Bio 2 Smartbook Ch 54
Which of the following has the most potential to significantly affect the tundra?
Mineral and oil extraction
Which biome has annual rainfall between 75 and 200 cm, and temperatures that fall below freezing each winter, but not usually below -12C?
Temperate deciduous forest
Which of the following biomes contains occasional thorny trees and plants with well-developed root systems that enable them to resprout quickly after a fire?
Tropical grassland
A South American biomes that has abundant rainfall (exceeds 230 cm per year), year round hot temperature, hundreds of different tree species is most likely.
Tropical rain forest
Most prairies are now being used for _______ , and the original grassland habitats are rare.
agriculture
In a ______ ______ biome, it is difficult to grow crops because of the combination of low temperatures and low rainfall.
cold desert
In a(n) _________ rain forest, the canopy is nearly closed and trees have large buttresses to support their shallow root systems.
tropical
A(n) _________ is a community of organisms and its interactions with the physical environment.
Ecosystem
Temperature is a very critical factor in how organisms are distributed. Why?
Most organisms cannot regulate their body temperature precisely
Humans clear the tropical deciduous forests because:
the soil is more fertile than that of tropical rain forests thus preferred for agriculture use
Select all of the following that are higher in the headwaters of a river than in its lower reaches. (Lotic habitat)
Speed of current Oxygen level Clarity
Global warming is threat to coral reefs because high water temperatures and high pH:
causes coral bleaching
Ecology as a discipline directly deals with all of the following levels of biological organization except:
cellular
Temperature, wind, precipitation, and light are components of ________ , the prevailing weather pattern of a given region.
climate
The focus of ecology is to determine the basis of differences in species richness.
community
In a temperate ________ forest, precipitation is generally between 30 and 70 cm, often occurring as snow. Temperatures remain below freezing for long periods of time.
coniferous
In addition to gases such as carbon dioxide and water, photosynthesis also requires _________ , which can be a limiting resource for plants.
light
The free-swimming animals of the open ocean are collectively called:
nekton
The open ocean, or the ______ zone, is deep, has low nutrient concentrations, and is only warm near the surface.
pelagic
What aquatic habitat is especially likely to undergo eutrophication due to agricultural runoff?
lentic
The study of the physiological response of an organism to its environment and the impact of the environment on the species distribution is called:
organismal ecology
______ ______ exist in many areas of the world, but among the largest are the Himalayas in Asia, the Rockies in North America, and the Andes in South America.
Mountain Biomes
How do humans affect the cold desert?
Off-road vehicles cause erosion and destroy vegetation.
_______ ecology focuses on groups of interbreeding individuals in an attempt to understand factors that determine group size and density.
Population
Which of the following statements about the physical environment of tundra is true?
Precipitation often locked up as snow and unavailable for plants.
Select all of the correct descriptions of how temperature affects organisms.
-Some plants require fire for seed germination. -Low temperatures freeze many plants. -High temperatures denature proteins.
Hot deserts are affected by humans in all of the following ways
-irrigation scheme -use of underground water and growth of crops -off-road vehicles
In general, abiotic factors have powerful effects in most ecological systems. Which of the following is an abiotic factor?
Salinity
Arrange the following levels of organization in the correct sequence. Start with the least inclusive (i.e., fewest number of organisms) at the top and end with the most inclusive at the bottom.
1. Individual 2. Population 3. Community 4. Ecosystem
Why don't temperatures keep increasing with decreasing latitudes near the equator?
Cloudiness and rain reduce average temperatures.
What is thought to be the greatest threat to coral reef habitats?
Global warming
Which biome is most disturbed by off-road vehicles and salinization due to frequent irrigation?
Hot desert
How do human activities affect the temperate rain forest?
Humans use the forest for wood and supplies.
Which of the following is a main effect of humans on temperate rain forest biomes?
Logging for wood
________ is the most important abiotic factor in the distribution of plants and animals because of its effect on biological processes.
Temperature
Which biome has a distinct dry season?
Tropical deciduous forest
Original temperate grassland habitats are among the rarest biomes in the world because primarily humans have:
been using prairie soil for agriculture, and farming -(prairie soil is the richest in the world)
In a temperate _________ forest, the annual rainfall is between 75 and 200 cm and temperatures fall below freezing each winter, but not below -12οC.
deciduous
The marine biome called the ________ zone is the area where the land meets the sea, and is alternately submerged and exposed by the daily cycle of tides.
intertidal
Community ecological studies focus on how:
populations of species interact with each other.
At ______ water freezes and is in its ______ dense state.
-0 degrees C -least
Which of the following are characteristics of the Tropical rain forest biome?
-High temperatures throughout the year -Rainfall exceeds 230 cm per year -Soils are shallow and nutrient-poor
Much of the temperate deciduous forest is destroyed because human population used them for:
-development -agriculture
True or false: Ecologists recognize that all communities clearly fit into one of the 10 major biome types.
False
True or false: Temperature is not an important factor in the distribution of organisms because most organisms can regulate their body temperatures precisely.
False
What abiotic factor may cause protein denaturation?
High temperature
Which of the following mountain ranges is the largest in Asia?
Himalayas
Which of the following animals are mainly found in the tropical grassland?
Large mammals
Select mechanisms underlying disjunct distributions.
-Change in the existence of land bridges -Change in climate patterns -Continental drift -Extinction
Select all human activities that affect tropical rain forests.
-Clearing land for cattle -Logging land for agriculture
Select the human activities that have had an effect on temperate coniferous forests.
-Development of natural gas reserves -Development of oil reserves -Logging
Select all the characteristics of water that are crucial to living organisms.
-It takes part in hydrolysis and dehydration reactions. -It acts as a solvent for chemical reactions. -It is used for support in plants. -It is the means by which animals eliminate waste. -It is part of the hydrostatic skeleton in some invertebrates.
Which of the following human activities has affected the temperate coniferous forest (taiga)? Select all that apply.
-Logging -Exploration and development of oil and natural gas reserves
Which of the following statements describe the physical environment of a temperate rain forest?
-Occasionally temperatures drop below freezing in the winter. -Water from dense coastal fogs condenses. -Rainfall is abundant.
In mountainous environment, ranges of temperatures decrease with increasing elevation through adiabatic cooling. Thus, precipitation and temperature may change dramatically, depending on:
-elevation -leeward versus windward side
Compared to rivers, oceans contain considerably more dissolved minerals because:
-oceans continually receive the nutrient-rich waters of rivers -the sun evaporates pure water from ocean surfaces
Rank the steps of the scientific method, from first at the top to last at bottom.
1. Observation 2. Hypothesis formation 3. Experimentation 4. Data analysis 5. Acceptance or rejection of hypothesis
Water is at its most dense at ________ degrees C and becomes less dense as it warms or cools.
4
Which of the following human activities can greatly increase lake nutrient levels and speed up the process of eutrophication? (Lentic habitats)
Agricultural runoff
Why are temperate deciduous forest biomes favorable for agriculture after clearing?
Annual leaf drop promotes high soil nutrient levels.
Which of the following levels of organization is arranged in the correct sequence from most to least inclusive?
Ecosystem, community, population, individual
The interacting system of a community of organisms and the physical environment in which they live is called:
Ecosytem
True or false: Biogeographical regions are not bounded by major barriers to dispersal.
False. Reason: Biogeographical regions are regions that are bounded by barriers to dispersal, such as the Himalayas and the Sahara Desert.
Which of the following human activities have had the greatest impact on the tropical rain forests?
Logging and agriculture
Which of the following geographical regions have the largest fluctuations in yearly temperatures?
Northern hemisphere
Which of the following statements about the ten broad terrestrial biomes is correct?
Not all communities fit neatly within the biomes because one biome type often grades into another at boundaries.
You hypothesize that predators have a significant effect on a winter moth population. What are your experimental and control groups in your experimental design?
One group in which the predators are removed (experimental), and one in which the predators are present (control).
In a North American __________ rain forest, you will find a rich diversity of animal species, including mule, deer, elk, squirrels, and numerous birds, as well as reptiles and amphibians.
Temperate
Which biome has annual precipitation between 30 and 70 cm, occurring in the form of snow, with very cold temperatures for long periods of time?
Temperate coniferous forest
Which biome is known commonly by its Russian name, taiga, it is found north of the temperate-zone forests and grasslands?
Temperate coniferous forest
Which biome lies north of the temperate-zone forests and grasslands, and is commonly known by its Russian name, taiga?
Temperate coniferous forest (taiga)
In what biome are you most likely to find animals that hibernate, migrate, or enter into diapause?
Temperate deciduous forest
Which North American biome is rich in species such as mule deer, elk, squirrels, nuthatches, and jays?
Temperate rain forest
Which biome is characterized by abundant rainfall, condensation of water from coastal fog, and cool (but not freezing) temperatures?
Temperate rain forest
The distribution of organisms is determined mainly by which of these factors?
Temperature
Choose all abiotic factors that limit distribution patterns and abundance of organisms.
Temperature Water Salinity Wind
What is the definition of climate?
The prevailing weather pattern of a given region.
Since corals are animals, why are they limited to the photic zone?
They contain photosynthetic symbiotic algae.
What biome blends into tropical rain forests on its wet edges, and tropical grasslands on its dry edges?
Tropical deciduous forest
Which biome has substantial rainfall, hot temperatures, and a distinct dry season?
Tropical deciduous forest
Which biome is found in India, Brazil, Thailand, and Mexico and exists in equatorial regions where rainfall is more seasonal than in tropical rain forests?
Tropical deciduous forest
Which biome includes hot, tropical areas, with low rainfall, an extensive dry season, and average temperatures between 24 and 29 degree C?
Tropical grassland
This biome is found in equatorial regions, has a very high species diversity, and contains trees with buttress roots to support their shallow root systems.
Tropical rain forest
Which biome has high rainfall, is wet throughout the year, is hot, and has nutrient-poor soils?
Tropical rain forest
True or false: Species diversity is higher in tropical forests than in temperate deciduous forests.
True
True or false: Animals of lotic habitats have adapted to stay in place despite the current.
True. Smaller organisms may be flat and attach themselves to rocks. Others may live on the underside of large boulders, where the current is reduced.
The main objective of studying population ecology is to understand the factors that affect
a population's growth and determine its size and density.
The distribution patterns of some groups of animals are confined to a region that corresponds largely to continents but more exactly to areas bounded by major barriers to dispersal. This region is called:
biogeographical region
A large naturally occurring community of animals and plants occupying a major habitat is best defined as a(n) _______
biome
Major types of habitat characterized by distinctive plant and animal life is known as a(n) ______
biome
Interactions among organisms and the living environment are called ________ interactions, and those between organisms and their nonliving environment are termed _______ interactions.
biotic abiotic
Continental _______ is the slow shifting of the Earth's landmasses over time.
drift
Biome type relies on climate, except on mountain ranges, where temperature and precipitation change dramatically with changes in _______.
elevation
The current, oxygen level, and clarity are greater and nutrient levels are generally less at the ______ of rivers.
headwaters
Human development reduced the beach area available to shorebirds and breeding turtles, and oil spills have greatly affected some rocky areas. These activities mostly affected which of the following biome?
intertidal zone
What biome is distributed worldwide and consists of sandy shore, mudflats, or rocky shore?
intertidal zone
Light can be a limiting resource for plant growth because:
it is necessary for photosynthesis
Relative to other aquatic biomes, what is the nutrient level in the open ocean?
low
Although corals are animals, they are limited to the ______ zone, where light penetrates, because of the presence of photosynthetic algae that inhabit their inner cell layer.
photic
On the windward side of the mountain warm, moist air flows upward and cools. This increases ______ on the windward side of a mountain.
precipitation
In mountains, when air is blown across the Earth's surface and up over the mountains, it cools as air expands because of:
reduced pressure
When there is a meaningful relationship between two variables, it means that there is a(n):
significant correlation
Herds of antelope, zebra, wildebeest, and predators such as cheetah, lion, leopard, and hyena are found in the ______ biome.
tropical grassland
Which biome is dominated by grasses, and is characterized by plants with well-developed root systems, enabling them to resprout quickly after a fire?
tropical grassland (savanna)
As you are walking through a biome, you notice that there are as many as 100 tree species per square kilometer. Also, the trees have large buttresses to help support their shallow root systems, and little light is penetrating through the canopy. What biome are you walking through?
tropical rain forest
Extraction of oil from the _______ biome has the potential to have a significant impact, and ecosystem recovery from the damage would be slow, hurting populations of polar bears and caribou.
tundra (Alaska)
________ acts as a solvent for chemical reactions, is the means by which animals eliminate waste, and is used for support in plants.
water
What does it mean to have a significant correlation?
There is a meaningful relationship between 2 variables
What is a unique about the deep water availability in the tundra biome? (Alaska)
Water is locked in permafrost
What aquatic biome occurs at the margins of both lentic and lotic habitats?
Wetlands
Reptiles are numerous in hot deserts, because high temperatures permit these ______ animals to maintain a warm body temperature.
ectothermic
mammals
hibernation
birds
migration
The _______ of water can be classified as acidic, alkaline, or neutral.
pH
After researchers replicate an experiment several times they _______
take the mean of all experiments.
The canopy cover and density of plant life of temperate deciduous forests is not as dense as warmer _________ forests, allowing for more abundant ground cover.
tropical
The savanna, or _______ ________ , has low seasonal rainfall and an extensive dry season.
tropical grassland
What biome is made up of marshes, swamps, or bogs?
wetlands
As air heats up, it rises, allowing cooler air to rush in and take its place. This temperature gradient creates _______
wind
In the open ocean, tiny worms, copepods, jellyfish, and invertebrates that drift and feed on phytoplankton are called ______ , whereas free-swimming animals, including squid, fish, sea turtles, and marine mammals, are collectively called ________.
zooplankton nekton
Select all reasons why there is less heat at high latitudes.
-The sun's rays travel a greater distance through the atmosphere. -The sun's rays hit the Earth obliquely.
Tropical regions vary about ______ year round.
2-3 degrees C
The two bars in the diagram represent the average number of moth pupae when predators are removed and when predators are not removed. Which bar represents the control?
B
Urban development has affected this biome by reducing habitat availability to shorebirds and breeding turtles.
Intertidal zone
Why is it preferable to clear a tropical deciduous forest for agriculture rather than a tropical rain forest?
The soil is more fertile.
The study of the geographic distribution of extinct and living species is called:
biogeography
Widely separate populations of closely related species are called ______ distributions.
disjunct
After conducting observations, ecologists carry out experiments to test their ________
hypothesis
Aquatic animals that are flat and attach themselves to rocks to avoid being swept away even by strong currents are likely to be found in:
lotic habitats
The three types of pH are
-acidic -alkaline -neutral
Of the animals listed here, which is the most common in hot deserts?
Reptiles
insects
diapause
How is wind created?
Dense cool air rushes in to replace less dense hot air that rises.
Performing an experiment several times is called
replication