bio 2 ch 28
All protists are _____. All protists are _____. eukaryotic unicellular symbionts mixotrophic
eukaryotic
20) Why is the filamentous morphology of the water molds considered a case of convergent evolution with the hyphae (threads) of fungi? A) Fungi are closely related to the water molds. B) Body shape reflects ancestor-descendant relationships among organisms. C) In both cases, filamentous shape is an adaptation for the absorptive nutritional mode of a decomposer. D) Filamentous body shape is evolutionarily ancestral for all eukaryotes. E) Both A and B are correct.
C
29) Theoretically, which two of the following present the richest potential sources of silica? 1. marine sediments consisting of foram tests 2. marine sediments consisting of diatom cases (valves) 3. marine sediments consisting of radiolarian shells 4. marine sediments consisting of dinoflagellate plates A) 1 and 2 B) 1 and 4 C) 2 and 3 D) 2 and 4 E) 3 and 4
C
35) The largest seaweeds belong to which group? A) red algae B) green algae C) brown algae D) golden algae
C
What is binary fission?
asexual reproduction
A large seaweed that floats freely on the surface of deep bodies of water would be expected to lack which of the following? gel-forming polysaccharides thalli bladders holdfasts
holdfasts
Dinoflagellates _____. Dinoflagellates _____. are all autotrophic lack mitochondria possess two flagella include species that cause malaria
possess two flagella
A large seaweed that floats freely on the surface of deep bodies of water, not attached to the bottom or any structure, would be expected to lack which of the following? A) thalli B) bladders C) holdfasts D) gel-forming polysaccharides
C
Describe the process of how eukaryotic cells evolved?
Endosymbiosis 1.) start with two independent bacteria 2.) one bacterium engulfs the other 3.) one bacterium now inside the other 4.) both bacteria benefit from the arrangement 5.) the internal bacteria are passed on from generation to generation
Which of the following is responsible for nearly 100,000 human deaths worldwide every year? Which of the following is responsible for nearly 100,000 human deaths worldwide every year? Amoeba proteus Entamoeba histolytica Dictyostelium discoideum plasmodial slime molds
Entamoeba histolytica
Green algae differ from land plants in that many green algae _____. Green algae differ from land plants in that many green algae _____. have alternation of generations have cell walls containing cellulose are unicellular have plastids
are unicellular
Which of the following is characteristic of ciliates? Which of the following is characteristic of ciliates? They are often multinucleate. They use pseudopods as feeding structures. They can exchange genetic material with other ciliates by the process of mitosis. Most live as solitary autotrophs in fresh water.
They are often multinucleate.
Name one thing you can do to slow antibiotic resistance
Use antibiotics only when prescribed by a certified health professional
All protists are __________. a.) eukaryotic b.) monophyletic c.) unicellular d.) mixotrophic e.) symbionts
a.) eukaryotic
A particular species of protists has obtained a chloroplast via secondary endosymbiosis. You know this because the chloroplasts __________. a.) have three or four membranes b.) have only a single pigment c.) are exceptionally small d.) have nuclear and cyanobacterial genes
a.) have three or four membranes
All of the following are structures that help protists move EXCEPT a.) loofacyte b.) cilia c.) gliding slime d.) pseudopodia e.) flagella
a.) loofacyte
Which of the following pairs of protists and their characteristics is mismatched? Which of the following pairs of protists and their characteristics is mismatched? ciliates - red tide organisms entamoebas - ingestive heterotrophs euglenozoans - unicellular flagellates apicomplexans - internal parasites
ciliates - red tide organisms
Assume that some members of an aquatic species of motile, photosynthetic protists evolve to become parasitic to fish. They gain the ability to live in the fish gut, absorbing nutrients as the fish digests food. Over time, which of the following phenotypic changes would you expect to observe in this population of protists? gain of a rigid cell wall loss of chloroplasts gain of meiosis loss of motility
loss of chloroplasts
What does mitosis produce?
2 genetically identical daughter cells
What does meiosis produce?
4 genetically distinct haploid daughter cells
28) Using dead diatoms to ʺpumpʺ CO2 to the seafloor is feasible only if dead diatoms sink quickly. Consequently, application of mineral fertilizers, such as iron, should be most effective at times when diatom A) valves are thickest, and laminarin is being produced rather than oil. B) valves are thickest, and oil is being produced rather than laminarin. C) valves are thinnest, and laminarin is being produced rather than oil. D) valves are thinnest, and oil is being produced rather than laminarin.
A
30) Thread-like pseudopods that can perform phagocytosis are generally characteristic of which group? A) radiolarians and forams B) gymnamoebas C) entamoebas D) amoeboid stage of cellular slime molds E) oomycetes
A
36) The chloroplasts of land plants are thought to have been derived according to which evolutionary sequence? A) cyanobacteria → green algae → land plants B) cyanobacteria → green algae → fungi → land plants C) red algae → brown algae → green algae → land plants D) red algae → cyanobacteria → land plants E) cyanobacteria → red algae → green algae → land plants
A
38) A biologist discovers an alga that is marine, multicellular, and lives at a depth reached only by blue light. This alga probably belongs to which group? A) red algae B) brown algae C) green algae D) dinoflagellates E) golden algae
A
42) The best evidence for not classifying the slime molds as fungi comes from slime moldsʹ A) DNA sequences. B) nutritional modes. C) choice of habitats. D) physical appearance. E) reproductive methods.
A
49) You are given the task of designing an aquatic protist that is a primary producer. It cannot swim on its own, yet must stay in well-lit surface waters. It must be resistant to physical damage from wave action. It should be most similar to a(n) A) diatom. B) dinoflagellate. C) apicomplexan. D) red alga. E) radiolarian.
A
51) Similar to most amoebozoans, the forams and the radiolarians also have pseudopods, as do the white blood cells of animals. If one were to erect a taxon that included all organisms that have cells with pseudpods, what would be true of such a taxon? A) It would be polyphyletic. B) It would be paraphyletic. C) It would be monophyletic. D) It would include all eukaryotes.
A
9) Which of these was not derived from an ancestral alpha proteobacterium? A) chloroplast B) mitochondrion C) hydrogenosome D) mitosome E) kinetoplast
A
Dinoflagellates _____. A) possess two flagella B) are all autotrophic C) lack mitochondria D) include species that cause malaria
A
Green algae differ from land plants in that many green algae _____. A) are unicellular B) have plastids C) have alternation of generations D) have cell walls containing cellulose
A
Healthy individuals of Paramecium bursaria contain photosynthetic algal endosymbionts of the genus Chlorella. When within their hosts, the algae are referred to as zoochlorellae. In aquaria with light coming from only one side, P. bursaria gathers at the well-lit side, whereas other species of Paramecium gather at the opposite side. The zoochlorellae provide their hosts with glucose and oxygen, and P. bursaria provides its zoochlorellae with protection and motility. P. bursaria can lose its zoochlorellae: (1) if kept in darkness, the algae die, and (2) if prey items (mostly bacteria) are absent from its habitat, P. bursaria will digest its zoochlorellae. 63) Which term best describes the symbiotic relationship of well-fed P. bursaria to their zoochlorellae? A) mutualistic B) commensal C) parasitic D) predatory E) pathogenic
A
The chloroplasts of land plants are thought to have been derived according to which evolutionary sequence? A) cyanobacteria → green algae → land plants B) cyanobacteria → green algae → fungi → land plants C) red algae → brown algae → green algae → land plants D) cyanobacteria → red algae → brown algae → land plants
A
You are given five test tubes, each containing an unknown protist, and your task is to read the description below and match these five protists to the correct test tube. In test tube 1, you observe an organism feeding. Your sketch of the organism looks very similar to Figure 28.1. When light, especially red and blue light, is shone on the tubes, oxygen bubbles accumulate on the inside of test tubes 2 and 3. Chemical analysis of test tube 3 indicates the presence of substantial amounts of silica. Chemical analysis of test tube 2 indicates the presence of a chemical that is toxic to fish and humans. Microscopic analysis of organisms in tubes 2, 4, and 5 reveals the presence of permanent, membrane-bounded sacs just under the plasma membrane. Microscopic analysis of organisms in tube 4 reveals the presence of an apicoplast in each. Microscopic analysis of the contents in tube 5 reveals the presence of one large nucleus and several small nuclei in each organism. 56) Test tube 5 contains A) Paramecium B) Navicula (diatom) C) Pfiesteria (dinoflagellate) D) Entamoeba E) Plasmodium
A
38) Refer to the study by Poulsen et al. and the figure above. The data graphed in the figure could be an artifact if latrunculin A kills this species of diatoms (that is, that may be why the cells are not moving). Which of the following would be the best evidence that latrunculin A is NOT killing the cells? A) When the toxin was washed off the culture, the cells began to move again. B) There were still a small percentage of motile cells in the culture treated with the toxin. C) Most of the cells in the control were moving, indicating that they were alive. D) When the toxin was applied to another species of diatom, 25% of them continued to move.
Answer: A
39) Refer to the study by Poulsen et al. and the figure above. Cultures of a species of diatom were treated with BDM, a reversible inhibitor of myosin function. Which of the following predictions is consistent with the hypothesis that an actin-myosin interaction is necessary for motility? A) BDM will significantly decrease motility of the cells in culture. B) BDM will not significantly alter motility of the cells in culture. C) BDM will significantly increase motility of the cells in culture.
Answer: A
41) Including the membrane of the surrounding vesicle, how many phospholipid (NOT lipopolysaccharide) bilayers should be found around each P. chromatophora's chromatophore, and which one of these bilayers should have photosystems embedded in it? A) two, innermost B) two, outermost C) three, innermost D) three,outermost
Answer: A
44) A biologist discovers an alga that is marine, multicellular, and lives at a depth reached only by blue light. This alga is most likely a type of _____. A) red algae B) brown algae C) green algae D) golden algae
Answer: A
45) Green algae differ from land plants in that many green algae _____. A) are unicellular B) have plastids C) have alternation of generations D) have cell walls containing cellulose
Answer: A
47) Similar to most amoebozoans, the forams and the radiolarians also have pseudopods, as do some of the white blood cells of animals (monocytes). If one were to erect a taxon that included all organisms that have cells with pseudopods, the taxon would _____. A) be polyphyletic B) be paraphyletic C) be monophyletic D) include all eukaryotes
Answer: A
Use the following information to answer the question(s) below. Paulinella chromatophora is one of the few cercozoans that is autotrophic, carrying out aerobic photosynthesis with its two elongated "chromatophores." The chromatophores are contained within vesicles of the host cell, and each is derived from a cyanobacterium, though not the same type of cyanobacterium that gave rise to the chloroplasts of algae and plants. 40) P. chromatophora secretes around itself a test, or case, of plates made of silica. Which of the following is another rhizarian that would be in competition with P. chromatophora for the silica needed to make these plates, assuming limited quantities of silica in the environment? A) radiolarians B) foraminiferans C) dinoflagellates D) diatoms
Answer: A
43) The genome of modern chloroplasts is roughly 50% the size of the genome of the cyanobacterium from which it is thought to have been derived. In comparison, the genome of P. chromatophora's chromatophore is only slightly reduced relative to the size of the genome of the cyanobacterium from which it is thought to have been derived. What is a valid hypothesis that can be drawn from this comparison? A) Lytic phage infections have targeted the chloroplast genome more often than the P. chromatophora genome. B) P. chromatophora's chromatophore is the result of an evolutionarily recent endosymbiosis. C) The genome of the chloroplast ancestor contained many more introns that could be lost without harm, compared to the chromatophore's genome. D) The genome of the cyanobacteria was smaller than the genome of P. chromatophora.
Answer: B
50) Previously understood similarities that seemed to connect slime molds and fungi are now considered to be _____. A) homologies B) examples of convergent evolution C) variations of common ancestral traits D) adaptations for much different functions
Answer: B
52) Super cells characteristic of plasmodial slime molds result when which one of the following common cellular processes does not occur? A) mitosis B) cytokinesis C) aerobic metabolism D) endocytosis
Answer: B
56) Living diatoms contain brownish plastids. If global warming causes blooms of diatoms in the surface waters of Earth's oceans, how might this be harmful to the animals that build coral reefs? A) The coral animals, which capture planktonic organisms, may be outcompeted by the diatoms. B) The coral animals' endosymbiotic dinoflagellates may get "shaded out" by the diatoms. C) The coral animals may die from overeating the plentiful diatoms with their cases of silica. D) The diatoms' photosynthetic output may over-oxygenate the water.
Answer: B
46) You are given the task of designing an aerobic, mixotrophic protist that can perform photosynthesis in fairly deep water (for example, 250 meters deep) and can also crawl about and engulf small particles. With which two of the following structures would you provide your protist? 1. hydrogenosome 2. apicoplast 3. pseudopods 4. chloroplast from red alga 5. chloroplast from green alga A) 1 and 2 B) 2 and 3 C) 3 and 4 D) 4 and 5
Answer: C
57) Which of the following is a producer? A) kinetoplastid B) apicomplexan C) diatom D) ciliates
Answer: C
The mechanism of cell crawling in protist species is not well defined. Pseudopodia extension involves interactions between actin and myosin (the same molecules that are involved in vertebrate muscle contraction). However, prior to the study described below, no one had provided convincing data that actin and myosin were actually involved in cell crawling in protists. Anatomical studies had identified the cytoskeletal protein actin just below the surface of the cell membrane in several species of protist, but physiological studies had failed to show a functional link between actin, myosin, and cell crawling. In a study by N. Poulsen et al. (Diatom gliding is the result of an actin-myosin motility system, Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 44 (1999):23-22), researchers tested whether motility in a particular species of diatom involves interactions between actin and myosin. 37) Refer to the study by Poulsen et al. and the figure above. Latrunculin A is a reversible toxin that disrupts the formation of actin fibers. A culture of a particular species of diatom was treated with this toxin diluted in a buffer, while another culture was treated only with the buffer (no toxin, control). The motility of cells in each culture was assessed by counting the number of cells that were moving during a defined period of time. Which of the following conclusions is reasonable based on the above figure? A) Formation of actin fibers is not necessary for the movement in this species of diatom. B) The buffer alone largely inhibited movement in this species of diatom. C) In this species of diatom, fully formed actin fibers are necessary for movement.
Answer: C
42) If true, which of the following would be most important in determining whether P. chromatophora's chromatophore is still an endosymbiont, or is an organelle, as the term chromatophore implies? A) if P. chromatophora is less fit without its chromatophore than with it B) if the chromatophore is less fit without the host cercozoan than with it C) if there is ongoing metabolic cooperation between the chromatophore and the host cercozoan D) if there has been movement of genes from the chromatophore genome to the nuclear genome, such that these genes are no longer present in the chromatophore genome
Answer: D
48) Which of the following groups is matched with a correct anatomical feature? A) foraminifera → silicon-rich tests B) dinoflagellata → holdfast C) diatoms → tests made of cellulose D) phaeophyta (brown algae) → blade
Answer: D
49) Unikonta is a supergroup that includes all of the following except _____. A) fungi B) protists C) animals D) plants
Answer: D
51) Branching points at the root of the eukaryotic phylogenetic tree A) reveal that unikonts are derived from the SAR clade B) suggest that Archaeplastids were the first eukaryotes C) strongly suggest that fungi are more closely related to plants than animals D) are presently unclear
Answer: D
58) If we were to apply the most recent technique used to fight potato late blight to the fight against the malarial infection of humans, then we would _____. A) increase the dosage of the least-expensive antimalarial drug administered to humans B) introduce a predator of the malarial parasite into infected humans C) use a "cocktail" of at least three different pesticides against Anopheles mosquitoes D) insert genes from a Plasmodium-resistant strain of mosquito into Anopheles mosquitoes
Answer: D
Use the following information to answer the question(s) below. Healthy individuals of Paramecium bursaria contain photosynthetic algal endosymbionts of the genus Chlorella. When within their hosts, the algae are referred to as zoochlorellae. In aquaria with light coming from only one side, P. bursaria gather at the well-lit side, whereas other species of Paramecium gather at the opposite side. The zoochlorellae provide their hosts with glucose and oxygen, and P. bursaria provides its zoochlorellae with protection and motility. P. bursaria can lose its zoochlorellae in two ways: (1) if kept in darkness, the algae will die, and (2) if prey items (mostly bacteria) are absent from its habitat, P. bursaria will digest its zoochlorellae. 55) Which term most accurately describes the nutritional mode of healthy P. bursaria? A) photoautotroph B) photoheterotroph C) chemoautotroph D) mixotroph
Answer: D
1) Protists are alike in that all are A) unicellular. B) eukaryotic. C) symbionts. D) monophyletic. E) autotrophic.
B
10) A biologist discovers a new unicellullar organism that possesses more than two flagella and two small, but equal-sized, nuclei. The organism has reduced mitochondria (mitosomes), no chloroplasts, and is anaerobic. To which clade does this organism probably belong? A) monera B) the diplomonads C) the ciliates D) protista E) the euglenids
B
11) Which two genera have members that can evade the human immune system by frequently changing their surface proteins? 1. Plasmodium 2. Trichomonas 3. Paramecium 4. Trypanosoma 5. Entamoeba A) 1 and 2 B) 1 and 4 C) 2 and 3 D) 2 and 4 E) 4 and 5
B
13) Which of these taxa contains species that produce potent toxins that can cause extensive fish kills, contaminate shellfish, and poison humans? A) red algae B) dinoflagellates C) diplomonads D) euglenids E) golden algae
B
21) The Irish potato famine was caused by an organism that belongs to which group? A) ciliates B) oomycetes C) diatoms D) apicomplexans E) dinoflagellates
B
3) The strongest evidence for the endosymbiotic origin of eukaryotic organelles is the similarity between extant prokaryotes and which of the following? A) nuclei and chloroplasts B) mitochondria and chloroplasts C) cilia and mitochondria D) mitochondria and nuclei E) mitochondria and cilia
B
32) A snail-like, coiled, porous test (shell) of calcium carbonate is characteristic of which group? A) diatoms B) foraminiferans C) radiolarians D) gymnamoebas E) ciliates
B
34) What makes certain red algae appear red? A) They live in warm coastal waters. B) They possess pigments that reflect and transmit red light. C) They use red light for photosynthesis. D) They lack chlorophyll. E) They contain the pigment bacteriorhodopsin.
B
39) Green algae often differ from land plants in that some green algae A) are heterotrophs. B) are unicellular. C) have plastids. D) have alternation of generations. E) have cell walls containing cellulose.
B
4) According to the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells, how did mitochondria originate? A) from infoldings of the plasma membrane, coupled with mutations of genes for proteins in energy-transfer reactions B) from engulfed, originally free-living prokaryotes C) by secondary endosymbiosis D) from the nuclear envelope folding outward and forming mitochondrial membranes E) when a protoeukaryote engaged in a symbiotic relationship with a protobiont
B
45) Which of the following statements concerning protists is false? A) All protists are eukaryotic organisms; many are unicellular or colonial. B) The primary organism that transmits malaria to humans by its bite is the tsetse fly. C) All apicomplexans are parasitic. D) Cellular slime molds have an amoeboid stage that may be followed by a stage during which spores are produced. E) Euglenozoans that are mixotrophic contain chloroplasts.
B
47) A certain unicellular eukaryote has a siliceous (glasslike) shell and autotrophic nutrition. To which group does it belong? A) dinoflagellates B) diatoms C) brown algae D) radiolarians E) oomycetes
B
5) Which of these statements is false and therefore does not support the hypothesis that certain eukaryotic organelles originated as bacterial endosymbionts? Such organelles A) are roughly the same size as bacteria. B) can be cultured on agar, because they make all their own proteins. C) contain circular DNA molecules. D) have ribosomes that are similar to those of bacteria. E) have internal membranes that contain proteins homologous to those of bacterial plasma membranes.
B
52) You are designing an artificial drug-delivery ʺcellʺ that can penetrate animal cells. Which of these protist structures should provide the most likely avenue for research along these lines? A) pseudopods B) apical complex C) excavated feeding grooves D) nucleomorphs E) mitosomes
B
6) Which process allowed the nucleomorphs of chlorarachniophytes to be first reduced, and then (in a few species) lost altogether, without the loss of any genetic information? A) conjugation B) horizontal gene transfer C) binary fission D) phagocytosis E) meiosis
B
67) A P. bursaria cell that has lost its zoochlorellae is said to be ʺaposymbiotic.ʺ It might be able to replenish its contingent of zoochlorellae by ingesting them without subsequently digesting them. Which of these situations would be most favorable to the re -establishment of resident zoochlorellae, assuming compatible Chlorella are present in P. bursariaʹs habitat? A) abundant light, no bacterial prey B) abundant light, abundant bacterial prey C) no light, no bacterial prey D) no light, abundant bacterial prey
B
68) A P. bursaria cell that has lost its zoochlorellae is ʺaposymbiotic.ʺ If aposymbiotic cells have population growth rates the same as those of healthy, zoochlorella-containing P. bursaria in well-lit environments with plenty of prey items, then such an observation would be consistent with which type of relationship? A) parasitic B) commensalistic C) toxic D) predator-prey E) mutualistic
B
74) Is P. bursariaʹs ability to detect and move toward light an innate ability, or is it due to the presence of zoochlorellae? Arrange the following steps in the proper sequence needed to answer this question. 1. Introduce P. bursaria from both the experimental and control populations to an aquarium that lacks free-living Chlorella, but that contains bacterial prey. 2. Remove equal amounts of water from the well-lit side of the aquarium and the poorly lit side of the aquarium, census the number and kind of P. bursaria present in each sample. 3. Shine light on only one side of the aquarium containing aposymbiotic P. bursaria. 4. Expose one population of P. bursaria (the experimental population) to an herbicide to kill its zoochlorellae. 5. Collect healthy P. bursaria from the well-lit side of an aquarium and divide it into two equal populations: a control population and an experimental population. A) 5 → 4 → 1 → 2 → 3 B) 5 → 4 → 1 → 3 → 2 C) 4 → 1 → 5 → 3 → 2 D) 2 → 5 → 4 → 1 → 3 E) 2 → 5 → 4 → 3 → 1
B
A snail-like, coiled, porous test (shell) of calcium carbonate is characteristic of _____. A) diatoms B) foraminiferans C) ciliates D) water molds
B
Healthy individuals of Paramecium bursaria contain photosynthetic algal endosymbionts of the genus Chlorella. When within their hosts, the algae are referred to as zoochlorellae. In aquaria with light coming from only one side, P. bursaria gathers at the well-lit side, whereas other species of Paramecium gather at the opposite side. The zoochlorellae provide their hosts with glucose and oxygen, and P. bursaria provides its zoochlorellae with protection and motility. P. bursaria can lose its zoochlorellae: (1) if kept in darkness, the algae die, and (2) if prey items (mostly bacteria) are absent from its habitat, P. bursaria will digest its zoochlorellae. 66) If the chloroplasts of the zoochlorellae are very similar to those found in the photosynthetic cells of land plants, then Chlorella is probably what type of alga? A) red B) green C) brown D) golden
B
You are given five test tubes, each containing an unknown protist, and your task is to read the description below and match these five protists to the correct test tube. In test tube 1, you observe an organism feeding. Your sketch of the organism looks very similar to Figure 28.1. When light, especially red and blue light, is shone on the tubes, oxygen bubbles accumulate on the inside of test tubes 2 and 3. Chemical analysis of test tube 3 indicates the presence of substantial amounts of silica. Chemical analysis of test tube 2 indicates the presence of a chemical that is toxic to fish and humans. Microscopic analysis of organisms in tubes 2, 4, and 5 reveals the presence of permanent, membrane-bounded sacs just under the plasma membrane. Microscopic analysis of organisms in tube 4 reveals the presence of an apicoplast in each. Microscopic analysis of the contents in tube 5 reveals the presence of one large nucleus and several small nuclei in each organism. 57) Test tube 3 contains A) Paramecium B) Navicula (diatom) C) Pfiesteria (dinoflagellate) D) Entamoeba E) Plasmodium
B
54) Assume that some members of an aquatic species of motile, photosynthetic protists evolve to become parasitic to fish. They gain the ability to live in the fish gut, absorbing nutrients as the fish digests food. Over time, which of the following phenotypic changes would you expect to observe in this population of protists? A) loss of motility B) loss of chloroplasts C) gain of a rigid cell wall D) gain of meiosis
B) loss of chloroplasts
16) Which group includes members that are important primary producers in ocean food webs, causes red tides that kill many fish, and may even be carnivorous? A) ciliates B) apicomplexans C) dinoflagellates D) brown algae E) golden algae
C
17) You are given an unknown organism to identify. It is unicellular and heterotrophic. It is motile, using many short extensions of the cytoplasm, each featuring the 9+2 filament pattern. It has well-developed organelles and three nuclei, one large and two small. This organism is most likely to be a member of which group? A) foraminiferans B) radiolarians C) ciliates D) kinetoplastids E) slime molds
C
18) Which of the following is not characteristic of ciliates? A) They use cilia as locomotory structures or as feeding structures. B) They are relatively complex cells. C) They can exchange genetic material with other ciliates by the process of mitosis. D) Most live as solitary cells in fresh water. E) They have two or more nuclei.
C
23) Diatoms are mostly asexual members of the phytoplankton. Diatoms lack any organelles that might have the 9+2 pattern. They obtain their nutrition from functional chloroplasts, and each diatom is encased within two porous, glasslike valves. Which question would be most important for one interested in the day-to-day survival of individual diatoms? A) How does carbon dioxide get into these protists with their glasslike valves? B) How do diatoms get transported from one location on the waterʹs surface layers to another location on the surface? C) How do diatoms with their glasslike valves keep from sinking into poorly lit waters? D) How do diatoms with their glasslike valves avoid being shattered by the action of waves? E) How do diatom sperm cells locate diatom egg cells?
C
31) Which of the following produce the dense glassy ooze found in certain areas of the deep-ocean floor? A) forams B) dinoflagellates C) radiolarians D) ciliates E) apicomplexans
C
41) If the Archaeplastidae are eventually designated a kingdom, and if the land plants are excluded from this kingdom, then what will be true of this new kingdom? A) It will be monophyletic. B) It will more accurately depict evolutionary relationships than does the current taxonomy. C) It will be paraphyletic. D) It will be a true clade. E) It will be polyphyletic.
C
43) Which pair of alternatives is highlighted by the life cycle of the cellular slime molds, such as Dictyostelium? A) prokaryotic or eukaryotic B) plant or animal C) unicellular or multicellular D) diploid or haploid E) autotroph or heterotroph
C
44) Which of the following correctly pairs a protist with one of its characteristics? A) diplomonads : micronuclei involved in conjugation B) ciliates : pseudopods C) apicomplexans : parasitic D) gymnamoebas : calcium carbonate test E) foraminiferans : abundant in soils
C
53) A gelatinous seaweed that grows in shallow, cold water and undergoes heteromorphic alternation of generations is most probably what type of alga? A) red B) green C) brown D) yellow
C
69) Theoretically, P.bursaria can obtain zoochlorella either vertically (via the asexual reproduction of its mother cell) or horizontally (by ingesting free-living Chlorella from its habitat). Consider a P. bursaria cell containing zoochlorellae, but whose habitat lacks free-living Chlorella. If this cell subsequently undergoes many generations of asexual reproduction, if all of its daughter cells contain roughly the same number of zoochlorellae as it had originally contained, and if the zoochlorellae are all haploid and identical in appearance, then what is true? A) The zoochlorellae also reproduced asexually, at an increasing rate over time. B) The zoochlorellae also reproduced asexually, at a decreasing rate over time. C) The zoochlorellae also reproduced asexually, at a fairly constant rate over time. D) The zoochlorellae reproduced sexually, undergoing heteromorphic alternation of generations. E) The zoochlorellae reproduced sexually, undergoing isomorphic alternation of generations.
C
70) Can P. bursaria live in association with any and all strains/species of Chlorella? In an experiment to help answer this question, Chlorella was collected, and cultured separately, from three different sources: (1) P. bursaria cytoplasm, (2) free-living Chlorella, and (3) from cytoplasm of other protist species. A population of P. bursaria was treated with the herbicide, paraquat, which killed all of its zoochlorellae, but otherwise left P. bursaria unharmed. The zoochlorella-free paramecia were then introduced to a 1:1:1 mixture of Chlorella from the three cultures listed above, and subsequently reestablished a contingent of zooclorellae. Two weeks later, zoochlorellae were collected from the P. bursaria cells and tested to determine which Chlorella strain(s) had been maintained within P. bursaria. The different strains of Chlorella are morphologically indistinguishable. Consequently, which of these would be the best test to perform on Chlorella, both before and after re-establishment of zoochlorellae, to determine which Chlorella strains had been maintained within P. bursaria? A) Determine the chemical composition of its cell wall. B) Determine the absorption spectrum of its photosynthetic pigments. C) Determine the sequence of a portion of its mitochondrial DNA. D) Determine the sequence of an exon of a ribosomal RNA gene. E) Determine the endosymbiontʹs diameter.
C
8) An individual mixotroph loses its plastids, yet continues to survive. Which of the following most likely accounts for its continued survival? A) It relies on photosystems that float freely in its cytosol. B) It must have gained extra mitochondria when it lost its plastids. C) It engulfs organic material by phagocytosis or by absorption. D) It has an endospore. E) It is protected by a siliceous case.
C
Diatoms are encased in Petri-plate-like cases (valves) made of translucent hydrated silica whose thickness can be varied. The material used to store excess calories can also be varied. At certain times, diatoms store excess calories in the form of the liquid polysaccharide, laminarin, and at other times, as oil. Below are data concerning the density (specific gravity) of various components of diatoms, and of their environment. Table 28.1: Specific Gravities of Materials Relevant to Diatoms Material Specific Gravity (kg/m3) Pure water 1000 Seawater 1026 Hydrated silica 2250 Liquid laminarin 1500 Diatom oil 910 26) Waterʹs density and, consequently, its buoyancy decrease at warmer temperatures. Based on this consideration and using data from Table 28.1, at which time of year should one expect diatoms to be storing excess calories mostly as oil? A) mid-winter B) early spring C) late summer
C
Table 28.1: Specific Gravities of Materials Relevant to Diatoms Material Specific Gravity (kg/m3) Pure water 1000 Seawater 1026 Hydrated silica 2250 Liquid laminarin 1500 Diatom oil 910 27) Judging from Table 28.1 and given that waterʹs density and, consequently, its buoyancy decrease at warmer temperatures, in which environment should diatoms (and other suspended particles) sink most slowly? A) cold freshwater B) warm freshwater C) cold seawater D) warm seawater E) warm brackish water
C
Which of the following pairs of protists and their characteristics is mismatched? A) apicomplexans — internal parasites B) euglenozoans — unicellular flagellates C) ciliates — red tide organisms D) entamoebas — ingestive heterotrophs
C
You are given an unknown organism to identify. It is unicellular and heterotrophic. It is motile, using many short hair-like extensions of the cytoplasm surrounding the outside of the organism, each featuring the 9 + 2 filament pattern (please be sure to look up the 9 + 2 filament pattern/structure). It has well-developed organelles and two nuclei, one large and one small. This organism is most likely to be a _____. A) foraminiferan B) radiolarian C) ciliate D) kinetoplastid
C
You are given five test tubes, each containing an unknown protist, and your task is to read the description below and match these five protists to the correct test tube. In test tube 1, you observe an organism feeding. Your sketch of the organism looks very similar to Figure 28.1. When light, especially red and blue light, is shone on the tubes, oxygen bubbles accumulate on the inside of test tubes 2 and 3. Chemical analysis of test tube 3 indicates the presence of substantial amounts of silica. Chemical analysis of test tube 2 indicates the presence of a chemical that is toxic to fish and humans. Microscopic analysis of organisms in tubes 2, 4, and 5 reveals the presence of permanent, membrane-bounded sacs just under the plasma membrane. Microscopic analysis of organisms in tube 4 reveals the presence of an apicoplast in each. Microscopic analysis of the contents in tube 5 reveals the presence of one large nucleus and several small nuclei in each organism. 54) Test tube 2 contains A) Paramecium B) Navicula (diatom) C) Pfiesteria (dinoflagellate) D) Entamoeba E) Plasmodium
C
12) Which statement regarding resistance is false? A) Many of the oomycetes that cause potato late blight have become resistant to pesticides. B) Many of the mosquitoes that transmit malaria to humans have become resistant to pesticides. C) Many of the malarial parasites have become resistant to antimalarial drugs. D) Many humans have become resistant to antimalarial drugs. E) Trichomonas vaginalis is resistant to the normal acidity of the human vagina.
D
14) Which of the following pairs of protists and their characteristics is mismatched? A) apicomplexans : internal parasites B) golden algae : planktonic producers C) euglenozoans : unicellular flagellates D) ciliates : red tide organisms E) entamoebas : ingestive heterotrophs
D
19) Which process results in genetic recombination, but is separate from the process wherein the population size of Paramecium increases? A) budding B) meiotic division C) mitotic division D) conjugation E) binary fission
D
24) A large seaweed that floats freely on the surface of deep bodies of water would be expected to lack which of the following? A) thalli B) bladders C) blades D) holdfasts E) gel-forming polysaccharides
D
37) The chloroplasts of all of the following are derived from ancestral red algae, except those of A) golden algae. B) diatoms. C) dinoflagellates. D) green algae. E) brown algae.
D
46) Which of the following is correctly described as a primary producer? A) oomycete B) kinetoplastid C) apicomplexan D) diatom E) radiolarian
D
48) You are given the task of designing an aerobic, mixotrophic protist that can perform photosynthesis in fairly deep water (e.g., 250 m deep), and can also crawl about and engulf small particles. With which two of these structures would you provide your protist? 1. hydrogenosome 2. apicoplast 3. pseudopods 4. chloroplast from red alga 5. chloroplast from green alga A) 1 and 2 B) 2 and 3 C) 2 and 4 D) 3 and 4 E) 4 and 5
D
40) which of the following is correctly described as a primary producer? A. oomycete B. kinetoplastid C. apicomplexan D. diatom E. radiolarian
D. diatom
60) Which of the following statements concerning living phytoplanktonic organisms are true? 1. They are important members of communities surrounding deep-sea hydrothermal vents. 2. They are important primary producers in most aquatic food webs. 3. They are important in maintaining oxygen in Earthʹs seas and atmosphere. 4. They are most often found growing in the sediments of seas and oceans. 5. They can be so concentrated that they affect the color of seawater. A) 1 and 4 B) 1, 2, and 4 C) 2, 3, and 4 D) 2, 3, and 5 E) 3, 4, and 5
D
Healthy individuals of Paramecium bursaria contain photosynthetic algal endosymbionts of the genus Chlorella. When within their hosts, the algae are referred to as zoochlorellae. In aquaria with light coming from only one side, P. bursaria gathers at the well-lit side, whereas other species of Paramecium gather at the opposite side. The zoochlorellae provide their hosts with glucose and oxygen, and P. bursaria provides its zoochlorellae with protection and motility. P. bursaria can lose its zoochlorellae: (1) if kept in darkness, the algae die, and (2) if prey items (mostly bacteria) are absent from its habitat, P. bursaria will digest its zoochlorellae. 62) Which term accurately describes the behavior of Paramecium species that lack zoochlorellae in an aquarium with light coming from one side only? A) positive chemotaxis B) negative chemotaxis C) positive phototaxis D) negative phototaxis
D
Healthy individuals of Paramecium bursaria contain photosynthetic algal endosymbionts of the genus Chlorella. When within their hosts, the algae are referred to as zoochlorellae. In aquaria with light coming from only one side, P. bursaria gathers at the well-lit side, whereas other species of Paramecium gather at the opposite side. The zoochlorellae provide their hosts with glucose and oxygen, and P. bursaria provides its zoochlorellae with protection and motility. P. bursaria can lose its zoochlorellae: (1) if kept in darkness, the algae die, and (2) if prey items (mostly bacteria) are absent from its habitat, P. bursaria will digest its zoochlorellae. 65) The motility that permits P. bursaria to move toward a light source is provided by A) pseudopods. B) a single flagellum composed of the protein, flagellin. C) a single flagellum featuring the 9+2 pattern. D) many cilia. E) contractile vacuoles.
D
Unikonta is a supergroup that includes all of the following except _____. A) fungi B) protists C) animals D) plants
D
You are given five test tubes, each containing an unknown protist, and your task is to read the description below and match these five protists to the correct test tube. In test tube 1, you observe an organism feeding. Your sketch of the organism looks very similar to Figure 28.1. When light, especially red and blue light, is shone on the tubes, oxygen bubbles accumulate on the inside of test tubes 2 and 3. Chemical analysis of test tube 3 indicates the presence of substantial amounts of silica. Chemical analysis of test tube 2 indicates the presence of a chemical that is toxic to fish and humans. Microscopic analysis of organisms in tubes 2, 4, and 5 reveals the presence of permanent, membrane-bounded sacs just under the plasma membrane. Microscopic analysis of organisms in tube 4 reveals the presence of an apicoplast in each. Microscopic analysis of the contents in tube 5 reveals the presence of one large nucleus and several small nuclei in each organism. 58) Test tube 1 contains A) Paramecium B) Navicula (diatom) C) Pfiesteria (dinoflagellate) D) Entamoeba E) Plasmodium
D
Coral bleaching, which causes high coral mortality, has been occurring widely in coral reefs. Coral bleaching actually refers to the death of symbiotic dinoflagellates living within the corals. Why does coral bleaching cause the corals to die? Dinoflagellates protect the corals from UV radiation. Dinoflagellates protect the corals from pathogenic bacteria. Dinoflagellates provide nutrients from the products of photosynthesis to the corals in exchange for a safe place to live. Dinoflagellates attract zooplankton and other prey that the corals eat. Dinoflagellates secrete the calcium carbonate that forms the "exoskeleton" of coral animals.
Dinoflagellates provide nutrients from the products of photosynthesis to the corals in exchange for a safe place to live.
15) Which of these statements about dinoflagellates is false? A) They possess two flagella. B) Some cause red tides. C) Their walls are composed of cellulose plates. D) Many types contain chlorophyll. E) Their dead cells accumulate on the seafloor, and are mined to serve as a filtering material.
E
2) Biologists have long been aware that the defunct kingdom Protista is paraphyletic. Which of these statements is both true and consistent with this conclusion? A) Many species within this kingdom were once classified as monerans. B) Animals, plants, and fungi arose from different protist ancestors. C) The eukaryotic condition has evolved only once among the protists, and all eukaryotes are descendants of that first eukaryotic cell. D) Chloroplasts among various protists are similar to those found in prokaryotes. E) Some protists, all animals, and all fungi share a protist common ancestor, but these protists, animals, and fungi are currently assigned to three different kingdoms.
E
22) If one were to apply the most recent technique used to fight potato late blight to the fight against the malarial infection of humans, then one would A) increase the dosage of the least-expensive antimalarial drug administered to humans. B) increase the dosage of the most common pesticide used to kill Anopheles mosquitoes. C) introduce a predator of the malarial parasite into infected humans. D) use a ʺcocktailʺ of at least three different pesticides against Anopheles mosquitoes. E) insert genes from a Plasmodium-resistant strain of mosquito into Anopheles mosquitoes.
E
25) The following are all characteristic of the water molds (oomycetes) except A) the presence of filamentous feeding structures. B) flagellated zoospores. C) a nutritional mode that can result in the decomposition of dead organic matter. D) a morphological similarity to fungi that is the result of evolutionary convergence. E) a feeding plasmodium.
E
33) Typically as cells grow, their increase in volume outpaces their increase in surface area, and continued survival requires undergoing asexual reproduction to reestablish a healthy surface area to volume ratio. Thus, which of these is least likely to contribute to the ability of a single-celled foraminiferan to grow to a diameter of several centimeters? A) Its threadlike pseudopods dramatically increase its surface area to volume ratio. B) Its symbiotic algae provide oxygen to the cytoplasm. C) Its symbiotic algae absorb metabolic waste products from the cytoplasm. D) Its symbiotic algae provide glucose to the cytoplasm. E) Its calcium carbonate test contributes extra mass.
E
40) Which taxon of eukaryotic organisms is thought to be directly ancestral to the plant kingdom? A) golden algae B) radiolarians C) foraminiferans D) apicomplexans E) green algae
E
50) Some protists, formerly united as the ʺamitochondriateʺ clade, have recently been shown to be rather diverse. Some of them possess neither mitochondria nor mitochondrial genes (and have been classified as fungi). Others possess no mitochondria, but do have mitochondrial genes in their nuclear genome. Still others have modified mitochondria (viz. mitosomes or hydrogenosomes). Which statement(s) represent(s) consequences of these recent findings? 1. The amitochondriates do not comprise a true clade. 2. The ʺamitochondriate hypothesisʺ concerning the root of the eukaryotic tree has been strengthened. 3. Just as there is a diversity of cyanobacterial descendants among eukaryotes, so too is there a diversity of alpha-proteobacterial descendants among the eukaryotes. 4. If the amitochondriate organisms continued to be recognized as a taxon, this taxon would be polyphyletic. 5. Horizontal gene transfer involving mitochondrial genes has occurred in some amitochondriate organisms. A) 1 only B) 1 and 4 C) 2 and 3 D) 1, 3, and 5 E) all except 2
E
59) Which of these are actual mutualistic partnerships that involve a protist and a host organism? A) cellulose-digesting gut protists : wood-eating termites B) dinoflagellates : reef-building coral animals C) Trichomonas : humans D) algae : certain foraminiferans E) all except C
E
7) Which organisms represent the common ancestor of all photosynthetic plastids found in eukaryotes? A) autotrophic euglenids B) diatoms C) dinoflagellates D) red algae E) cyanobacteria
E
Healthy individuals of Paramecium bursaria contain photosynthetic algal endosymbionts of the genus Chlorella. When within their hosts, the algae are referred to as zoochlorellae. In aquaria with light coming from only one side, P. bursaria gathers at the well-lit side, whereas other species of Paramecium gather at the opposite side. The zoochlorellae provide their hosts with glucose and oxygen, and P. bursaria provides its zoochlorellae with protection and motility. P. bursaria can lose its zoochlorellae: (1) if kept in darkness, the algae die, and (2) if prey items (mostly bacteria) are absent from its habitat, P. bursaria will digest its zoochlorellae. 61) Which term most accurately describes the nutritional mode of healthy P. bursaria? A) photoautotroph B) photoheterotroph C) chemoheterotroph D) chemoautotroph E) mixotroph
E
Healthy individuals of Paramecium bursaria contain photosynthetic algal endosymbionts of the genus Chlorella. When within their hosts, the algae are referred to as zoochlorellae. In aquaria with light coming from only one side, P. bursaria gathers at the well-lit side, whereas other species of Paramecium gather at the opposite side. The zoochlorellae provide their hosts with glucose and oxygen, and P. bursaria provides its zoochlorellae with protection and motility. P. bursaria can lose its zoochlorellae: (1) if kept in darkness, the algae die, and (2) if prey items (mostly bacteria) are absent from its habitat, P. bursaria will digest its zoochlorellae. 64) If both host and alga can survive apart from each other, then which of these best accounts for their ability to live together? A) genome fusion B) horizontal gene transfer C) genetic recombination D) conjugation E) metabolic cooperation
E
You are given five test tubes, each containing an unknown protist, and your task is to read the description below and match these five protists to the correct test tube. In test tube 1, you observe an organism feeding. Your sketch of the organism looks very similar to Figure 28.1. When light, especially red and blue light, is shone on the tubes, oxygen bubbles accumulate on the inside of test tubes 2 and 3. Chemical analysis of test tube 3 indicates the presence of substantial amounts of silica. Chemical analysis of test tube 2 indicates the presence of a chemical that is toxic to fish and humans. Microscopic analysis of organisms in tubes 2, 4, and 5 reveals the presence of permanent, membrane-bounded sacs just under the plasma membrane. Microscopic analysis of organisms in tube 4 reveals the presence of an apicoplast in each. Microscopic analysis of the contents in tube 5 reveals the presence of one large nucleus and several small nuclei in each organism. 55) Test tube 4 contains A) Paramecium B) Navicula (diatom) C) Pfiesteria (dinoflagellate) D) Entamoeba E) Plasmodium
E
What are the three major features of protists?
Eurkaryotic microorganisms Mostly unicellular Most live in moist environments
How do protists move?
Flagella Cilia Pseudopodia Gliding
Which cell type is likely to be susceptible to penicillin?
Gram+ (positive)
An individual mixotroph loses its plastids, yet continues to survive. Which of the following most likely accounts for its continued survival? It has an endospore. It engulfs organic material by phagocytosis or by absorption. It relies on photosystems that float freely in its cytosol. It must have gained extra mitochondria when it lost its plastids.
It engulfs organic material by phagocytosis or by absorption.
Select the correct statement about photosynthesis by primary producers. Land plants carry out over 80% of the world's photosynthesis. Photosynthetic protists and prokaryotes carry out the majority of the photosynthesis in aquatic communities. Cyanobacteria carry out more of the world's photosynthesis than protists do.
Photosynthetic protists and prokaryotes carry out the majority of the photosynthesis in aquatic communities.
_____ are eukaryotic autotrophs that float near the surface of water and are the basis of the food chain. _____ are eukaryotic autotrophs that float near the surface of water and are the basis of the food chain. Zooplankton Slime molds Phytoplankton Cyanobacteria Symbionts
Phytoplankton
Why has the kingdom Protista been abandoned? Some protists are multicellular. The kingdom Protista is not monophyletic. Some protists are more closely related to plants, animals, or fungi than they are to other protists. Some protists are as small as prokaryotes. The second and third answers are correct.
The second and third answers are correct.
Diploid cells have 2 copies of DNA: one from the organism's biological mother and one from the organism's biological father. T or F?
True
Some species of dinoflagellates are part of the coral symbiosis. T or F?
True
26) Which structure(s) consist(s), at least in part, of DNA?
Trypanosoma kinetoplast chlorarachniophytes nucleomorph
Why are cyanobacteria important?
because they shaped the course of evolution and ecological change throughout earth's history.
Which protists are in the same eukaryotic supergroup as land plants? Which protists are in the same eukaryotic supergroup as land plants? red algae green algae dinoflagellates both red algae and green algae brown algae
both red algae and green algae
Assume that some members of an aquatic species of motile, photosynthetic protists evolve to become parasitic to fish. They gain the ability to live in the fish gut, absorbing nutrients as the fish digest food. Overtime, which of the following phenotypic changes would you expect to observe in the population of protists? a.) gain of meiosis b.) loss of mobility c.) loss of chloroplasts d.) no changes would be expected e.) gain a rigid cell wall
c.) loss of chloroplasts
Which of the following is a benefit derived through endosymbiosis to eukaryotes? a.) through endosymbiosis, eukaryotes evolved multicellularity b.) through endosymbiosis, protists and other eukaryotes developed structures for support and protection c.) through endosymbiosis, eukaryotes were able to be more efficient at producing and using energy d.) through endosymbiosis, eukaryotes evolved the ability to inhabit a variety of environments, as demonstrated by protists
c.) through endosymbiosis, eukaryotes were able to be more efficient at producing and using energy
When a mosquito infected with Plasmodium first bites a human, the Plasmodium _____. When a mosquito infected with Plasmodium first bites a human, the Plasmodium _____. cells infect the human liver cells cells cause lysing of the human red blood cells oocyst undergoes meiosis gametes fuse, forming an oocyst
cells infect the human liver cells
Archaeplastids, which include red and green algae and land plants, are thought to have descended from a heterotrophic protist that engulfed a(n) _____. Archaeplastids, which include red and green algae and land plants, are thought to have descended from a heterotrophic protist that engulfed a(n) _____. slime mold alpha proteobacterium cyanobacterium apicomplexan archaean extremophile
cyanobacterium
Which of the following is a producer? ciliates kinetoplastid diatom apicomplexan
diatom
Meiosis results in a.) two genetically indentical daughter cells (2N) b.) two genetically distinct daughter cells (2N) c.) Four genetically identical daughter cells (N) d.) one diploid (2N) zygote e.) four genetically distinct daughter cells (N)
e.) four genetically distinct daughter cells (N)
If we were to apply the most recent technique used to fight potato late blight to the fight against the malarial infection of humans, then we would _____. insert genes from a Plasmodium-resistant strain of mosquito into Anopheles mosquitoes increase the dosage of the least-expensive antimalarial drug administered to humans introduce a predator of the malarial parasite into infected humans use a "cocktail" of at least three different pesticides against Anopheles mosquitoes
insert genes from a Plasmodium-resistant strain of mosquito into Anopheles mosquitoes
In life cycles with an alternation of generations, multicellular haploid forms alternate with multicellular diploid forms. multicellular haploid forms. unicellular diploid forms. multicellular polyploid forms. unicellular haploid forms.
multicellular diploid forms.
Do antibiotics cure the common cold?
no
8. Which process allows nucleomorphs to be first reduced, and then lost altogether, without the loss of any genetic information from the host cell that ultimately surrounds the nucleomorph? a. horizontal gene transfer b. meiosis c. conjugation d. phagocytosis e. binary fission
a. horizontal gene transfer
52) What provides the best rationale for not classifying the slime molds as fungi? Their A) (DNA &) SSU -rRNA sequences. B) physical appearance. C) choice of habitats. D) reproductive methods. E) nutritional modes.
A) (DNA &) SSU -rRNA sequences.
49) Which two heterotrophic organisms most commonly derive nutrition from endosymbiotic relationships with photosynthetic protists? 1. ciliates 2. slime molds 3. parabasalids 4. reef-building coral animals 5. foraminiferans A) 4 and 5 B) 2 and 4 C) 3 and 4 D) 2 and 3 E) 1 and 2
A) 4 and 5
3) Which of the following is responsible for nearly 100,000 human deaths worldwide every year? A) Entamoeba histolytica B) Amoeba proteus C) plasmodial slime molds D) Dictyostelium discoideum
A) Entamoeba histolytica
57) If blue light is the component of the visible spectrum that can penetrate to the greatest depth in water, then what should be expected of photosynthetic protists that survive at great depths? A) They should absorb blue light preferentially. B) They should absorb red light preferentially. C) They should reflect green light preferentially. D) They should absorb white light preferentially. E) They should absorb green light preferentially.
A) They should absorb blue light preferentially.
4) Biologists have discovered the kingdom Protista to be paraphyletic. Which of the following statements is true, and consistent with this conclusion? A) Various combinations of prokaryotic ancestors gave rise to different lineages of protists. B) Animals, plants, and fungi arose from different protistan ancestors. C) Multicellularity has evolved only once among the protists. D) Chloroplasts among various protists are similar to those found in prokaryotes. E) The protists arose from a common ancestor that was a parabasalid.
A) Various combinations of prokaryotic ancestors gave rise to different lineages of protists.
48) Thread-like pseudopods that can perform phagocytosis are generally characteristic of which group? A) cercozoans B) gymnamoebas C) entamoebas D) amoeboid stage of cellular slime molds E) oomycetes
A) cercozoans
10) The chloroplasts of modern plants are thought to have been derived according to which sequence? A) cyanobacteria → green algae → green plants B) cyanobacteria → green algae → fungi → green plants C) red algae → brown algae → green algae → green plants D) red algae → cyanobacteria → green plants E) cyanobacteria → red algae → green algae → green plants
A) cyanobacteria → green algae → green plants
21) Which of the following groups does not include many planktonic species? A) kinetoplastids. B) foraminferans. C) diatoms. D) dinoflagellates. E) radiolarians.
A) kinetoplastids.
50) Which of the following produce the dense glassy ooze of the deep-ocean floor? A) radiolarians B) apicomplexans C) dinoflagellates D) forams E) ciliates
A) radiolarians
13) The current state of the revision of "protistan" taxonomy is an example of which feature of good scientific practice? A) the need to suspend judgment until enough evidence is available to make an informed decision B)base conclusions on controlled, repeatable experiments. C)be willing to change, or drop, one's hypotheses when the data warrant it. D)avoid sampling techniques that can introduce bias. E)Both A and C are correct
A) the need to suspend judgment until enough evidence is available to make an informed decision
6) Which of the following have chloroplasts (or structures since evolved from chloroplasts) thought to be derived from ancestral green algae? A) stramenopiles B) apicomplexans C) dinoflagellates D) chlorarachniophytes
Answer: D
Choose the nutritional mode that is primarily employed by each of the protists listed below. A. autotrophic B. mixotrophic C. heterotrophic (by absorption) D. heterotrophic (by ingestion) 36) Diatoms
A. autotrophic
Choose the organism from the list below that best fits each of the following descriptions. A. euglenozoans B. Chlamydomonas C. dinoflagellates D. stramenopiles E. diplomonads 62) have one normal and one crystalline-rod-containing flagellum
A. euglenozoans
1) According to the endosymbiotic theory, why was it adaptive for the larger (host) cell to keep the engulfed cell alive, rather than digesting it as food? A) The engulfed cell provided the host cell with adenosine triphosphate (ATP). B) The engulfed cell provided the host cell with carbon dioxide. C) The engulfed cell allowed the host cell to metabolize glucose. D) The host cell was able to survive anaerobic conditions with the engulfed cell alive.
Answer: A
13) Given its mode of reproduction and internal structures, which of the following should be expected to occur in Giardia at some stage of its life cycle? A) separation (segregation) of daughter chromosomes B) crossing over C) meiosis
Answer: A
16) Which two genera have members that can evade the human immune system by frequently changing their surface proteins? 1. Plasmodium 2. Trichomonas 3. Paramecium 4. Trypanosoma 5. Entamoeba A) 1 and 4 B) 2 and 3 C) 2 and 4 D) 4 and 5
Answer: A
18) Dinoflagellates _____. A) possess two flagella B) are all autotrophic C) lack mitochondria D) include species that cause malaria
Answer: A
2) The chloroplasts of land plants are thought to have been derived according to which evolutionary sequence? A) cyanobacteria → green algae → land plants B) cyanobacteria → green algae → fungi → land plants C) red algae → brown algae → green algae → land plants D) cyanobacteria → red algae → green algae → land plants
Answer: A
23) Reinforced, threadlike pseudopods that can perform phagocytosis are generally characteristic of _____. A) forams B) water molds C) dinoflagellates D) oomycetes
Answer: A
25) You are given the task of designing an aquatic protist that is a primary producer. It cannot swim on its own, yet must stay in well-lit surface waters. It must be resistant to physical damage from wave action. It should be most similar to a(n) _____. A) diatom B) dinoflagellate C) apicomplexan D) red alga
Answer: A
28) Test tube 4 contains _____. A) Paramecium B) Pfiesteria (dinoflagellate) C) Entamoeba D) Plasmodium
Answer: A
Use the following information to answer the question(s) below. Healthy individuals of Paramecium bursaria contain photosynthetic algal endosymbionts of the genus Chlorella. When within their hosts, the algae are referred to as zoochlorellae. In aquaria with light coming from only one side, P. bursaria gather at the well-lit side, whereas other species of Paramecium gather at the opposite side. The zoochlorellae provide their hosts with glucose and oxygen, and P. bursaria provides its zoochlorellae with protection and motility. P. bursaria can lose its zoochlorellae in two ways: (1) if kept in darkness, the algae will die, and (2) if prey items (mostly bacteria) are absent from its habitat, P. bursaria will digest its zoochlorellae. 31) Which term best describes the symbiotic relationship of well-fed P. bursaria to their zoochlorellae? A) mutualistic B) parasitic C) predatory D) pathogenic
Answer: A
20) Which of the following is characteristic of ciliates? A) They use pseudopods as feeding structures. B) They are often multinucleate. C) They can exchange genetic material with other ciliates by the process of mitosis. D) Most live as solitary autotrophs in fresh water.
Answer: B
24) A snail-like, coiled, porous test (shell) of calcium carbonate is characteristic of _____. A) diatoms B) foraminiferans C) ciliates D) water molds
Answer: B
33) A P. bursaria cell that has lost its zoochlorellae is said to be aposymbiotic. It might be able to replenish its contingent of zoochlorellae by ingesting them without subsequently digesting them. Which of the following situations would be most favorable to the reestablishment of resident zoochlorellae, assuming compatible Chlorella are present in P. bursaria's habitat? A) abundant light, no bacterial prey B) abundant light, abundant bacterial prey C) no light, no bacterial prey D) no light, abundant bacterial prey
Answer: B
34) A P. bursaria cell that has lost its zoochlorellae is aposymbiotic. If aposymbiotic cells have population growth rates the same as those of healthy, zoochlorella-containing P. bursaria in well- lit environments with plenty of prey items, then such an observation would be consistent with which type of relationship? A) parasitic B) commensalistic C) toxic D) mutualistic
Answer: B
4) All protists are _____. A) unicellular B) eukaryotic C) symbionts D) mixotrophic
Answer: B
8) Which process could have allowed the nucleomorphs of chlorarachniophytes to be reduced, without the net loss of any genetic information? A) conjugation B) horizontal gene transfer C) phagocytosis D) meiosis
Answer: B
10) Consider the following data: (a) Most ancient eukaryotes are unicellular. (b) All eukaryotes alive today have a nucleus and cytoskeleton. (c) Most ancient eukaryotes lack a cell wall. Which of the following conclusions could reasonably follow the data presented? The first eukaryote may have been _____. A) very similar to a plant cell B) anaerobic C) capable of phagocytosis D) photosynthetic
Answer: C
17) Which of the following pairs of protists and their characteristics is mismatched? A) apicomplexans — internal parasites B) euglenozoans — unicellular flagellates C) ciliates — red tide organisms D) entamoebas — ingestive heterotrophs
Answer: C
19) You are given an unknown organism to identify. It is unicellular and heterotrophic. It is motile, using many short extensions of the cytoplasm, each featuring the 9 + 2 filament pattern. It has well-developed organelles and two nuclei, one large and one small. This organism is most likely to be a _____. A) foraminiferan B) radiolarian C) ciliate D) kinetoplastid
Answer: C
22) A large seaweed that floats freely on the surface of deep bodies of water would be expected to lack which of the following? A) thalli B) bladders C) holdfasts D) gel-forming polysaccharides
Answer: C
26) A gelatinous seaweed that grows in shallow, cold water and undergoes heteromorphic alternation of generations is most probably what type of alga? A) red B) green C) brown D) yellow
Answer: C
3) A particular species of protist has obtained a chloroplast via secondary endosymbiosis. You know this because the chloroplasts _____. A) have nuclear and cyanobacterial genes B) are exceptionally small C) have three or four membranes D) have only a single pigment
Answer: C
30) Water's density and, consequently, its buoyancy decrease at warmer temperatures. Considering the impact of temperature, and the table above, in which environment should diatoms sinking be slowest? A) cold fresh water B) warm fresh water C) cold seawater D) warm seawater
Answer: C
35) Theoretically, P. bursaria can obtain zoochlorella either vertically (via the asexual reproduction of its mother cell) or horizontally (by ingesting free-living Chlorella from its habitat). Consider a P. bursaria cell containing zoochlorellae but whose habitat lacks free-living Chlorella. If this cell subsequently undergoes many generations of asexual reproduction, if all of its daughter cells contain roughly the same number of zoochlorellae as it had originally contained, and if the zoochlorellae are all haploid and identical in appearance, then what is true? The zoochlorellae _____. A) also reproduced asexually, at an increasing rate over time B) also reproduced asexually, at a decreasing rate over time C) also reproduced asexually, at a fairly constant rate over time D) reproduced sexually, undergoing heteromorphic alternation of generations
Answer: C
36) Which process in Paramecium results in genetic recombination but no increase in population size? A) budding B) meiotic division C) conjugation D) binary fission
Answer: C
5) An individual mixotroph loses its plastids, yet continues to survive. Which of the following most likely accounts for its continued survival? A) It relies on photosystems that float freely in its cytosol. B) It must have gained extra mitochondria when it lost its plastids. C) It engulfs organic material by phagocytosis or by absorption. D) It has an endospore.
Answer: C
12) The mitosome of Giardia has no DNA within it. If it did contain DNA, then what predictions should we be able to make about its DNA? 1. It is linear. 2. It is circular. 3. It has many introns. 4. It has few introns. 5. It is not associated with histone proteins. 6. It is complexed with histone proteins. A) 1, 3, and 5 B) 1, 4, and 5 C) 2, 3, and 6 D) 2, 4, and 5
Answer: D
You are given four test tubes, each containing an unknown protist, and your task is to read the following description and match these four protists to the correct test tube. When light, especially red and blue light, is shone on the tubes, oxygen bubbles accumulate on the inside of test tubes 1 and 2. Chemical analysis of test tube 1 indicates the presence of a chemical that is toxic to fish and humans. Chemical analysis of test tube 2 indicates the presence of substantial amounts of silica. Microscopic analysis of organisms in test tubes 1, 3, and 4 reveals the presence of permanent, membrane-bounded sacs just under the plasma membrane. Microscopic analysis of organisms in test tube 3 reveals the presence of an apicoplast in each. Microscopic analysis of the contents in test tube 4 reveals the presence of one large nucleus and one small nucleus in each organism. 27) Test tube 3 contains _____. A) Paramecium B) Pfiesteria (dinoflagellate) C) Entamoeba D) Plasmodium
Answer: D
6) According to the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells, how did mitochondria originate? A) from infoldings of the plasma membrane, coupled with mutations of genes for oxygen-using metabolism B) from engulfed, originally free-living prokaryotes C) by tertiary endosymbiosis D) from the nuclear envelope folding outward and forming mitochondrial membranes E) when a protoeukaryote engaged in a symbiotic relationship with a protobiont
B) from engulfed, originally free-living prokaryotes
24) Which two genera have members that can evade the human immune system by frequently changing their surface proteins? 1. Plasmodium 2. Trichomonas 3. Paramecium 4. Trypanosoma 5. Entamoeba A) 1 and 2 B) 1 and 4 C) 2 and 3 D) 2 and 4 E) 4 and 5
B) 1 and 4
21) Diatoms are mostly asexual members of the phytoplankton. Diatoms lack any organelles that might have the 9 + 2 pattern. They obtain their nutrition from functional chloroplasts, and each diatom is encased within two porous, glasslike valves. Which question would be most important for one interested in the day-to-day survival of individual diatoms? A) How do diatoms get transported from one location on the water's surface layers to another location on the surface? B) How do diatoms with their glasslike valves keep from sinking into poorly lit waters? C) How do diatoms with their glasslike valves avoid being shattered by the action of waves? D) How do diatom sperm cells locate diatom egg cells?
B) How do diatoms with their glasslike valves keep from sinking into poorly lit waters?
54) What makes certain red algae appear red? A) They live in warm coastal waters. B) They possess pigments (phycoerythrin) which reflects and transmits red light. C) They use red light for photosynthesis. D) They lack chlorophyll. E) They contain the water-soluble pigment anthocyanin.
B) They possess pigments (phycoerythrin) which reflects and transmits red light.
Paulinella chromatophora is one of the few cercozoans that is autotrophic, carrying out aerobic photosynthesis with its two elongated "chromatophores." The chromatophores are contained within vesicles of the host cell, and each is derived from a cyanobacterium, though not the same type of cyanobacterium that gave rise to the chloroplasts of algae and plants. 7) The closest living relative of P. chromatophora is the heterotroph P. ovalis. P. ovalis uses threadlike pseudopods to capture its prey, which it digests internally. Which of the following, if observed, would be the best reason for relabeling P. chromatophora as a mixotroph instead of an autotroph? A) a pigmented central vacuole, surrounded by a tonoplast B) a vacuole with food inside C) a secretory vesicle D) a contractile vacuole
B) a vacuole with food inside
58) Members of the green algae often differ from members of the plant kingdom in that some green algae A) are heterotrophs. B) are unicellular. C) have chlorophyll a. D) store carbohydrates as starch. E) have cell walls containing cellulose.
B) are unicellular.
15) When a mosquito infected with Plasmodium first bites a human, the Plasmodium _____. A) gametes fuse, forming an oocyst B) cells infect the human liver cells C) cells cause lysing of the human red blood cells D) oocyst undergoes meiosis
B) cells infect the human liver cells
41) A certain unicellular eukaryote has a siliceous (glasslike) shell and autotrophic nutrition. To which group does it belong? A) dinoflagellate B) diatom C) gymnamoeba D) foraminiferan E) cellular slime mold
B) diatom
25) Which of the following marine organisms produce potent neurotoxins that cause extensive fish kills, contaminate shellfish, and create severe respiratory irritation to humans along the shore? A) red algae B) dinoflagellates C) diplomonads D) euglenids E) golden algae
B) dinoflagellates
51) A snail-like, coiled, porous shell of calcium carbonate is characteristic of which group? A) diatoms B) foraminiferans C) radiolarians D) gymnamoebas E) ciliates
B) foraminiferans
35) Which of these groups consist of parasitic flagellated cells, such as Trypanosoma, the organism that causes sleeping sickness? A) metazoans B) kinetoplastids C) diatoms D) brown algae E) ciliates
B) kinetoplastids
5) The strongest evidence for the endosymbiotic origin of eukaryotic organelles is the similarity between extant prokaryotes and which of the following? A) nuclei and chloroplasts B) mitochondria and chloroplasts C) cilia and mitochondria D) mitochondria and nuclei E) mitochondria and cilia
B) mitochondria and chloroplasts
19) Which protists form colorful multinucleate masses? A) euglenids B) plasmodial slime molds C) cellular slime molds D) forams E) water molds
B) plasmodial slime molds
34) The Irish Potato Famine (from potato blight) was caused by a mildew that belongs to which group? A) bacterium B) stramenopile C) foraminiferan D) apicomplexan E) virus
B) stramenopile
Choose the organism from the list below that best fits each of the following descriptions. A. euglenozoans B. Chlamydomonas C. dinoflagellates D. stramenopiles E. diplomonads 60) have two identical, functional flagella, roughly parallel to each other and emerging from about the same site
B. Chlamydomonas
Choose the nutritional mode that is primarily employed by each of the protists listed below. A. autotrophic B. mixotrophic C. heterotrophic (by absorption) D. heterotrophic (by ingestion) 38) phagocytic euglenids that possess functional chloroplasts
B. mixotrophic
47) Theoretically, which two of the following present the richest potential sources of silica? 1. marine sediments consisting of foram tests 2. diatomaceous earth 3. marine sediments consisting of radiolarian tests 4. marine sediments consisting of dinoflagellate plates A) 1 and 2 B) 1 and 4 C) 2 and 3 D) 2 and 4 E) 3 and 4
C) 2 and 3
14) A mixotroph loses its plastids yet continues to survive. Which of the following most likely accounts for its continued survival? A) It relies on photosystems that float freely in its cytosol. B) It must have gained extra mitochondria when it lost its plastids. C) It engulfs organic material by phagocytosis. D) It has an endospore. E) It is protected by a siliceous case.
C) It engulfs organic material by phagocytosis.
Giardia intestinalis is an intestinal parasite of humans and other mammals that causes intestinal ailments in most people who ingest the cysts. Upon ingestion, each cyst releases two motile cells, called trophozoites. These attach to the small intestine's lining via a ventral adhesive disk. The trophozoites anaerobically metabolize glucose from the host's intestinal contents to produce ATP. Reproduction is completely asexual, occurring by longitudinal binary fission of trophozoites, with each daughter cell receiving two haploid nuclei (n = 5). A trophozoite will often encyst as it passes into the large intestine by secreting around itself a case that is resistant to cold, heat, and dehydration. Infection usually occurs by drinking untreated water that contains cysts. 9) The cysts of Giardia function most like the _____. A) mitochondria of ancestral diplomonads B) nuclei of archaeans C) endospores of bacteria D) capsids of viruses
C) endospores of bacteria
Diatoms are encased in petri-platelike cases (valves) made of translucent hydrated silica whose thickness can be varied. The material used to store excess calories can also be varied. At certain times, diatoms store excess calories in the form of the liquid polysaccharide, laminarin, and at other times as oil. The following are data concerning the density (specific gravity) of various components of diatoms, and of their environment. Specific Gravities of Materials Relevant to Diatoms Material: Specific Gravity (kg/m3) Pure water 1000 Seawater 1026 Hydrated silica 2250 Liquid laminarin 1500 Diatom oil 910 29) Water's density and, consequently, its buoyancy decrease at warmer temperatures. Based on this consideration and using data from the table above, at which time of year should one expect diatoms to be storing excess calories mostly as oil? A) mid-winter B) early spring C) late summer D) late fall
C) late summer
32) The motility that permits P. bursaria to move toward a light source is provided by _____. A) pseudopods B) a single flagellum featuring the 9 + 2 pattern C) many cilia D) contractile vacuoles
C) many cilia
Giardia intestinalis is an intestinal parasite of humans and other mammals that causes intestinal ailments in most people who ingest the cysts. Upon ingestion, each cyst releases two motile cells, called trophozoites. These attach to the small intestine's lining via a ventral adhesive disk. The trophozoites anaerobically metabolize glucose from the host's intestinal contents to produce ATP. Reproduction is completely asexual, occurring by longitudinal binary fission of trophozoites, with each daughter cell receiving two haploid nuclei (n = 5). A trophozoite will often encyst as it passes into the large intestine by secreting around itself a case that is resistant to cold, heat, and dehydration. Infection usually occurs by drinking untreated water that contains cysts. 11) Giardia's mitosome can be said to be "doubly degenerate," because it is a degenerate type of ________, an organelle that is itself a degenerate form of ________. A) nucleus, archaean B) nucleus, bacterium C) mitochondria, proteobacterium D) mitochondria, spirochete
C) mitochondria proteobacterium
14) If the mitosomes of Giardia contain no DNA, yet are descendants of what were once free- living organisms, then where are we likely to find the genes that encode their structures, and what accounts for their current location there? A) plasmids, conjugation B) plasmids, transformation C) nucleus, horizontal gene transfer D) nucleus, S phase
C) nucleus, horizontal gene transfer
56) A biologist discovers an alga that is marine, multicellular, and lives at a depth reached only by blue light. This alga probably belongs to which group? A) brown algae B) golden algae C) red algae D) green algae E) dinoflagellates
C) red algae
Choose the organism from the list below that best fits each of the following descriptions. A. euglenozoans B. Chlamydomonas C. dinoflagellates D. stramenopiles E. diplomonads 63) have one flagellum oriented at 90 degrees to the second flagellum
C. dinoflagellates
Choose the nutritional mode that is primarily employed by each of the protists listed below. A. autotrophic B. mixotrophic C. heterotrophic (by absorption) D. heterotrophic (by ingestion) 37) Oomycetes
C. heterotrophic (by absorption)
27) A paramecium is a Cilate
Cilate
3) Which of the following statements concerning living phytoplanktonic organisms are true? 1. They are important members of communities surrounding deep-sea hydrothermal vents. 2. They are important primary producers in most aquatic food webs. 3. They are important in maintaining oxygen in Earth's seas and atmosphere. 4. They are most often found growing in the sediments of seas and oceans. 5. They can be so concentrated that they affect the color of seawater. A) 1 and 4 B) 1, 2, and 4 C) 2, 3, and 4 D) 2, 3, and 5 E) 3, 4, and 5
D) 2, 3, and 5
12) The goal in classifying organisms should be to create categories that reflect the evolutionary histories of organisms. What system would be best to use? A) a three-kingdom classification system B) a five-kingdom classification system C) an eight-kingdom classification system D) a system that uses as many kingdoms as necessary to be accurate E) a system that returns to that used by Linnaeus
D) a system that uses as many kingdoms as necessary to be accurate
44) The largest seaweeds such as kelp belong to which group? A) cyanobacteria B) red algae C) green algae D) brown algae E) golden algae
D) brown algae
32) Which process results in genetic recombination, but is separate from the process wherein the population size of paramecium increases? A) budding B) meiotic division C) mitotic division D) conjugation E) binary fission
D) conjugation
45) A large seaweed that floats freely on the surface of deep bodies of water would be expected to lack which of the following? A) thalli B) bladders C) blades D) holdfasts E) none of the above
D) holdfasts
Choose the nutritional mode that is primarily employed by each of the protists listed below. A. autotrophic B. mixotrophic C. heterotrophic (by absorption) D. heterotrophic (by ingestion) 39) amoebozoans that do not possess endosymbionts
D. heterotrophic (by ingestion)
Choose the organism from the list below that best fits each of the following descriptions. A. euglenozoans B. Chlamydomonas C. dinoflagellates D. stramenopiles E. diplomonads 59) have one hairy and one smooth flagellum
D. stramenopiles
11) The evolution of eukaryotes from prokaryotes probably A) occurred many times. B) allowed for the formation of both complexity and multicellularity. C) involved endosymbiosis on multiple occasions. D) B and C only E) A, B, and C
E) A, B, and C
22) Organisms classified as Euglenozoa have previously been classified as protozoans, protista, plants, and animals. Why the confusion? A) Like protozoans, they are unicellular. B) Like animals, many are heterotrophic. C) Like plants, many are photosynthetic. D) A and B only E) A, B, and C
E) A, B, and C
7) Which of the following statements is consistent with the hypothesis that certain eukaryotic organelles originated as prokaryotic endosymbionts? Such organelles A) are roughly the same size as bacteria. B) can be cultured on agar since they make all their own proteins. C) contain circular DNA molecules. D) have ribosomes that are similar to those of bacteria. E) A, C, and D
E) A, C, and D
1) Protists are alike in that all are A) multicellular. B) photosynthetic. C) marine. D) nonparasitic. E) Eukaryotic
E) Eukaryotic
46) The following are all characteristic of the water molds (Oomycota) except A) the presence of filamentous feeding structures. B) flagellated cells. C) a nutritional mode that can result in the decomposition of dead organic matter. D) they possess cell walls of cellulose. E) a feeding plasmodium.
E) a feeding plasmodium.
9) Which organisms represent the common ancestor of all photosynthetic plastids found in eukaryotes? A) autotrophic euglenids B) diatoms C) dinoflagellates D) red algae E) cyanobacteria
E) cyanobacteria
53) Which taxonomic group containing eukaryotic organisms is thought to be directly ancestral to the plant kingdom? A) golden algae B) apicomplexans C) foraminiferans D) radiolarians E) green algae
E) green algae
Choose the organism from the list below that best fits each of the following descriptions. A. euglenozoans B. Chlamydomonas C. dinoflagellates D. stramenopiles E. diplomonads 61) possess more than two identical, functional flagella
E. diplomonads
30) Which of the following statements concerning protists is false? a. All protists are eukaryotic organisms; many are unicellular or colonial. b. The organism that causes malaria is transmitted to humans by the bite of the tsetse fly. c. All apicomplexans are parasitic. d. Cellular slime molds have an amoeboid stage that may be followed by a stage during which spores are produced. e. The euglenozoans that are functionally mixotrophic contain chloroplasts.
b. The organism that causes malaria is transmitted to humans by the bite of the tsetse fly.
15) Biologists suspect that endosymbiosis gave rise to mitochondria before plastids partly because a. the products of photosynthesis could not be metabolized without mitochondrial enzymes. b. almost all eukaryotes have mitochondria, whereas only autotrophic eukaryotes generally have plastids. c. mitochondrial DNA is less similar to prokaryotic DNA than is plastid DNA. d. without mitochondrial CO2 production, photosynthesis could not occur. e. mitochondrial proteins are synthesized on cytosolic ribosomes, whereas plastids utilize their own ribosomes.
b. almost all eukaryotes have mitochondria, whereas only autotrophic eukaryotes generally have plastids.
29) Which group(s) within the Alveolata include(s) members that are important in ocean food webs, cause(s) red tides that kill many fish, and may even be carnivorous? a. ciliates b. apicomplexans c. Dinoflagellates d. A and B only e. A,B, and C
c. Dinoflagellates
23) When a protist possesses two flagella, both are generally used for propulsion. Assuming that a flagellum containing a crystalline rod cannot undulate back and forth, and assuming that two undulatory flagella can produce more effective locomotion than can a single flagellum, which of these organisms should have the least effective locomotion? a. golden algae b. dinoflagellates c. Euglenids d. Chlamydomonas e. oomycetes
c. Euglenids
33) Why is the filamentous morphology of the water molds considered a case of convergent evolution with the hyphae of fungi? a. Fungi are closely related to the water molds. b. Body shape reflects ancestor-descendant relationships among organisms. c. Filamentous shape is an adaptation for a nutritional mode as a decomposer. d. Hyphae and filaments are necessary for locomotion in both groups. e. Filamentous body shape is evolutionarily primitive for all eukaryotes.
c. Filamentous shape is an adaptation for a nutritional mode as a decomposer.
31) Which of the following is not characteristic of ciliates? a. They use cilia as locomotory structures or as feeding structures. b. They are relatively complex cells. c. They can exchange genetic material with other ciliates by the process of mitosis. d. Most live as solitary cells in fresh water. e. They have two or more nuclei.
c. They can exchange genetic material with other ciliates by the process of mitosis.
43) Concerning diatoms' potential use as drug-delivery systems, which anatomical feature would seem to be most important? a. their ability to withstand immense pressure b. the chemical composition of their cell walls c. the porous nature of their cell walls d. the chemical composition of their food-storage material e. the nuclear envelope
c. the porous nature of their cell walls
28) Which of these groups includes multicellular organisms? choanoflagellates
choanoflagellates
17) In ciliates, the process that produces genetic variation through the exchange of nuclei is a. mixotrophy. b. endosymbiosis. c. meiosis. d. conjugation. e. binary fission
d. conjugation.
20.Assuming that all of the flagella found among the various types of protists require the same amount of ATP per unit time to operate, and assuming that all of an individual protist's flagella are in use simultaneously, then which of these protists should use the greatest amount of ATP per unit time to move about? a. Chlamydomonas b. dinoflagellates c. euglenids d. diplomonads e. golden algae
d. diplomonads
55) The structure and biochemistry of chloroplasts in red algae are most like the structure and biochemistry of chloroplasts in which of the following organisms? a. golden algae b. diatoms c. dinoflagellates d. green algae e. brown algae
d. green algae
18) In life cycles with an alternation of generations, multicellular haploid forms alternate with a. unicellular haploid forms. b. unicellular diploid forms. c. multicellular haploid forms. d. multicellular diploid forms. e. multicellular polyploid forms.
d. multicellular diploid forms.
42) Which of the following are actual mutualistic partnerships that involve a protist and a host organism? a. green alga: fungal partner of lichen b. dinoflagellate : reef-building coral animal c. Trichomonas : human d. alga : certain foraminiferans e. A, B, and D
e. A, B, and D
2) All of the following groups had taxonomic significance in the past, but only one is now considered to be a diverse clade. Which group is it? a. algae b. protist c. protozoa d. monera e. Euglenozoa
e. Euglenozoa
16) Dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates are placed in the clade Alveolata because they all a. have flagella or cilia. b. are parasites of animals. c. are found exclusively in freshwater or marine habitats. d. have mitochondria. e. have membrane-bounded sacs under their plasma membrane
e. have membrane-bounded sacs under their plasma membrane
