Which of the statements given below accurately reflects subsidence zones? Choose all that apply. air that has risen in vertical columns begins to cool as it moves away from the surface tropical deserts are found 20-30 degrees north and south of the equator and have very moist air at the equator, surface air rises in vertical columns due to high temperatures rainfall is provided to equatorial rain forests due to warm air rising
air that has risen in vertical columns begins to cool as it moves away from the surface at the equator, surface air rises in vertical columns due to high temperatures rainfall is provided to equatorial rain forests due to warm air rising
In a life table, the value of nx represents the number of individuals that are
alive at the start of a time period
Temperate rain forest is found
along the northwestern North American coast.
Which of the following best describes global warming?
an increase in the earth's average surface temperature
Mist nets, traps, and sweep nets are all methods used to estimate density of
animal species
biomes can be differentiated by factors such as oxygen content, water salinity, current strength, and availability of light.
aquatic
Sea level is correctly described by which statement below?
average level for the surface of one or more of Earth's oceans
The total fertility rate is the
average number of live births a woman has in her lifetime.
Based on the three-cell model of global air circulation shown in the figure above, where would you be most likely to find a plant species that is very drought tolerant, but not cold tolerant?
between 20 and 30 degrees latitude
Cycles that involve the movement of chemical elements through ecosystems involving biological, geological, and chemical transport mechanisms are called cycles.
biogeochemical
Which of the following are involved in biogeochemical cycles? Multiple select question. biological mechanisms ecological mechanisms geological mechanisms chemical transport mechanisms
biological mechanisms geological mechanisms chemical transport mechanisms
Rare orchids and ______ have been threatened by collectors who hope to own a rare species or profit from its sale.
cacti
In order to estimate population density over a large area, population ecologists
calculate density of organisms in a small area and use this number to estimate total abundance over a large area.
The maximum population size that can be sustained by an environment is known as the
carrying capacity
An unbranched depiction of feeding relationships in which each organism derives energy from the preceding organism is called a food
chain
Continental drift led to:
change in relative location of the landmasses on Earth
Many insects, arthropods, and vertebrates spray secretions when they are attacked or threatened. What type of defense is this?
chemical defense
Temperature and precipitation are components of , the prevailing weather pattern of a given region.
climate
Currents in the ocean basins of the Northern Hemisphere always run in what direction?
clockwise
Organisms that grow in patches of genetically identical individuals are called
clonal
Using the amount of ground covered as an indicator of density is often used to estimate density of
clonal species
You have come across an old dataset in your research lab. The researcher recorded temperature, precipitation, and plant species over a time span of five years, but apparently forgot to record the location! Upon further examination, you find that the average temperature in the mystery location is 10°C, the average precipitation is 25cm, and plant matter is sparse, made up mostly of short, scrubby species. From what biome was the dataset most likely recorded?
cold desert
In Tilman's study of grassland stability he found that:
communities with higher diversity produced a less variable amount of biomass from year to year
A(n) is an assemblage of many different species living in the same place at the same time.
community
What species interaction adversely affects both species?
competition
is an interaction between species that affects both species negatively (-/-), as they utilize similar resources.
competition
In Gause's experiments with populations of three protist species, he found that
competition can affect population growth
The relative location of the landmasses on Earth has changed enormously over time as a result of:
continental drift
Select factors that can affect the distribution of organisms, outside of climatic conditions such as temperature and precipitation. Multiple select question. Continental drift Spontaneous generation Evolution Genetic engineering
continental drift evolution
reefs are marine biomes that exist in water that is at least 20˚C but less than 30˚C
coral
Which of the following aquatic biomes occurs in tropical waters that have temperatures between 20˚C and 30˚C?
coral reef
Select all factors by which aquatic biomes can be differentiated. Multiple select question. Biodiversity Precipitation Current strength Water salinity
current strength water salinity
In cold deserts, plant life is usually Multiple select question. spiny coniferous herbaceous deciduous
deciduous spiny
Temperature in a region is not only affected by atmospheric circulation patterns, but also by mountains, with temperature ______ with increasing elevation.
decreasing
Species richness generally increase with
decreasing latitude, from polar regions to tropical regions.
The conversion of forested areas to non-forested land is called
deforestation
Population is the number of organisms in a given unit area or volume.
density
Mortality factors whose influence varies with the number of individuals per unit of area are called
density dependent
To determine ______ of a certain species of tree, ecologists might count the number of individuals in one ______, and then use that data to determine number of individuals over a 300 hectares.
density; hectare
Which concerns given below are associated with the conversion of land to agriculture and livestock grazing? Multiple select question. desertification harm to agricultural animals due to less tree cover silting of rivers declining soil fertility
desertification silting of rivers declining soil fertility
Animal life in the temperate rain forest is
diverse
Which of the following is a characteristic of tundra?
dry climate
The inhibition model of succession states that
early colonists prevent colonization by other species.
According to the _______ model of island biogeography, the rate of immigration of new species to islands is highest when no species are present on the island.
equilibrium
A community that has little or no change in its number of species and their abundance over a period of time is said to be in
equilibrium.
Early in island succession:
extinction is low due to to few species with large populations.
True or false: Animals release phosphorous in their waste. This phosphorous dissipates into the air to circulate to the atmosphere.
false
True or false: Because South America, Africa, and Australia have similar biomes, they also have similar animal life.
false
True or false: In aquatic ecosystems, primary production is limited mainly by light and temperature.
false
In most food webs, chain length is:
fewer than 5 links
The species-area hypothesis for species richness predicts that smaller areas will contain _______ species and that a larger area will generally contain _______ species.
fewer; more
The ratio of the population size from one year to the next is called the
finite rate of increase
Biomagnification occurs when certain chemicals concentrated in higher trophic levels in ________ chains
food
A quadrat is used to count the number of individuals ______, and a line transect is used to count the number of individuals ___
found within a square plot; within a specific unit of measurement along a long piece of string
Chestnut blight, a disease of chestnut trees that decimated the chestnut population in the U.S. during the 1900s to 1950s, is caused by a
fungus
Ecological footprints tend to be ______ in developed countries.
higher
What biome has very low rainfall but high temperatures?
hot desert
what biome has temperatures that vary from below freezing at night to 50C during the day?
hot desert
Habit destruction is usually a process that is driven by
humans
Which statements given below are supported by the data collected by Chris Darimont and colleagues? Multiple select question. humans kill adult prey at levels up to 14 times other predators humans can be considered super predators humans must avoid contact with super predators current rates of human hunting and fishing are sustainable
humans kill adult prey at levels up to 14 times other predators humans can be considered super predators
Which are activities that have contributed to human overexploitation of animals? Multiple select question. fishing habitat loss hunting zoos
hunting and fishing
Which statements given below accurately reflect the impact of human hunting on buffalo populations? Multiple select question. in the 18th century buffalo populations are estimated to have been 70 million in the 18th century buffalo populations are estimated to have been 350,000 buffalo populations are estimated to have been less than 3500 in 1899 buffalo populations are estimated to have been 350,000 in 1899
in the 18th century buffalo populations are estimated to have been 70 million buffalo populations are estimated to have been less than 3500 in 1899
With the addition of new species to an island, the probability of extinction will:
increase
According to the island biogeography model: 1. The number of species should ______ with increasing island size; 2. The number of species should ______ with increasing distance from the source pool; 3. The turnover of species on islands should be ______.
increase; decrease; high
According to the ____ model of succession, the order of colonization determines subsequent community structure as early colonizers make the site less suitable for later colonists.
inhibition
The marine biome called the zone is the area where the land meets the sea, and is alternately submerged and exposed by the daily cycle of tides.
intertidal
What biome is alternately submerged and exposed by the daily cycle of marine tides?
intertidal zone
Which of the following are marine aquatic biomes? Choose all that apply. Multiple select question. intertidal zone taiga lakes wetlands coral reef open ocean
intertidal zone coral reef open ocean
Species that are moved by humans from their native habitat to another location are called species.
introduced
Species richness on islands is primarily influenced by ____.
island size and distance from the source pool
Facilitation assists in the establishment of a climax community because ____.
it results in species that are best suited to their community as early species prepare the land for later species
ow many of these environments are considered freshwater habitats? Multiple select question. intertidal zone rivers taiga wetlands lakes tundra
lakes rivers wetlands
Which animals are not common in the tropical rain forest?
large mammals
A freshwater ______ habitat consists of still, often deep water, such as that in the Everglades National Park in Florida.
lentic
A freshwater habitat consisting of still and often deep water is called a(n) habitat, whereas a freshwater habitat with flowing water is called a(n) habitat.
lentic lotic
Wetlands may develop at the margins of and habitats.
lentic lotic
Which of the following habitats consists of calm, deep, standing freshwater?
lentic habitat
In general, the effect of a disturbance on a community is expected to be
less drastic in a species-rich community than a species-poor community.
What are the two most important factors limiting primary production in aquatic ecosystems? Multiple select question. Herbivore activity Light Nutrient availability Carnivore abundance
light nutrient availability
The rainfall in temperate grasslands is
limited
To estimate the density of large plants, the most effective sampling method is the technique.
line transect
Which of the following sampling methods is the most effective method used by ecologists to estimate the density of large plants?
line transect method
Which of the following techniques uses string stretched between two points, and any organism along its length is counted for estimating density?
line transects
The well-aerated, flowing water of freshwater _______ habitats are often able to support fish populations.
lotic
According to the island biogeography model, extinction rates are _____ at the time of early colonization because there are few species present, and species that are present have large populations.
low
Which of the following statements describe(s) the concerns for global warming on plant life. Multiple select question. many regions of Earth will become warmer and some will become colder plants easily move into newly created climatic regions plants cannot easily move into newly created climatic regions many regions of Earth will become colder and some will become warmer
many regions of Earth will become warmer and some will become colder plants cannot easily move into newly created climatic regions
According to the data in the figure, as Sei whale populations began to decline whales became the focus of the whalers.
minke
A likely explanation of Tilman's findings of stability and diversity relationship in grasslands is that:
more diverse communities are more likely to contain disturbance resistant species
the sea heats and cools
more slowly than the land
Species-rich communities are generally considered to be _______ communities with low species richness.
more stable than
Which of the following is a type of relationship between two species in which both of them benefit?
mutualism
Because is found in proteins, nucleic acids, and chlorophyll it is essential to life.
nitrogen
When a population's size does not change over time, the population is exhibiting population growth.
no
A population with r=0, in which no changes to population size have occurred, is exhibiting
no population growth