Bio 204 Exam #3 Potential Q's

Which evidence supports the hypothesis that four-limbed animals came from fish?

-DNA analysis shows that fish are tetrapods' closest relatives. -The fossil record shows more and more tetrapod-like fish before the appearance of tetrapods about 365 million years ago. -Both fish and four-limbed animals are vertebrates. -Fish and four-limbed animals have very similar embryos.

Which of the following statements about bird evolution are accurate based on the evidence presented?

-Feathers may have originally evolved for interspecies communication and display. -Feathers may have originally evolved for insulation.

Select the correct statement(s) describing nematodes. Select all that apply. -All nematodes live in soil. -Nematodes lack a circulatory system and circular body wall muscles. -Some nematodes play important roles in nutrient cycling.

-Nematodes lack a circulatory system and circular body wall muscles. -Some nematodes play important roles in nutrient cycling.

Why have we NOT found examples in the fossil record of every animal that ever lived on Earth?

-To become a fossil, an animal must remain buried for thousands or millions of years until it (and the layer around it) turns to rock. -Many fossils remain buried. We can only find them when they are exposed by erosion or excavation. -To become a fossil, an animal must be quickly and completely buried in ash or sediment before it has a chance to decompose.

Tiktaalik had a combination of fishlike and tetrapod-like characteristics. Which were the tetrapod-like characteristics?

-a neck -interlocking ribs -flat head with eyes on top

Which of the following shared characteristics of living birds and theropod dinosaurs provided support to the hypothesis that birds evolved from dinosaurs?

-birds and theropods have hollow bones that are strong, but light -birds and many theropods have feathers -birds and theropods have S-shaped necks -birds and many theropods have a wishbone (or furcula)

Lancelets and tunicates are two groups of chordates. Classify each statement as applying to lancelets, tunicates, both lancelets and tunicates, or neither.

-lancelets- adults swim by the contraction of a series of muscles along the notochord, adults bury themselves into the sediment of the seafloor, and all chordate characters present in adults -tunicates- most chordate characters not present in adult, in adults, water enters through one siphon and leaves through another, and larvae swim using the notochord, but adults may be sessile -both- adults feed with the aid of pharyngeal slits -neither- adults swim using the vertebral column

The 150-million-year-old Archaeopteryx fossil has birdlike features such as feathered wings, but it also has characteristics that we associate with living reptiles. Which of the following are considered reptilian characteristics of Archaeopteryx?

-teeth in the jaws -claws on the ends of each digit in the "hands" -long, bony tail

How many limbs do tetrapods have?

4

Which of the following are thought to be most closely related to humans? A) sea stars B) snails C) earthworms D) jellies E) ants

A

Which of the following combinations correctly matches a phylum to its description? a. Echinodermata: bilateral symmetry as a larva, water vascular system b. Nematoda: segmented worms, closed circulatory system c. Cnidaria: flatworms, gastrovascular cavity, acoelomate d. Platyhelminthes: radial symmetry, polyp and medusa body forms

A

Which of the following is a trait shared by protostomes and deuterostomes?

A body cavity

Animal tissues develop from embryonic germ layers. Triploblastic animals have three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) and three basic body plans related to body cavities (acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, and coelomate). Select the three statements that are true. To review the germ layers and the terminology associated with body cavities, see the Hints. A diploblast has no mesoderm. A pseudocoelom has the same functions as a true coelom. In a coelomate, the tissue lining the inner side of the body cavity arises from the same germ layer as the tissue lining the outer side of the body cavity. The digestive tract of a coelomate functions as a coelom. An acoelomate triploblast has no endoderm. In a coelomate, the tissue lining the inner side of the body cavity arises from the same germ layer as the lining of the digestive tract. In a pseudocoelomate, the tissue lining the inner side of the body cavity arises from the same germ layer as the muscles.

A diploblast has no mesoderm. A pseudocoelom has the same functions as a true coelom. In a coelomate, the tissue lining the inner side of the body cavity arises from the same germ layer as the tissue lining the outer side of the body cavity.

Which of the following is least likely to survive rapid drying out?

A tardigrade with TDP always turned off.

Sponges _____. A) have larvae which are motile and move via the motion of cilia B) are the simplest diploblastic animals C) have a nerve net but not a central nervous system D) have feeding cells called dinoflagellates

A) have larvae which are motile and move via the motion of cilia

The animal phylum most like the protists that gave rise to the animal kingdom is _____. The animal phylum most like the protists that gave rise to the animal kingdom is _____. A. Porifera B. Ctenophora C. Lycophyta D. Echinodermata E. Cnidaria

A. Porifera

You are a paleoanthropologist studying early hominid evolution. Which of the following continents would be best for you do conduct your research? South America Africa Australia North America

Africa

Which of the following statements about deuterostomes is false? All deuterostomes exhibit radial symmetry in their bodies. All deuterostomes are triploblastic and have three tissue layers. All deuterostomes have a coelom. All deuterostomes have a similar pattern of early embryonic development.

All deuterostomes exhibit radial symmetry in their bodies.

Which of the following statements about deuterostomes is false? All deuterostomes have a coelom. All deuterostomes are triploblastic and have three tissue layers. All deuterostomes exhibit radial symmetry in their bodies. All deuterostomes have a similar pattern of early embryonic development.

All deuterostomes exhibit radial symmetry in their bodies.

Which of the following statements supports the conclusion that the common ancestor of modern chimps and modern humans lived around 7 million years ago?

Analysis of modern human and modern chimpanzee protein and DNA sequences suggests that their lineages diverged about 7 million years ago.

Which Kingdom do tardigrades belong to?

Animalia

A marine biologist dredges up a small animal from the bottom of the ocean. It is uniformly segmented with short, stiff appendages and soft, flexible skin. It has a complete digestive system and a closed circulatory system, plus multiple coeloms. Based on this, you determine that the animal must be a(n) _____.

Annelid

Earthworms belong to which phylum of animals?

Annelida

Which of the following phyla has most of its species with adult body lengths greater than 1 mm?

Annelida

What did scientists learn from other fossils found in the same sediment layer as Ardi?

Ardi lived in a woodland habitat

Lobsters belong to which phylum?

Arthropoda

Nematodes and arthropods are the largest ecdysozoan phyla. Which of the following statements are true? Select all that apply. The cuticle in nematodes lengthens as the animal grows. Arthropods are named for their jointed appendages. Nematodes are acoelomate, whereas arthropods are coelomate. Both nematodes and arthropods possess an external covering, or cuticle. Some nematodes are parasitic on humans. Arthropods possess an open circulatory system. Both nematodes and arthropods must molt in order to increase in size. Both nematodes and arthropods have segmented body plans. Nematodes possess a closed circulatory system.

Arthropods are named for their jointed appendages. Both nematodes and arthropods possess an external covering, or cuticle. Some nematodes are parasitic on humans. Arthropods possess an open circulatory system. Both nematodes and arthropods must molt in order to increase in size.

Organism C

As you are on the way to Tahiti for a vacation, your plane crash-lands on a previously undiscovered island. You soon find that the island is teeming with unfamiliar organisms, and you, as a student of biology, decide to survey them (with the aid of the Insta-Lab Portable Laboratory you brought along in your suitcase). You select three organisms and observe them in detail, making the notations found in the figure above. Which organism would you classify as an animal?

Which type of symmetry does each of the following animals display? Drag each picture to the appropriate bin.

Asymmetry: Sponge Radial Symmetry: Jelly, Hydra Bilateral Symmetry: Bobcat, Turtle, Snake, Octopus

You are a paleoanthropologist. You uncover the skull of a hominid estimated to be 3.3 million years old. Which of the following would be best for you to initially compare it to? Australopithicus afarensis Australopithicus deyiremeda Australopithicus prometheus Neanderthals

Australopithicus afarensis

Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. What distinguishes animal heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy is that most animals derive their nutrition by _____. A) preying on animals B) ingesting it C) consuming living, rather than dead, prey D) using enzymes to digest their food

B

Unlike eutherians, both monotremes and marsupials A) lack nipples. B) have some embryonic development outside the mother's uterus. C) lay eggs. D) are found in Australia and Africa. E) include only insectivores and herbivores.

B

Which of the following phyla does not feed with a lophophore? A) Phoronida B) Platyhelminthes C) Bryozoa (= Ectoprocta) D) Brachiopoda

B

While looking at some seawater through your microscope, you spot the egg of an unknown animal. Which of the following tests could you use to determine whether the developing organism is a protostome or a deuterostome? See whether the embryo _____. A) develops germ layers B) exhibits spiral cleavage or radial cleavage C) develops a blastopore D) develops an archenteron

B

What would be the most effective method of reducing the incidence of blood flukes in a human population? A) reduce the mosquito population B) reduce the population of the intermediate snail host C) avoid contact with rodent droppings D) carefully wash all raw fruits and vegetables

B) reduce the population of the intermediate snail host

Which feature of deuterostome development explains the formation of identical human twins? Which feature of deuterostome development explains the formation of identical human twins? A. Deuterostomes have radial cleavage. B. Deuterostomes have indeterminate development. C. In deuterostomes, the blastopore becomes the anus.

B. Deuterostomes have indeterminate development

Look at the graph for Scutigerina weberi (note the scale of the y-axis) in the figure above. What is the best interpretation of these results?

B. The centipede had its spiracles open the entire time.

Neural crest cells appear on the edges of the neural tube and spread throughout the embryo, giving rise to all of the following structures except __________. A. several types of neurons B. pharyngeal slits (or clefts) of invertebrate chordates C. sensory capsules in which eyes and other sense organs develop D. some of the bones and cartilage of the skull E. teeth

B. pharyngeal slits (or clefts) of invertebrate chordates

Which structure of the amniotic egg most closely surrounds the embryo? A. the yolk sac B. the amnion C. the allantois D. the chorion

B. the amnion

Porifera

Based on the phylogenetic tree shown here, identify the basal taxon of metazoans (animals)

In general, which animal group tends to be more mobile than the other?

Bilaterally symmetrical animals

Which of the following animal groups has the greatest number of species?

Bilateria

Mussels and clams belong to which group of molluscs?

Bivalvia

What structure is responsible for gas exchange in most spiders

Book Lungs

How did the evolution of the jaw contribute to diversification of early vertebrate lineages? A) It allowed for smaller body size. B) It was the first stage in the development of a bony skull. C) It made additional food sources available. D) It increased the surface area for respiration and feeding.

C

The protostome developmental sequence arose just once in evolutionary history, resulting in two main subgroups—Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa. What does this finding suggest? A) These two subgroups have a common ancestor that was a deuterostome. B) The protostomes are a polyphyletic group. C) Division of these two groups occurred after the protostome developmental sequence appeared. D) The lophotrochozoans are monophyletic.

C

Which of the following animal groups is entirely aquatic? a. Mollusca b. Crustacea c. Echinodermata d. Nematoda

C

Which structure do sea slugs use to feed on their prey? A) nematocysts B) an incurrent siphon C) a radula D) a mantle cavity

C

The evolution of similar insulating skin coverings such as fur, hair, and feathers in mammals and birds is a result of _____. A. evolutionary divergence B. homology C. convergent evolution D. shared ancestry

C. convergent evolution

Which of these are amniotes? A. lungfish B. amphibians C. turtles D. fishes

C. turtles

Which of the following is associated with bilateral symmetry?

Cephalization

Which group of molluscs includes the most intelligent invertebrates?

Cephalopoda

The phylum Arthropoda includes four major lineages: cheliceriforms (also called chelicerates); myriapods; insects and their relatives (together called hexapods); and crustaceans. Drag each word or phrase to the appropriate bin.

Cheliceriforms: Horseshoe crab, possess claw-like feeding appendages Myriapods: Millipedes and centipedes Insects: Butterfly, body divided into head, thorax, and abdomen, wings allow flight, three pairs of walking legs Crustaceans: Crabs and isopods, primarily aquatic, two pairs of antennae

Which of the following is true? Hominids evolved from chimpanzees. Chimpanzees evolved from hominids. Chimpanzees and hominids share a common ancestor. Chimpanzees are hominids.

Chimpanzees and hominids share a common ancestor.

The phylum __________ has both invertebrate and vertebrate groups.

Chordata

_________ are characteristic of jellies.

Cnidocytes

If a tunicate's pharyngeal gill slits were suddenly blocked, the animal would have trouble _____. A) respiring B) feeding C) moving D) respiring and feeding

D

Imagine that you are a research chemist who wishes to develop a chemical adhesive that will work under water. Which of the following organisms might give you a clue about where to start? A) sea wasps B) trematodes C) lobsters D) mussels

D

The distinction between sponges and other animal phyla is based mainly on the absence versus the presence of A) a body cavity. B) a complete digestive tract. C) a circulatory system. D) true tissues. E) mesoderm.

D

Which characteristic is shared by both cnidarians and flatworms? A) dorsoventrally flattened bodies B) flame cells C) radial symmetry D) a digestive system with a single opening E) both A and D

D

Which of the following characteristics is shared by a hagfish and a lamprey? A) a rasping tongue B) paired fins C) jaws D) a well-developed notochord

D

Which of the following clades do birds belong to? A) Dinosaurs B) Archosaurs C) Reptiles D) All of the above

D

Which of the following would you classify as something other than an animal? A) sponges B) coral C) jellyfish D) choanoflagellates

D

Listed below are four adaptations of terrestrial vertebrates. Which is a characteristic only of truly terrestrial animals with no need to return to water at any stage of the life cycle? A. tetrapod locomotion B. hearts with more than two chambers C. lungs D. amniotic eggs E. All of these are essential for a completely terrestrial existence.

D. amniotic eggs

Arthropods invaded land about 100 million years before vertebrates did so. This most clearly implies that A) arthropods evolved before vertebrates did. B) extant terrestrial arthropods are better adapted to terrestrial life than are extant terrestrial vertebrates. C) ancestral arthropods must have been poorly adapted to aquatic life, thus experienced a selective pressure to invade land. D) vertebrates evolved from arthropods. E) arthropods have had more time to co-evolve with land plants than have vertebrates.

E

Which of the following is true? It is unknown as to whether or not early hominids used tools. Early hominids used tools. Early hominids did not use tools. The definition of tool is too variable to apply to hominids.

Early hominids used tools.

Which of the following is a characteristic of cnidarians?

Ectoderm and endoderm

Which example below is a current hypothesis regarding the Cambrian explosion?

Evolution of the Hox gene complex provided developmental flexibility.

Which structure is not an innovation that occurred during vertebrate diversification?

Exoskeleton

All animals have endoderm tissue and ectoderm tissue.

False

Because sponges have totipotent cells, a sponge can never be killed.

False

True or False? All Eumetazoa have endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm tissue.

False

True or false? An organism that is radially symmetric has many well-developed head regions.

False

Which of the following occurred during the Mesozoic era?

Flight evolved in pterosaurs and birds.

Animals have a "toolkit" called the _________ that regulates the _________ of the developing embryo.

Hox genes; anterior-posterior axis

Why can humans & sea stars have identical twins, but insects and snails cannot?

Human and sea star embryos have indeterminate cleavage

_________, account for ________ of all known animal species.

Invertebrates, animals without a backbone; 95%

You discover a new subspecies of brine shrimp. In its desiccated form, which of the following do you find?

It contains glass-like solids.

What has to happen for a tardigrade to become a tun?

It has to lose most of its water.

A new intrinsically disordered protein is discovered. Which of the following is true about this molecule?

It lacks a fixed 3-D structure.

Why is the amniotic egg a key innovation for terrestrial life?

It provides an aqueous environment for the developing embryo.

Lancelets and tunicates Lancelets and tunicates are two groups of chordates. Classify each statement as applying to lancelets, tunicates, both lancelets and tunicates, or neither.

Lancelets •all chordate characters present in adults •adults swim by the contraction of a series of muscles along the notochord •adults bury themselves into the sediment of the sea floor Tunicates •in adults, water enters through one siphon and leaves through another •most chordate characters not present in adults •larvae swim using the notochord, but adults may be sessile Both •adults feed with the aid of pharyngeal slits Neither •adults swim using the vertebral column

Ectoprocts and brachiopods are collectively referred to as

Lophophorates

Members of the phylum Mollusca

Members of the phylum Mollusca are soft-bodied and are often covered by a shell.

Which of the following statements about bilaterian animals is false? -All bilaterians have bilateral symmetry. -Many bilaterians are invertebrates but some are not. -All bilaterians are triploblastic (have three germ layers). -Most bilaterians have tissues but some do not.

Most bilaterians have tissues but some do not.

Which fossil is thought to be the first chordate to have a head & skull?

Myllokunmingia

Which of these primate groups lives in trees in Central and South America and have nostrils that are wide open and far apart?

New World monkeys

Does Luskin discuss incomplete lineage sorting or offer any evidence to refute incomplete lineage sorting?

No, the author does not discuss incomplete lineage sorting.

Derived characters of chordatesPart complete All chordates share a set of derived characters during at least some part of their life. Match the following.

Notochord - a flexible rod that runs along the anterior-posterior axis = may be associated with a jointed skeleton Pharyngeal clefts - grooves that separate pouches along the side of the pharynx = may develop into parts of the ear Pharyngeal slits - openings to the outside of the body along the side of the pharynx = may develop into gill slits Dorsal, hollow nerve cord - a bundle of nervous tissue running the length of the body = may develop into the brain and spinal cord Muscular post anal tail - a structure that contains muscles and extends past the anus = may be used to propel some species in water

Which of the following is inhabited by the greatest number of animal phyla?

Oceans

Which of the following is a characteristic of all chordates at some point during their life cycle

POST-ANAL TAIL

Parasitism is one of the most widespread life strategies ever to evolve. Which of the following is consistent with this finding?

Parasites do not generally kill their hosts; thus they can feed on the same host cell throughout the host's normal life span and do not have competition from decomposers.

Some species of rotifers consist solely of females. Their method of reproduction is described as

Parthenogenesis

Which structure can be used for feeding and gas exchange?

Pharyngeal gill slit

The animal phylum most like the protists that gave rise to the animal kingdom is _____. Echinodermata Ctenophora Lycophyta Cnidaria Porifera

Porifera

_____ are the oldest known primate group.

Prosimians

Many animals can be categorized as either protostomes and deuterostomes based on certain features of their embryonic development. Determine whether each of the following terms applies to only protostomes, only deuterostomes, both protostomes and deuterostomes, or neither. Drag each item to the appropriate bin. To review protostome and deuterostome characteristics, see the Hints.

Protosome: Mouth from blastosphere; Spiral, determinate cleavage; coelum from solid masses of mesoderm Deuterostome: Anus from blastosphere; radial, indeterminate cleavage; coelum from folds of archenteron Both: Tripoblast Neither: Diploblast

The proglottids of a tapeworm contain an elaborate __________ system.

Reproductive

Why phylum is dominated by females?

Rotifera

Which of the following are thought to be most closely related to humans

Sea stars (humans and sea stars are deuterostomes)

Which of the following is true?

Tardigardes can survive both extreme heat and extreme cold.

Through what means do coral animals capture their food?

Tentacles that trap food particles

The B-52s band is named after...

The US Air Force bomber first flown in 1952

Which of the following is true about the phylum Cnidaria?

The bodies of its members are organized around a gastrovascular cavity

What (if anything) can be inferred about whether the common ancestor of each of the 3 major bilaterian clades had a true coelom?

The common ancestor of the Deuterostomia had a true coelom, but we cannot infer anything about the ancestor of the Lophotrochozoa or the Ecdysozoa

Which of the following statements about vertebrates is true?

The development of an amniotic egg and internal fertilization allowed vertebrates to reproduce away from water.

Which of the following statements about vertebrates is true? All vertebrates have jaws with which to catch their prey. The development of more efficient surfaces for gas exchange in reptiles stimulated expansion into terrestrial habitats. The development of an amniotic egg and internal fertilization allowed vertebrates to reproduce away from water. Birds are more related to mammals than to dinosaurs.

The development of an amniotic egg and internal fertilization allowed vertebrates to reproduce away from water.

Which of the following is true? The genus Homo evolved into the genus Australopithicus. The genus Australopithicus evolved into the genus Homo. The genus Homo and the genus Australopithicus contain the same species. The genus Homo and the genus Australopithicus co-evolved.

The genus Australopithicus evolved into the genus Homo.

What is ecdysis?

The molting of a cuticle during growth

Which characteristics define a chordate?

The presence of four specific morphological traits

To what extent has the presence of a true coelom in animals changed over the course of evolution?

The presence or absence of a true coelom appears to have changed multiple times during the course of evolution

Louis and Mary Leakey found two different fossil hominid skulls at Olduvai. Which of the following statements about the skulls is true?

The second skull represented a species more closely related to modern humans than the first skull's species.

Which of the following is the defining characteristic of the clade Ecdysozoa for which this group is named?

The secretion of stiff external skeletons that must be shed to permit growth

How did the great transition from fish to tetrapod occur?

The transition occurred gradually over time, so there are many intermediate forms

What is the affiliation of the writer?

The writer was a staff member at the Discovery Institute.

Which characteristic distinguishes echinoderms from the other two deuterostome lineages?

Their body plan

Why is so little known about tardigrade evolution?

Their fossils are difficult to find.

Which of the following is characteristic of the phylum Platyhelminthes?

They are dorsoventrally flattened.

Which of the following is characteristic of the phylum Platyhelminthes? They typically reproduce asexually. They are diploblastic. They are radially symmetrical. They are all parasitic. They are dorsoventrally flattened.

They are dorsoventrally flattened.

Which characteristic below is shared by plants, fungi, and animals?

They are multicellular eukaryotes.

Why did Shubin and Daeschler search in the Canadian arctic for fossil evidence of the transition from fish to tetrapods?

They hypothesized that the transitional fossils were in sedimentary rocks older than 365 million years ago, when the first tetrapods appear in the fossil record.

Which of the following is true of annelids?

They perform gas exchange across their skin.

Which of the following is true of annelids? They have an open circulatory system. They have pseudocoeloms. They have a gastrovascular cavity. They perform gas exchange across their skin. They have a nerve net.

They perform gas exchange across their skin.

What is the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture's agenda with regard to evolution?

They promote the idea of purposive and directed design--intelligent design--as the best explanation for the diversity of life on Earth.

How do most sea stars feed?

They pry open bivalve shells, insert part of their stomach, and begin digesting the bivalve in its own shell

Which of the following is/are true about polychaete worms?

They typically live in a marine environment

What kind of habitat did tiktaalik live in?

Tiktaalik lived in a warm, freshwater swamp

What is a transitional fossil?

Transitional fossils have features that are intermediate between ancestors and descendants.

All Eumetazoa have endoderm tissue and ectoderm tissue.

True

All animals are heterotrophic

True

All animals are multicellular

True

Animal cells are eukaryotic

True

True or False: Snakes don't have 4 limbs, but they are tetrapods because they evolved from lizards that have 4 limbs?

True

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Chordates?

Vertebrae

You study tardigrades in their tun state. What is this?

When they are desiccated.

Segmentation

Which morphological trait evolved more than once in animals, according to the phylogeny based on DNA sequence data found in the figure?

Which of the following is true about nematodes?

Yeast, nematodes and brine shrimp use the same means to survive desiccation.

Which of the following correctly lists the embryonic stages in the order that they develop?

Zygote, blastula, gastrula, larva

A major characteristic of arthropods is __________.

a chitinous exoskeleton

When using terms such as coelomates and pseudocoelomates, a "grade" is _________.

a group whose members share key biological features

Which of the following anatomical features of the 3.2-million-year-old Australopithecus fossil known as "Lucy" suggest she was a bipedal hominid?

a much shorter hip bone that is broader from front to back and wraps around the side

During the development of most animals, cleavage leads to __________.

a multicelled blastula

Which of the following is a tetrapod?

a reptile a bird a mammal an amphibian

Which of the following could be considered the most recent common ancestor of living tetrapods?

a sturdy-finned, shallow-water lobe-fin whose appendages had skeletal supports similar to those of terrestrial vertebrates

In most insects, gas exchange is accomplished by __________.

a tracheal system

How do Porifera move?

adults usually sessile

Which of the following is a key innovation that allowed reptiles & mammals to be more successful in terrestrial habitats than are many other animals?

amniotic egg

Some digestion in sponges takes place in the __________.

amoebocytes

A marine biologist dredges up a small animal from the bottom of the ocean. It is uniformly segmented, with short, stiff appendages and soft, flexible skin. It has a complete digestive system and a closed circulatory system, plus multiple true coeloms. Based on this, you determine that the animal must be a(n) _____.

annelid.

Which of these primate groups is most closely related to hominids?

apes

Morphological traits, ribosomal RNA genes, Hox genes, protein-coding genes, nuclear genes, and mitochondrial genes all indicate that animals __________.

are monophyletic and form the clade Metazoa

Members of the phylum Mollusca _____.

are soft-bodied and often covered by a shell

Which phylum is characterized by animals that have a segmented body? Porifera Mollusca Arthropoda Platyhelminthes Cnidaria

arthropoda

Evolutionary adaptations used by plants and animals for maximizing surface area include all of the following except _________.

ballooning

How do Asteroids reproduce?

broadcast spawn

How do scientists know that the hominid called "Ardi" is about 4.4 million years old?

by using radiometric dating techniques on the volcanic deposits found above and below the layer containing Ardi

Which of the following statements is correct with respect to the evolutionary relationship between chordates and invertebrates? a. chordates are most closely related to arthropods b. chordates evolved from echinoderms c. chordates are more closely related to echinoderms than to arthropods d. chordates are most closely related to the tunicate type of echinoderms

c. chordates are more closely related to echinoderms than to arthropods

What sort of skeletal system do Asteroids have?

calcareous ossicles

What are horseshoe crabs, arachnids, and possess claylike feeding appendages?

cheliceriforms

In terms of food capture, which sponge cell is most similar to the cnidocyte of a cnidarian? choanocyte pore cell epidermal cell amoebocyte

choanocyte

What do many nudibranchs eat?

cnidarians

Characteristic of the clade Lophotrochozoa are features such as a lophophore, which is a(n) _________, and a trochophore, which is a(n) _________.

crown of ciliated tentacles for feeding; larval stage

What are primarily aquatic, crabs and isopods, two pairs of antenna?

crustaceans

How do Asteroids exchange respiratory gases?

dermal podia "gills"

Determinant cleavage refers to the fact that the __________.

developmental fate of each embryonic cell is determined very early

How does Myxini defend itself from predators?

dorsal slime glands

The three major clades of bilaterian animals are the __________.

ecdysozoa, lophotrochozoa, and deuterstomia

Diploblastic animals have an _________ as well as _________ symmetry

ectoderm and an endoderm; radial

Triploblastic animals have an _________ as well as _________ symmetry.

ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm; bilateral

How does Urodela reproduce?

external fertilization

How do Porifera feed?

filter feed

Sponges feed by __________.

filtering small particles from water

Which of the following characteristics allowed early gnathostomes to become successful predators?

fins stiffened with bone that increased maneuverability and improved gas exchange in the gills

A pseudocoelomate refers to an animal with a

functional body cavity lined by tissues derived from mesoderm and endoderm

Which of the following is a characteristic of cnidarians? bilateral symmetry gastrovascular cavity an anus mesoderm radula

gastrovascular cavity

Embryonic tissues develop during the _________ stage.

gastrula

Annelids __________.

have a mouth that is separate from the anus

What is Asteroids life cycle?

have bilateral larva

Molecular evidence that points to choanoflagellates as living relatives of animals is that they __________.

have cadherin proteins but lack the CCD domain that is present in all animals

What is Poriferans life cycle?

have ciliated larva

How do Porifera reproduce?

hermaphrodites

During typical earthworm reproduction __________.

hermaphroditic individuals exchange sperm

The primates that spend the most time walking upright are the _____.

hominids

Healthy corals are brightly colored because they _____.

host symbionts with colorful photosynthetic pigments

You wish to find tardigrades. Where would likely be the best place for you to look?

in moss

What are butterflies; wings allow flight; body divided into head, thorax, and abdomen; and three pairs of walking legs?

insects

How did Dr. Jack Horner's discovery of dinosaur nesting grounds support the hypothesis that birds evolved from a group of dinosaurs?

it provided evidence that dinosaurs raised and cared for their young in colonies like many birds

Symmetry is one of the most basic characteristics of animals. The group that has a different symmetry from the other four groups listed here is the __________.

jellies

Which of the following traits can be used to differentiate humans from our closest living primate relatives?

large brain size bipedality (the ability to walk exclusively on two legs) extensive tool use

Many young animals are __________, a sexually immature form that is morphologically distinct from the adult stage. These young animals undergo __________ to become __________, which resemble adults but are not yet sexually mature.

larvae; metamorphosis; juveniles

How does Dipnoi exchange respiratory gases?

lungs (Dipnoi are literally called lungfish)

In addition to hair, what other structure do all mammals have?

mammary glands

How do Asteroids feed?

many eat bivalves

Coelomates have a body cavity that is formed from _________.

mesoderm

The ________ is the middle matter of a sponge and is composed of a ________.

mesohyl; gelatinous matrix

There are three major groups of mammals, categorized on the basis of their

method of reproduction

Which of these anthropoid groups consists of primates who are mostly tree dwellers and whose forelimbs and hind limbs are about equal in length?

monkeys

The three main body parts of the phylum Mollusca are a ___________.

muscular foot, a visceral mass, and a mantle

What are millipedes and centipedes and are exclusively terrestrial?

myriapods

What kind of skeletal system do Struthioniformes have?

no keel on sternum (no sternal keel)

Stages in the complete metamorphosis of arthropods include all of the following except the ________ stage.

nymph

The choanocyte of a sponge and the nematocyst of a cnidarian both function in __________.

obtaining food

Where do Asteroids live?

oceans

How does Myxini sense and respond to stimuli?

oral tentacles

What types of sources does Luskin link to that share his interpretation of the scientific findings on evolution?

other articles he's written for the same web site

Some species of rotifers consist solely of females. Their method of reproduction is described as _____.

parthenogenesis

How do Asteroids defend themselves?

pedicellariae

Tapeworms are highly specialized worms that make their living as endoparasites. To which of the following phyla do the tapeworms belong?

phylum Platyhelminthes

The crown-of-thorns sea star, Acanthaster planci, preys on the flesh of live coral. If coral animals are attacked by these sea stars, then what actually provides nutrition to the sea star, and which chemical (besides the toxin within their nematocysts) do the corals rely on for protection?

polyps; calcium carbonate

Gastrulation is the process that directly forms the _____. blastula organs muscles primary germ layers central nervous system

primary germ layers

Cadherins are __________.

proteins that play key roles in how animal cells attach to one another

The roundworm body cavity is ________, whereas the planarian body cavity is ________.

pseudocoelomic; acoelomic

An animal with a true coelom that has __________ cleavage must be a(n) __________.

radial ... deuterostome

Indeterminate cleavage is a process that produces embryonic cells that __________.

retain the capacity to develop into a complete embryo

How do Struthioniformes move?

runs (flightless bird along with Sphenisciformes)

Radially symmetric animals tend to be __________, while bilaterally symmetric animals ___________.

sessile and attached or planktonic and drifting; are involved in complex movements that allow them to crawl, burrow, fly, or swim

How does Urodela move?

side-to-side bend when they walk

A key characteristic of modern birds is flight powered by feathered wings. Which of the following pieces of evidence support the hypothesis that the first feathers served a purpose other than flight?

some feathered theropods were not capable of flight

How do Lepidosaurs defend themselves from predators?

tail can break off

In arthropods, molting is necessary because __________.

the chitinous exoskeleton cannot grow.

Why was the discovery of organisms, such as Archaeopteryx, that have a mix of traits usually associated with two different groups considered validation of Darwin's theory of evolution?

the discovery provided evidence that species descend with modification from other species

Which discovery ultimately overturned the prevailing perception that all dinosaurs were large, slow, and lumbering?

the small theropod dinosaur Deinonychus, which had a large sickle-shaped claw on each of its hind limbs

Some species of rotifers undergo parthenogenesis, which means that __________.

the species consists of only females that produce more females from unfertilized eggs

What seems to be the main purpose of the blog post?

to discredit scientific research findings on primate evolution and phylogenetics

The sponge cell type that is ________ and can become other sponge cell types is the _________.

totipotent; amoebocyte

How do Asteroids move?

tube feet

How do Lepidosaurs reproduce?

two penises

Which of the following is NOT a diagnostic feature of the Chordata

vertebrae

Cephalopods are the only molluscs __________.

with a closed circulatory system