bio 2 midterm

The cell walls of fungi are composed of

chitin

The function of cotyledons in many plants is to:

store food reserves

What do ferns lack?

seeds

The lowermost and outermost whorl on a floral shoot consists of

sepals

The order of whorls from the flower's periphery to the center is:

sepals, petals, stamens, carpels

bacilli

Rod shaped bacteria

What are the viruses that attack bacteria?

phages

The gametophyte generation of ferns is the:

prothallus

Ascomycetes reproduce sexually by forming:

ascospores

Which is an example of a member of phylum Zygomycota?

black bread mold

What is the protein coat of a virus called?

capsid

The sori of most ferns are found on which part of the plant?

fronds

____ is a form of genetic exchange in bacteria that involves contact between two cells.

conjugation

Members of which group are known to form blooms known as red tides?

dinoflagellates

Plasmids of bacteria often have genes involved in:

antibiotic resistance

The sac fungi are characterized by sexual reproductive structures called:

asci

In flowering plants, the ____ generation is dominant

diploid sporophtye

The leafy fern that you might have as a house plant is the ____ generation.

diploid sporophyte

What is the purpose of phage therapy?

To target specific bacteria in the body and destroy them

The most common mode of reproduction in bacteria is:

binary fission

Production of ____ is a means of rapidly propagating new mycelia when environmental conditions are favorable for ascomycetes.

conidia

What type of conversion occurs when a bacterium carrying viral genes takes on new, atypical characteristics?

lysogenic

The female plant structure on which a pollen grain must land for sexual reproduction to occur is the:

stigma

The five stages of a lytic infection are attachment, penetration, __________, assembly, and release.

replication

Within ciliates, what do the micronuclei control?

reproduction

Which protist group typically consists of amoeboid cells surrounded by a hard outer shell through which cytoplasmic projections extend?

rhizarians

endosperm is

triploid

In algae, gametangia are generally

unicellular

Gram-positive bacteria would stain ____ in a gram stain because of a thick layer of ____ in their cell walls.

purple; peptidoglycan

The specificity of viruses to different types of cells is due to ____ sites on the host cell.

receptor

What do the xylem and phloem make up of in a plant?

vascular tissue

Which vascular tissue is responsible for conducting water and dissolved minerals in plants?

xylem

waste elimination in protists

by allowing waste to diffuse through the membrane

Alternation of generations in plants refers to the alternation of:

diploid and haploid stages

Which statement about the megasporocyte is true?

it is a diploid cell located within an ovule

Many seedless plants produce spores of one morphological type, which is referred to as:

homospory

Most conifers have separate male and female reproductive parts on the same tree. This condition is referred to as:

monoecious

Cows and other ruminates rely on a ____ relationship with bacteria in their digestive tract.

mutualistic

When a moss spore lands in a suitable spot, it germinates and grows into a filament of cells called a:

protonema

Which statement describes a temperate virus?

temperate virus does not always destroy its host

Bat-pollinated, night-blooming flowers would most likely display which two characteristics?

white petals and a strongly sweet scent

pistil

The female reproductive part of a flower

Which protist group is characterized by having a micronucleus and a macronucleus

ciliates

Fungi that lack septa are called:

coenocytic

The fusion of a sperm cell with two polar nuclei in the ovule forms the:

endosperm

what would structure A be made up as a gram-negative bacterium

peptidoglycan

How do some bacteria respond to adverse environmental conditions?

bacteria form endospores

In a flowering plant, the ____ is the site of meiosis and, ultimately, the production of pollen.

anther

Which protist clade (supergroup) is characterized by their greatly modified mitochondria?

excavates

Some protists consist of a single cell with multiple nuclei. This condition is known as:

coenocytic

Certain orchids produce flowers and secrete scents that resemble female bees so that male bees will mount these flowers and attempt to copulate with them. This bizarre occurrence is an example of:

coevolution

The shape of the bill on the bird in the accompanying figure is most likely the result of:

coevolution

Which algal group contains individuals that are typically unicellular and form siliceous shells?

diatoms

What do the large female cones of a pine tree contain?

megasporangia

The dense cytoplasm of the prokaryote contains ribosomes and storage granules

true

Members of the ____ move via pseudopodia.

Amoebozoa

In the process of double fertilization, one sperm fuses with the egg and the other sperm fuses with

the polar nuclei

Some bacteria avoid being phagocytized by a host's immune system by means of:

their capsule

Why are mosses and liverworts limited in size?

they lack vascular tissues

Members of phylum ____ are the most primitive of the fungi and were previously classified as protists.

Chytridiomycota

What is the purpose of the waxy cuticle in plants?

It prevents desiccation

Which statement about viruses is FALSE?

Viruses can manufacture proteins

As a seed develops from an ovule, the ovule wall enlarges and develop into a:

fruit

In a fungus, a complex multicellular reproductive structure is called a(n):

fruiting body

What are the multicellular sex organs in plants?

gametangia

What is the structure labeled as A in the accompanying figure?

gametangium of an alga

What is the structure labeled as 1 in the accompanying figure

gamete

Which is the most economically important bryophyte?

sphagnum

Peptidoglycan consists of:

sugars crosslinked with proteins

Endosperm tissue is:

3n

Members of the ____ are thought to have given rise to plants

green algae

Which is the only prokaryote to carry on photosynthesis that generates oxygen?

cyanobacteria

Members of which protist group is one of the fossilized deposits in the unique geological formation of the White Cliffs of Dover?

foraminiferans

The ____ generation is dominant in mosses, as it can live independently.

haploid gametophyte

If a plant produces microspores and megaspores, then by definition, it is

heterosporous

The female gametophyte generation in angiosperms is found in the:

ovule of the ovary

mosses do not have

stems, leaves, or roots

The absorption of water by a dry seed is known as:

imbibition

A key step in the evolution of vascular plants was the ability to produce ____, a strengthening polymer in the walls of cells that function for support and conduction

lignin

The oldest known fossils suggest that the ____ may have been the first plants to inhabit land.

liverworts

Pseudopodia are used by Amoeba for ingesting food as well as for:

locomotion

What are the small circles of DNA that exist within the bacterial cytoplasm in addition to the bacterial chromosome?

plasmids

Which part of a flowering plant is the immature male gametophyte?

pollen grain

Each pollen grain produces two cells, one of which may develop into a(n):

pollen tube

how do bacteria move

rotating flagella

what is the purpose of cilia

To adhere to surfaces or other bacteria

What is the significance of double fertilization in flowering plants?

Two sperm cells travel down the pollen tube into the ovary. One sperm cell unites with the egg to form the zygote, while the other sperm cell unites with the two polar nuclei in the ovule to form the triploid endosperm. Endosperm is a nutritive tissue for the developing embryonic plant. Following these two cell fusions, the ovule develops into a seed, and the ovary develops into a fruit.

Which structure in the accompanying figure is labeled as C?

capsule

Plants are believed to have evolved from which group of algae?

charophytes

The surface of a Paramecium is covered with thousands of short, hair-like

cilia

What is an example of a seed dispersed by water?

coconut

List the characteristics suggesting that fungi should be assigned to the opisthokont clade

Key similarities of fungi and opisthokonts include platelike cristae in their mitochondria, a single posterior flagellum in flagellated species, and certain genetic/molecular characteristics.

Which genus is used to produce beer and wine?

Saccharomyces

bacteria

Some bacteria can photosynthesize. Bacteria are important decomposers. A small percentage of bacteria are pathogenic. Bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia and then nitrates that can be used by plants.

Which is a characteristic shared between green algae and plants?

a. a waxy cuticle b. multicellular gametangia c. chlorophylls a and b in plastids

Fruits that develop from a flower with many separate ovaries are referred to as:

aggregate fruits

Consuming even a single mushroom of the genus ____ can be fatal.

amanita

The most diverse, successful, and familiar group of plants today are the:

angiosperms

Yeasts reproduce asexually by:

budding

6. How are viruses classified?

by their host range and other characteristics

All the sepals of a flower are collectively known as the:

calyx

Which of the following is a vascular plant?

fern

Which type of bacterium would not be able to survive in the presence of oxygen?

obligate anaerobic

Which of the following is an example of a modified underground bud with fleshy leaves for storage?

onion

Viral infections in humans spread via the circulatory system. Viral infections in plants spread from cell to cell via:

plasmodesmata

Following double fertilization, the ovule develops into a(n) ____, and the ovary develops into a(n) ____.

seed; fruit

Heterospory is believed to have led to the evolution of:

seeds

When bread gets moldy with visible black or blue spots, you are looking at masses of the colored:

spores

The stramenopiles include water molds, diatoms, golden algae, and brown algae.

true

A ____ is an underground stem that is greatly enlarged for food storage

tuber

Which statement describes a virulent phage?

A virulent phage destroys bacteria.

Give examples of how plants and animal pollinators have coevolved

Flowers of different colors and scents attract different pollinators. Animals coevolved special body parts to obtain nectar and pollen grains, while dispersing pollen for plants. Examples of this include the hairy bodies of bumblebees upon which pollen sticks, the long, curved beaks of honeycreepers, which can be inserted in elongated flowers, and the orchids that resemble female bees and with which male bees attempt copulation.

What is the difference between a viral lytic cycle and a viral lysogenic cycle?

In a lytic infection the virus destroys the host cell. The virus takes over the host cell's metabolism and forces the host cell to replicate viral particles. Lytic infections result in cell lysis and death. In lysogenic infections, temperate viruses integrate into the host DNA. The integrated virus is called a provirus. When the bacterial DNA replicates, the provirus DNA replicates with the host cell genome. Temperate viruses revert to lytic cycles under stress conditions.

Explain why choanoflagellates are thought to be of particular evolutionary importance

It is hypothesized that choanoflagellates are the closest nonanimal relative to animals. Choanoflagellates have a striking resemblance to collar cells in sponges. Other animal phyla, such as cnidarians, flatworms, and echinoderms, also contain choanoflagellate-like cells, but no other group of protists has been observed to possess these cells. Evidence supporting the close relationship between choanoflagellates and animals includes comparative DNA sequence data of mitochondrial and nuclear genes.

Provide three diseases caused by protozoa. Include the causal organism, the group in which it is classified, and its means of transmission when possible.

Unikonts, Amoebozoa--Entamoeba histolytica, amoebic dysentery, transmitted via contaminated water Excavates, trypanosomes--Trypanosoma causes African sleeping sickness, transmitted via tsetse flies. Excavates, diplomonads--Giardia intestinalis causes diarrhea, transmitted via contaminated water. Chromalveolates, alveolates, apicomplexans--Plasmodium causes malaria; transmitted via a mosquito.

Sometimes plants produce embryos in seeds without meiosis and fusion of gametes. This process is known as:

apomixis

Most protists are:

aquatic

The club fungi typically reproduce by producing:

basidia

In plants, the fertilized egg develops into a multicellular ____ (young plant) within a female gametangium.

embryo

They are known as cotyledons. They indicate that this plant is a dicot. They are part of the maturing embryo. They are surrounded by endosperm

embryonic plant

Which eukaryotic organelles likely arose from symbiotic relationships between larger cells and bacteria?

mitochondria and chloroplasts

A plant with floral parts in threes or multiples of three would be classified as a:

monocot

Most conifers are

monoecious

What is the function of the sepal of a flowering plant?

to protect the flower bud

What is the function of the phloem in plants?

transports food(sugars and amino acids)

The archaeplastids include the red algae and the green algae.

true

Most protists are ____, with each cell forming a complete organism capable of performing all the functions characteristic of life.

unicellular

Which characteristic defines a virus?

viruses cannot metabolize

How is the pollen of pine trees primarily disseminated?

wind

List and describe the structures of viruses

1. Nucleic acid core which is single-stranded or double-stranded DNA or RNA, never both. 2. Capsid protective protein coat. 3. Envelopes surround a capsid of some viruses and are composed of phospholipids and proteins of hosts plasma membrane as well as distinctive viral proteins.

List the characteristics of Archaea and Bacteria

In contrast to Bacteria, Archaea do not have peptidoglycan in their cell walls. Both Archaea and Bacteria lack the membrane organelles of Eukarya

Xylem is vascular tissue that _______________.

transports water and dissolved minerals from roots to leaves

A fruit develops from the ovary wall.

true

Bacterial plasmids often have genes that code for genetic exchange or antibiotic resistance.

true

Modern botanists think that all plants evolved from a common ancestor that was an ancient green algae. What is the best explanation for this hypothesis?

They share many biochemical and metabolic traits.

What is the purpose of sex pili

To transmit DNA between bacteria

Each archegonium produces

a single egg

Name the structure that allows motility in the following groups: amoebozoa, excavates, and ciliates

Amoebozoa: pseudopodia Excavates: flagella Ciliates: cilia

When a microsporocyte divides, its daughter cells are

haploid

Identify the parts of a typical fungal body plan and briefly explain the function of each of the structures you identified.

hyphae: secretion of digestive enzymes and absorption of water and nutrients sporangia: production of spores conidiophores: production of conidia fruiting bodies: complex reproductive structures

A flower that has sepals, petals, and stamens, but lacks carpels, is known as:

incomplete and imperfect

Flowers that are strongly oderiferous and blue or UV purple in color would most likely be pollinated by:

insects

Which process takes place within the young basidia on the gills of the mushroom?

karyogamy

Most fungal spores are ____ reproductive cells that are produced ____.

nonmotile; sexually or asexually

Which is an example of a monocot?

onion

After fertilization in angiosperms, what does the ovule develop into?

seed

Phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota are considered ____ because they share a more recent common ancestor with each other than either does with any other group

sister taxa

After sexual reproduction in a moss, the ____ grows out of the gametophyte.

sporophyte

The diploid portion of a plant life cycle is known as the:

sporophyte generation

Rhizomes, tubers, corms, and stolons are examples of modified:

stem

The most significant difference between archaea and bacteria is the:

the absence of peptidoglycans in the cell walls of archaea.

Plants that produce scentless, inconspicuous flowers with enormous amounts of pollen are adapted to which type of pollination?

wind

Identify and briefly explain three adaptations of flowering plants that contributed to their evolutionary expansion and success.

1. Closed carpels and double fertilization for increased likelihood of reproductive success 2. Interdependence with animals, particularly insects, for more efficient pollination 3. Vessel elements for more efficient water conduction 4. Sieve tube elements for more efficient carbohydrate conduction 5. Broad leaves for more efficient absorption of light 6. Stems and roots modified for food or water storage 7. Adaptability of the sporophyte generation to new environments

Compare and contrast the metabolic diversity of bacteria in one of the two groups below. A. Obligate anaerobes, facultative anaerobes, and aerobes B. Autotrophic and heterotrophic bacteria

A. Obligate anaerobes cannot metabolize in the presence of oxygen. Facultative anaerobes metabolize in either the presence or absence of oxygen. Aerobes can metabolize only in the presence of oxygen. B. Autotrophic bacteria make their own organic compounds from inorganic sources, whereas heterotrophic bacteria cannot do this. Instead, heterotrophic bacteria must obtain their carbon compounds from the organic compounds produced by other organisms.

Compare and contrast the processes of pollination and fertilization

Both processes involve the bringing together of structures. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma. Fertilization is the fusion of sperm and egg, and in flowering plants there is a second "fertilization" that involves the fusion of sperm with the two polar nuclei.

microsporocyte

Diploid reproductive cell in the stamen of a plant; undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid microspores.

. Prepare a table that lists the features that distinguish bryophytes from green algae and from other plants.

Distinguishing features shared by plants include 1) multicellular embryos, 2) multicellular gametangia, 3) a waxy cuticle, 4) stomata, 5), a clearly defined alternation of generations, and 6) producing spores only by meiosis instead of by either meiosis or mitosis.

Discuss the distinction between gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. In the laboratory, how is this determined? What are differences between these two groups of bacteria?

Gram-positive bacteria are those that absorb and retain crystal violet, a violet pigment that shows under a microscope. Gram-negative do not retain this pigment and, therefore, appear red. This effect is due to the fact that gram-positive bacteria have very thick peptidoglycan cell walls, which absorb and retain the crystal violet pigment. Gram-negative bacteria do not have thick cell walls and, therefore, do not retain the pigment very well. The differences in the cell walls between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria have a bearing on how certain drugs affects these two bacterial types. For example, Gram-positive bacteria are very susceptible to penicillin because their cell walls are weakened by the drug. Gram-negative bacteria are not easily harmed by penicillin. As a result, gram-negative bacteria are much harder to control

Which is a basic difference between gymnosperms and flowering plants?

Gymnosperms produce seeds borne naked, while flowering plants produce seeds enclosed within a fruit

How do mycorrhizae benefit plants?

Mycorrhizae increase a plant's absorptive surface area of roots.

Describe alternation of generations. Include in your discussion the following terms: gametophyte, sporophyte, diploid, haploid, dominant form, meiosis, and fertilization.

Plants alternate between a haploid gametophyte and a diploid sporophyte. The dominant form varies; the gametophyte is dominant in the mosses, and the sporophyte is dominant in the ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms.

Seeds are superior reproductive structures, compared to spores. Describe the advantages of seeds. Briefly describe the connection between human civilization and seeds.

Seeds carry with them nutritive material and are protected by a seed coat; human civilization advanced with the development of agriculture; seeds are relatively easy to collect and store in a dry place for planting the following year or for consumption.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of both sexual and asexual reproduction?

Sexual--new genetic combinations may be advantageous in unstable environments. It is more costly since gametes must meet and may produce individuals that are less well adapted to changing environments. Asexual-- offspring are genetically identical to the parent, so if they are well adapted to the environment, all parents and offspring have an equally good chance of survival. If they are not well adapted to the environment, then they may all die.

Identify and briefly discuss two ecological roles filled by bacteria.

Some prokaryotes are decomposers that produce nitrogen in forms usable by other organisms. Cyanobacteria produce the oxygen necessary for aerobic respiration.

Discuss adaptations for terrestrial life seen in land plants

Stomata to allow carbon dioxide to enter the leaf; a waxy cuticle to reduce water loss; gametangia with sterile cells to protect the reproductive cells; lessened reliance on water for reproduction.

What is the economic importance of fungi? Name at least 10 products made utilizing fungi.

They can cause disease and therefore are important in human medicine and agriculture; yeasts are used to produce bread, beer, wine; production of soy sauce; various cheeses such as blue cheese and Brie; edible mushrooms; production of antibiotics and other drugs.

Which group of plants are the most recent to evolve?

angiosperms

What is the male sexual structure that produces sperm in plants?

antheridium

Before an animal cell's membrane fuses with a virus, the virus must first:

attach to a specific receptor on the plasma membrane of the host cell.

Mushrooms that we eat are technically referred to as:

basidiocarps

The fungus that causes black stem rust of wheat belongs to which fungal group?

basidiomycetes

Corn and other grasses have a unique sheath of cells known as the ____ that surrounds and protects the young shoot.

coleoptile

In primary endosymbiosis, an ancient eukaryotic cell engulfed a(n) ____, which survived and evolved into a chloroplast.

cyanobacterium

Which phylum has very few surviving species, and are tropical and subtropical plants with stout, trunk-like stems, and compound leaves that resemble those of palms or tree ferns?

cycadophyta

Special structures found in seeds that are dispersed by ants are called:

elaiosomes

In most developing dicot seeds, the primary source of nutritive material is in the:

endosperm

Which protist group contains the organism Trypanosoma, a colorless parasite that can cause African sleeping sickness?

excavates

In transduction, two prokaryotic cells of different mating types come together and genetic material is transferred from one cell to another.

false - conjugation

Prokaryotes have a nucleus that contains DNA.

false - prokaryotes have no nucleus

What is the translation of "pseudopodia," a characteristic of the amoebas?

false feet

The union of gametes is called ____ and takes place within the ____ of a flower.

fertilization; ovary

an oral groove is for

food intake in protists