Bio 204 Ch 33.1, 33.2, 33.3 33.4, 33.5 HW

Why did the researchers present unshelled northern and southern periwinkles to northern and southern crabs in the second experiment?

To test if either population of periwinkles was unpalatable to either population of crabs

Why did the researchers set up four treatments?

To test whether the origin (northern site or southern site) of the crabs and periwinkles affected their interactions

Many animals can be categorized as either protostomes and deuterostomes based on certain features of their embryonic development. Determine whether each of the following terms applies to only protostomes, only deuterostomes, both protostomes and deuterostomes, or neither. - triploblast - Coelom from folds of archenteron - Coelom from solid masses of mesoderm - Diploblast - Radial, indeterminate cleavage - Anus from blastopore - Mouth from blastophore - Spiral determinate cleavage

Protostome - Mouth from blastopore - Coelom from solid masses of mesoderm Spiral, determinate cleavage Deuterostome - Anus from blastopore - Coelom from folds of archenteron Radial, indeterminate cleavage Both - Triploblast Neither - Diploblast

Based on the results shown in the graph, how has natural selection affected populations of flat periwinkles in the southern Gulf of Maine over the last century?

Southern populations of flat periwinkles have accumulated traits that make them less vulnerable than northern populations to predation by European green crabs.

What (if anything) can be inferred about whether the common ancestor of each of the three major bilaterian clades had a true coelom?

The common ancestor of the Deuterostomia had a true coelom, but we cannot infer anything about the ancestor of the Lophotrochozoa or the Ecdysozoa.

Identify the dependent variable in this experiment - The shell thickness of the crabs - The number of periwinkles killed by crabs - The shell thickness of the periwinkles - The size of the crabs' claws

The number of periwinkles killed by crabs

To what extent had the presence of a true coelom in animals changed over the course of evolution?

The presence or absence of a true coelom appears to have changed multiple times during the course of evolution.

Which of the following are thought to be most closely related to humans? - snails - jellies - earthworms - sea stars - ants

sea stars

Which of the following celestial bodies likely plays the largest role in coral reproduction? - the Big Dipper - the moon - the sun - Mars

the moon

Which of the following is a hypothesis the researchers were testing in this study? - Through evolution, periwinkle populations without a history of predation by crabs have become less vulnerable to crab predation. - Through evolution, periwinkle populations with a history of predation by crabs have become less vulnerable to crab predation. - Through evolution, periwinkle populations with a history of predation by crabs have become more vulnerable to crab predation - Through evolution, all periwinkle populations have become less vulnerable to crab predation.

- Through evolution, periwinkle populations with a history of predation by crabs have become less vulnerable to crab predation.

Animal tissues develop from embryonic germ layers. Triploblastic animals have three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) and three basic body plans related to body cavities (acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, and coelomate). Select the three statements that are true. - In pseudocoelomate, the tissue lining the inner side of the body cavity arises from the same germ layer as the muscles - The digestive tract of a coelomate functions as a coelom - In a coelomate, the tissue lining the inner side of the body cavity arises from the same germ layer as the tissues lining the outer side of the body cavity - A pseudocoelom has the same functions as a true coelom - A diploblast has no mesoderm - An acoelomate triploblast has no endoderm - In a coelomate, the tissue lining the inner side of the body cavity arises from the same germ later as the lining of the digestive tract.

- In a coelomate, the tissue lining the inner side of the body cavity arises from the same germ layer as the tissue lining the outer side of the body cavity - A pseudocoelom has the same functions as a true coelom - A diploblast has no mesoderm

Nematodes and arthropods are the largest ecdysozoan phyla. Which of the following statements are true? -Both nematodes and arthropods have segmented body plans. - Some nematodes are parasitic on humans. - Both nematodes and arthropods must molt in order to increase in size. - Nematodes possess a closed circulatory system. - Arthropods possess an open circulatory system. - Both nematodes and arthropods possess an external covering, or cuticle. - Arthropods are named for their jointed appendages. - Nematodes are acoelomate, whereas arthropods are coelomate. - The cuticle in nematodes lengthens as the animal grows.

- Some nemotodes are parasitic on humans - Both nemotodes and arthropods must molt in order to increase in size - Arthropods possess an open circulatory system - Both nemotodes and arthropods possess an external covering, or cuticle - Arthropods are named for their jointed appendages

If climate change is brought under control, which of the following would be most likely? - An increase in ocean temperatures and an increase in coral bleaching - A decrease in ocean temperatures and an increase in coral bleaching - A decrease in ocean temperatures and a decrease in coral bleaching - An increase in ocean temperatures and a decrease in coral bleaching

A decrease in ocean temperatures and a decrease in coral bleaching

A pseudocoelomate refers to an animal with a ______.

A functional body cavity lines by tissues derived from mesoderm and endoderm.

Which of the following is least likely to survive rapid drying out? - A tardigrade that turns off TDP when desiccation begins. - A tardigrade with TDP always turned on. - A tardigrade with TDP always turned off. - A tardigrade that turns on TDP when desiccation begins

A tardigrade with TDP always turned off.

Which of the following statements is correct? - The origin of all extant animal phyla can be traced to the Cambrian explosion - Eumetazoans have three embryonic tissue layers - Most animal phyla belong to the clade Radiata - Sponges are diploblastic animals - All animals share a common ancestor

All animals share a common ancestor

Which of the following appears most likely to be true? - As sediment increases, reproductive success in coral declines - As sediment increases, reproductive success in corals does not change - As sediment increases, reproductive success in corals increases - There is no correlation between sediment and reproductive success in corals

As sediment increases, reproductive success in corals declines.

You are a marine biologist. What is the best way for you to follow reproducing coals

As spring progresses, move north

Which type of symmetry (asymmetry, radial symmetry, bilateral symmetry) does each of the following animals display? - Turtle - Bobcat - Snake - Jelly - Hyrda - Octopus - Sponge

Asymmetry - Sponge Radial symmetry - Jelly - Hydra Bilateral symmetry - Turtle - Bobcat - Snake - Octopus

The phylum Arthropoda includes four major lineages: cheliceriforms (also called chelicerates); myriapods; insects and their relatives (together called hexapods); and crustaceans. Drag each word or phrase to the appropriate bin - exclusively terrestrial - three pairs of walking legs - body divided into head, thorax, and abdomen - primarily aquatic -arachnids - horseshoe crab - millipedes and centipedes - two pairs of antennae - crabs and isopods - butterfly - possess clawlike feeding appendages - wings allow flight

Cheliceriforms - horseshoe crab -possess clawlike feeding appendages - arachnids Myriapods - millipedes and centipedes - exclusively terrestrial Insects - butterfly - body divided into head, thorax, and abdomen - wings allow flight -three pairs of walking legs Crustaceans - crabs and isopods - primarily aquatic - two pairs of antennae

Which of the following statements is correct with respect to the evolutionary relationship between chordates and invertebrates? - Chordates are most closely related to arthropods. - Chordates are most closely related to the tunicate-type of echinoderms. - Chordates evolved from echinoderms. - Chordates are more closely related to echinoderms than to arthropods.

Chordates are more closely related to echinoderms than to arthropods

Insects are the most diverse group of organisms, in terms of numbers of species, dominating terrestrial habitats. More than 30 orders of insects have been described, with the order Coleoptera being the largest. Classification is based on traits such as wings and mouthparts. All insects have a three-part body plan consisting of a head, thorax, and abdomen; three pairs of walking legs; and one or two pairs of wings. The chart below indicates defining characteristics for eight of the more than 30 orders of insects. Complete the chart by following these steps: Drag blue labels onto blue targets only to identify wing characteristics. Drag white labels onto white targets only to identify the type of development. Drag pink labels onto pink targets only to identify examples of insects in each order. - (red) caddisflies - (blue) hard forewings protect membranous hindwings - (blue) hairy wings - (blue) hindwings reduced to stabilizers - (blue) large and membranous - (white) incomplete metamorphosis - (blue) wings have scales - (red) dragonflies, damselflies - (blue) complete metamorphosis - (red) "true bugs" - (red) flies -(red) butterflies, moths

Coleoptera - wing characteristics: hard forewings protect membranous hindwings Diptera - wing characteristics: hindwings reduced to stabilizers - examples: flies Hemiptera - examples: "true bugs" Hymenoptera - types of development: complete metamortphosis Lepidoptera - wing characteristics: wings have scales - examples: butterflies, moths Orthoptera - types of development: incomplete metamorphosis Trichoptera - wing characteristics: hairy wings - examples: caddisflies

Which of the following best summarizes the results shown in the graph?

Crabs are more successful in preying on northern periwinkles

You discover a new subspecies of brine shrimp. In its desiccated form, which of the following do you find? - It is full of liquid water. - It has converted its water to hydrogen peroxide. - It contains glass-like solids. - It contains countless water crystals.

It contains glass like solids

A new intrinsically disordered protein is discovered. Which of the following is true about this molecule? - It lacks a fixed 3-D structure. - It is regulated by RNA instead of DNA. - It originated in cyanobacteria. - It contains a synthetic base pair in its DNA.

It lacks a fixed 3-D structure

Which of the following statements about bilaterian animals is false? - All bilaterians have bilateral symmetry - Most bilaterians have tissues but some do not - Many bilaterians are invertibrates but some are not - All bilaterians are triploblastic (have three germ layers)

Most bilaterians have tissues but some do not

Label each branch with a C, P, or A, depending on whether members of the phylum coelomates (C), Pseudocoelomates (P), or Acoelomates (A). Labels may be used once, or not at all.

Platyhelminthes - A Rotifera - P Ectoprocta - C Brachiopoda - C Mollusca - C Annelida - C Nematoda - P Arthropoda - C Echinodermata - C Chordata - C

Based on the phylogenetic tree, identify the basal taxon of metazoans Common Ancestor -Porifera -Ctenophora - - Cnidaria - - - Acoela - - - - Deusterostomia - - - - - Lophotrochozoa - - - - - Ecdysozoa

Porifera

The animal phylum most like the protists that gave rise to the animal kingdom is

Porifera

Identify an independent variable in this experiment - The shell thickness of the crabs - the number of periwinkles killed by crabs - The shell thickness of the periwinkles - The source of the periwinkles (northern or southern sites in the Gulf of Maine)

The source of the periwinkles (Northern or Southern sites in the Gulf of Maine)

You study tardigrades in their tun state. What is this? - When they are highly active. - Just after they are reanimated. - When they are desiccated. - Just before desiccation.

When they are desiccated

Read the Science Daily article and then answer the questions: Which of the following is true - Tardigrades, yeast and brine shrimp use the same means to survive desiccation. - Tardigrades, yeast and nematodes use the same means to survive desiccation. - Yeast, nematodes and brine shrimp use the same means to survive desiccation. - Tardigrades, nematodes and brine shrimp use the same means to survive desiccation.

Yeast, nematodes and brine shrimp use the same means to survive desiccation.

A land snail, a clam, and an octopus all share _____.

a mantle

Which of the following is a characteristic of cnidarians?

gastrovascular cavity

Healthy corals are brightly colored because they _____.

host symbionts with colorful photosynthetic pigments

You are an engineer specializing in biomimicry. You wish to engineer a product that works in a similar fashion to cryptochromes. What will your product respond to?

light