BIO 193 Final Exam Study Guide

Which of the following are characteristics of the phylum Cnidaria? 1. a gastrovascular cavity 2. a polyp stage 3. a medusa stage 4. cnidocytes 5. a pseudocoelom

1, 2, 3, and 4

Name two characteristics that can be used to distinguish a brachiopod (lamp shell) from a bivalve mollusc

1. Brachiopods have a pedicle, bivalves do not. 2. Brachiopods have a lophophore, bivalves do not. 3. Brachiopods and bivalves are both bilaterally symmetrical but have different planes that lead to two symmetrical halves

Zooxanthellae have a symbiotic relationship with what type of organism? In this symbiotic relationship, what does the zooxanthellae provide to its symbiotic partner?

1. Corals 2. Products of photosynthesis (oxygen or sugars (glucose, carbohydrates)

four major events in the life history of plants

1. Transition to land; 2. development of vascular tissue; 3. Seeds; 4. flowers

Consider the eight Phyla discussed so far in class (Porifera, Ctenophora, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Rotifera, Ectoprocta, Brachipoda and Mollusca). How many of these groups are coelomates?

3

With the current molecular-based (DNA) phylogeny in mind, rank the following from most inclusive (characteristic describes the most groups) to least inclusive. 1. ecdysozoan 2.protostome 3.eumetazoan 4.triploblastic

3, 4, 2, 1

The cells of the corn pollen grain have 10 chromosomes. How many chromosomes would be found in the endosperm cells of corn?

30

Which of the following would be considered a micronutrient? A) Boron B) Potassium C) Calcium D) Magnesium E) Nitrogen

A) Boron

Which of the following terms or structures is properly associated only with animals? A) Hox genes B) cell wall C) autotrophy D) sexual reproduction E) chitin

A) Hox genes

Members of the phylum Platyhelminthes are:

Acoelomates

Which of the following is the best definition of an essential element for plants?

An element that is required by a plant to complete its life-cycle

Which of the following hormonal conditions might be expected to result in shoot formation in plant tissue culture? A) Auxin concentration greater than Cytokinin concentration B) Auxin concentration less than Cytokinin concentration C) Auxin concentration equal to Cytokinin concentration D) Abscisic Acid concentration greater than the Gibberellin concentration E) Abscisic Acid concentration less than the Gibberellin concentration

B) Auxin concentration less than Cytokinin concentration

Which of the following would NOT be considered part of the acid growth hypothesis? A) The enzymatic cleavage of the cross-linkages in the cell wall B) Auxin increases activity of the proton pumps C) Auxin stimulates the aleurone layer to produce starch degrading amylase D) The cell wall becomes more acidic E) Expansin is activated by a low pH

C) Auxin stimulates the aleurone layer to produce starch degrading amylase

Which of the control and experimental solutions listed below would be the most useful in determining the effects of calcium deficiency on plants in a hydroponics experiment? A) Control: Solution contains all essential elements. Experimental: Solution contains only calcium B) Control: Solution contains all essential elements except calcium. Experimental:Solution contains only calcium. C) Control: Solution contains all essential elements. Experimental: Solution contains all essential elements except calcium. D) Control: Solution contains only calcium. Experimental: Solution contains all essential elements except calcium E) Control: Solution contains only water and no elements. Experimental: Solution contains only calcium.

C) Control: Solution contains all essential elements. Experimental: Solution contains all essential elements except calcium.

Which of the following hormonal combinations would result in bud dormancy? A) Auxin concentration less than Cytokinin concentration B) Cytokinin concentration less than Gibberellin concentration C) Gibberellin concentration less than Abscisic Acid concentration D) Abscisic Acid concentration less than Ethylene concentration E) Ethylene concentration less than Auxin concentration

C) Gibberellin concentration less than Abscisic Acid concentration

Which hormone is involved in promoting internode elongation? A) Auxin B) Cytokinins C) Gibberellins D) Abscisic Acid E) Ethylene

C) Gibberellins

Which of the following is NOT considered a metazoan? A) sponge B) anemone C) choanoflagellate D) ecotproct E) none of the above

C) choanoflagellate

what is meant by a membrane potential

Charge separation across a membrane

Animals in the Phylum Ctenophora swim using:

Cilia

Which of the following is the best description of a sorus (sori)?

Cluster of sporangia on the bottom surface of fern leaves

Which of the following is the best description of a strobilus (strobili)?

Cluster of sporophylls that occur at the top of many Lycophytes

Which of the following protects the shoot apical meristem during the germination of corn seeds?

Coleoptile

Which of the following Phlya contains the greatest number of living Gymnosperm species?

Coniferophyta

Which of the following have a complete digestive tract (including both a mouth and anus)? A) Rotifera B) Ecotprocta C) Platyhelminthes D) A and B E) B and C

D) A and B

Which plant hormone results in stomatal closure? A) Auxin B) Cytokinins C) Gibberellins D) Abscisic Acid E) Ethylene

D) Abscisic Acid

Which of the following would be considered a function of Phosphorus? A) Component of ATP B) Component of Nucleic Acids C) Component of phospholipids D) All of the above E) Only "a" and "c"

D) All of the above

Which of the following describes the function of the companion cell?

Directs the activities of the sieve tube

Which of the following hormones gives the phrase "One bad apple spoils the whole barrel" some scientific validity? A) Auxin B) Cytokinin C) Gibberellins D) Abscisic Acid E) Ethylene

E) Ethylene

Which of the following would be considered an essential element for most plants? A) Selenium B) Cadmium C) Silicon D) Sodium E) Sulfur

E) Sulfur

Which of the following is a protostome? A) mollusca B) ectoprocta C) brachiopoda D) rotifer E) all of the above

E) all of the above

Which of the following is NOT considered a eumetazoan? A) sponge B) anemone C) choanoflagellate D) ecotproct E) more than one of the above

E) more than one of the above

During pea seed germination, the cotyledons remain below ground and the shoot apical meristem is protected by a/an __________________.

Epicotyl hook

From outside to inside, the correct order of eudicot stem regions is:

Epidermis, cortex, phloem, xylem, pith

Which of the following best describes an intercalary meristem?

Found at the base of internodes in monocot shoots

Which of the following best describes an aggregate fruit?

Fruit formed by the fusion of many ovaries from one flower

Which of the following is the best description of the Ginkgophyta?

Gymnosperm phylum that contains only one living species

Which of the following is the most accurate description of a pollen grain?

Immature male gametophyte

What is the function of the generative cell in the pollen grain?

It divides to produce two 1N sperm

Which of the following best describes how light influences the opening of the stomata?

Light decreases the CO2 concentration inside the leaf

In regards to the vascular tissue, what is the distinctive difference between a microphyll and a megaphyll

Microphyll: one vascular strand (one leaf vein) in the leaf; Megaphyll: multiple vascular strands (leaf veins) in the leaf

Which of the Phyla would include the "true" ferns?

Monilophyta

Describe as specifically as you can how the relationship between the sporophyte and gametophyte differs between the non-vascular plants and the Angiosperms

Non-vascular plants: sporophyte depends on gametophyte, gametophyte most conspicuous. Angiosperms: Gametophytes depend on sporophyte, Sporophyte most conspicuous

Which of the following best describes double fertilization as it occurs in the angiosperms?

One sperm fertilizes the egg and the other sperm fertilizes the central cell

What is the vessel that describes the Angiosperms?

Ovary

From inside to outside, the correct order of monocot root regions is:

Pith, xylem, phloem, pericycle, endodermis, cortex, epidermis

Which of the following sequences best describes the mechanism used for the CLOSING of the stomata?

Potassium is pumped out of the guard cells → Water moves out of the guard cells → Stomata closes

What is the specific function of the spiral shaped secondary cell wall of the water conducting cells of the xylem

Prevents the xylem from collapsing as water is pulled through the plant

What are root nodules and what benefit does a plant get by the presence of root nodules

Root nodules are a mass of root tissue and nitrogen fixing bacteria found on some plant roots. The plant gets a source of useable nitrogen

The following animal has all of the following: three tissue layers, a pseudocoelom and a complete alimentary canal (two openings).

Rotifer

Plants are thought to be descendants of green algae because they have some sharedcharacteristics. Which of the following are NOT considered a shared characteristicbetween plants and green algae (including Charophyceans)?

Sperm formation by the antheridia

____________ are needle like structures embedded in sponges.

Spicules

Which of the following best describes a Mycorrhizae association?

Symbiotic association between plant roots and fungi that helps the plant obtain water and nutrients

Which of the following is a characteristic of Eudicots?

Taproot system

Which of the following best describes the apoplast?

The area outside the cell membrane and around the cell wall

Which of the following best describes a cotransporter?

The proton and the substrate move in the same direction

Describe the phenotype of a vivipary mutant in plants. In addition, list the hormone that is missing in the mutant?

The seeds of this mutant do not have any dormancy and germinate too early. The missing hormone is abscisic acid

What is physiology?

The study of how organisms 'work'

Why are the cells of the summerwood generally smaller than the cells of the springwood

The summer is hot and dry resulting in less cell growth. There is more moisture available in the spring which results in better growth and larger cells

Which characteristic(s) is (are) shared by both cnidarians and flatworms?

a digestive system with a single opening

A brachiopod can be distinguished from a bivalve by the presence of

a lophophore.

The teacher and class were especially saddened when the colonial hydrozoan died.They had watched it carefully, and the unfortunate creature never even got to produce offspring by budding. Yet, everyone was elated when they noticed a small colonial hydrozoan growing in a part of the tank far from the location of the original colony. The teacher was apparently unaware that these hydrozoans exhibit

a medusa stage

Brachiopods attach themselves to the substrate using

a pedicle

Which structure do nudibranchs use to feed on their prey?

a radula

Acoelomates are characterized by

a solid body without a cavity surrounding internal organs.

Which of the following statements is TRUE? a) Most seedless vascular plants are homosporous. b) The sperm of the seedless vascular plants lack flagella c) Homosporous species produce separate male and female gametophytes d) Seedless vascular plants produce both male and female sporophytes e) The gametophyte of seedless vascular plants is generally larger and more conspicuous than the sporophyte

a) Most seedless vascular plants are homosporous.

Chordates

an animal phylum that has a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, and gill slits at some time in its life cycle

Sea slugs can obtain nematocysts by preying on

anemones.

flower structure that produces microspore

anther

Which of the following events contributed to the evolution of the seed? a) Retention of the microspore in the microsporangium b) Retention of the megaspore in the megasporangium c) The dependence of the sporophyte on the gametophyte generation d) The loss of the flagella by the sperm e) Retention of sperm in the Antheridia

b) Retention of the megaspore in the megasporangium

Which of the following statements is TRUE? a) The cuticle is a tiny opening in leaves that allow carbon dioxide into the leaf b) The embryo of non-vascular plants develops within the archegonia c) The sporangia produce diploid spores d) The antheridia produce diploid sperm e) The archegonia produces the egg through meiosis

b) The embryo of non-vascular plants develops within the archegonia

Which of the following statements is TRUE? a) Roots contain nodes and internodes b) The root cap produces a mucigel that lubricates the soil for root growth c) Branch roots arise from the endodermis d) The casparian strips trap water and minerals in the xylem e) The pericycle is responsible for sensing gravity and causing the root to growdownward

b) The root cap produces a mucigel that lubricates the soil for root growth

The ______________undergoes gastrulation, forming a _________________.

blastula, gastrula

Osteichthyans

bony fish with lungs or lung derivatives

Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. What distinguishes animal heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy is that only animals derive their nutrition

by ingesting it, then digesting it

A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observingits anatomy and life cycle, she notes the following characteristics: flagellated sperm,presence of xylem and phloem, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations withthe sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to a) Mosses. b) Green algae. c) Ferns. d) Gymnosperms. e) Angiosperms

c) Ferns

Which of the following is matched incorrectly? a) Hydrophyte Leaf: Large airspaces in the spongy mesophyll b) Xerophyte Leaf: Multilayered epidermis c) Hydrophyte Leaf: Numerous trichomes d) Hydrophyte Leaf: Thin cuticle e) Xerophyte Leaf: Sunken stomata

c) Hydrophyte Leaf: Numerous trichomes

Which of the following statements is TRUE? a) Hardwood is a term that is typically used to describe Gymnosperm wood. b) Tree rings in secondary xylem are formed by the cork cambium c) The sapwood transports water and minerals faster than the heartwood d) Softwood is a term that is typically used to describe monocot wood. e) Tree rings in the secondary phloem are formed by the cork cambium.

c) The sapwood transports water and minerals faster than the heartwood

Which of the following is a characteristic of the Lycophyta? a) They lack "true" leaves b) They contain megaphylls c) They contain microphylls d) The sporophyte is dependent on the gametophyte for nutrition e) They lack vascular tissue

c) They contain microphylls

In sponges, this cell type gives rise to eggs and sperm:

choanocytes

In sponges, which cell type is primarily responsible for trapping and removing food particles from circulating water?

choanocytes

Individual choanoflagellates have a similar anatomy and function as

choanocytes

Tetrapods

chordates that have limbs with digits

Craniates

chordates with a head

Amniotes

chordates with amniotic egg (reptilia, mammals)

Gnathostomes

chordates with jaws and mineralized skeleton

vertebrates

chordates with vertebral column

At which developmental stage should one be able to first distinguish a protostome embryo from a deuterostome embryo?

cleavage to eight cells

A planula larva is often a life stage seen in

cnidarians

Which of the following components of the alternation of generations life cycle arecorrectly matched with their chromosome number? a) Egg: 2N b) Zygote: 1N c) Sporophyte: 1N d) Gametophyte: 1N e) Embryo: 1N

d) Gametophyte: 1N

Which of the following statements is TRUE in regards to the fern life cycle? a) The sperm do not have flagella. b) The gametophyte is larger and more conspicuous than the sporophyte c) Most ferns produce separate male and female gametophytes d) Most develop a bisexual gametophyte e) The leaves are considered microphylls.

d) Most develop a bisexual gametophyte

Which of the following organisms would be a member of the Lycophyta? a) Horsetails b) Ferns c) Whisk ferns d) Quillworts e) Liverworts

d) Quillworts

In regards to the Alternations of Generations life cycle, which of the followingstatements is TRUE? a) Spores are multicellular and 1N b) Sperm is multicellular and 1N c) Gametophytes give rise to 1N spores through mitosis d) Sporophytes give rise to 1N spores through meiosis e) None of the above

d) Sporophytes give rise to 1N spores through meiosis

Which of the following statements is TRUE? a) The cork cambium produces both secondary xylem and secondary phloem. b) The cork cambium produces both the inner and outer bark c) The vascular cambium produces both inner and outer bark d) The vascular cambium and cork cambium are both lateral meristems e) None of the above

d) The vascular cambium and cork cambium are both lateral meristems

Which of the following structures on the left is matched INCORRECTLY with its definition on the right? a) Secondary Products: includes compounds such as lignin and sporopollenin b) Stomata: Allows passage of CO2 into the plant c) Xylem: Transport of water and minerals d) Archegonia: Protects the early embryo e) Antheridia: Produces and protects the microspores2

e) Antheridia: Produces and protects the microspores

Which of the following is NOT associated with primary growth? a) Soft non-woody growth b) Growth in a vertical direction c) Growth from apical meristems d) Growth from intercalary meristems e) Growth from lateral meristems

e) Growth from lateral meristems

In which of the following would you find flagella on the sperm? a) Ginkgophyta b) Gnetophyta c) Cycadophyta d) All of the above e) Only "a" and "c"

e) Only "a" and "c"

Which of the following statements is FALSE? a) The cohesion-tension theory describes water transport in the xylem b) The water column in the xylem is under a negative pressure (tension). c) The water molecules in the xylem are held together by cohesion d) Transpiration occurs through the stomata e) The water column in the xylem is pushed up to the tops of trees

e) The water column in the xylem is pushed up to the tops of trees

If a teacher wanted to show the students what a lophophore is and how it works, the teacher would point out a feeding

ectoproct

The larvae of many common tapeworm species that infect humans are usually found

encysted in the muscles of an animal, such as a cow or pig

During 'strobilation' the polyp of a hydrozoan produces a(n)______________________, which eventually develops into a medusa

ephyra

Planarians (Phylum Patyhelminthes) can reproduce asexually through

fission

Which mollusc clade includes members that undergo embryonic torsion?

gastropods

Freshwater sponge species can produce 'spore'-like ____________ which survive the winter by entering a period of dormancy.

gemmules

What distinguishes a coelomate animal from a pseudocoelomate animal is that coelomates

have a body cavity completely lined by mesodermal tissue, whereas pseudocoelomates do not.

____________ are chemicals released into the blood stream that can elicit responses in far away cells

hormones

All Molluscs have the following parts

mantle, foot, visceral mass

Lobe-fins

paired pectoral and pelvic fins that are round in shape

When a chemical is released by a cell and binds to a receptor of a different, nearby cell to elicit a cellular response, that chemical can be referred to as a(n)

paracrine

A ___________ plane would separate a bilaterally symmetrical animal into right and left sections

saggital

lenticel

spaces on the stem used for gas exchange

Which of the following is descriptive of protostomes?

spiral and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth

You are trying to identify an organism. It is an animal, but it does not have nerve or muscle tissue. It is neither diploblastic nor triploblastic. It is probably a

sponge

Tapeworms in the phylum Platyhelminthes acquire their nutrients using this body part

their body surface

The distinction between sponges and other animal phyla is based mainly on the absence versus the presence of

true tissues