BIO 222 Exam 3
A glomerulus is A) a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle. B) the source of erythropoietin. C) the expanded end of a nephron. D) the horseshoe-shaped segment of the nephron. E) attached to the collecting duct.
a
All of the following are true of the secondary response of humoral immunity except that it A) weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two. B) results in much higher antibody titers than in the primary response. C) results in much quicker rise in antibody titers. D) produces more effective antibodies. E) depends on memory B cells.
a
Boyle's law of gases states that A) if the volume goes up, the pressure goes down. B) as the temperature goes up, the pressure goes up. C) the concentration of dissolved gas is proportional to its partial pressure. D) the total gas pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures. E) the pressure and volume of a gas are equal. Question 171 / 1 point
a
Class II MHC proteins are present in the plasma membrane only when A) an antigen-presenting cell has engulfed and is processing an antigen. B) a virus-infected cell secretes interferons. C) a helper T cell has engulfed an antigen. D) a cancerous cell gets attacked by NK cells. E) the body cells are healthy.
a
Histamine increased blood flow and vascular permeability. This would account for all of the following changes that occur during inflammation except A) chemotaxis of phagocytes. B) swelling of the inflamed tissue. C) redness of the inflamed tissue. D) heat of the inflamed tissue.
a
In passive immunity, the A) body receives antibodies produced by other humans or by an animal. B) body is deliberately exposed to an antigen. C) body receives antibodies produced by an animal. D) immune system attacks normal body cells. E) body receives antibodies produced by other humans.
a
In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce A) urine with a higher concentration of sodium ions. B) urine with a lower concentration of potassium ions. C) urine with less glucose. D) urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions. E) a larger volume of urine.
a
Lymph fluid enters the venous circulation via the A) subclavian veins. B) jugular veins. C) brachiocephalic trunks. D) superior and inferior vena cava. E) right atrium.
a
Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells. A) cytotoxic T B) B C) suppressor T D) plasma E) helper T
a
Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as A) bicarbonate ions. B) solute dissolved in the cytoplasm of red blood cells. C) solute dissolved in the plasma. D) carbonic acid. E) carbaminohemoglobin.
a
Reabsorbed water and solutes enter into the A) peritubular fluid. B) afferent arteriole. C) tubular fluid. D) efferent arteriole. E) glomerulus.
a
Stem cells that can form all types of lymphocytes are concentrated in the A) red bone marrow. B) thymus. C) spleen. D) circulation. E) yellow marrow
a
Stem cells that will form B cells or NK cells are found only in the A) red bone marrow. B) liver. C) kidneys. D) thymus. E) spleen.
a
T cells and B cells destroy one antigen without affecting other antigens or normal antigens, this is termed A) specificity. B) memory. C) antigen processing. D) tolerance. E) versatility.
a
The ________ is the plasma concentration at which a specific compound will begin appearing in the urine. A) renal threshold B) osmotic pressure C) hydrostatic threshold D) tubular maximum E) blood colloid maximum
a
The ________ of the lungs is an indication of their expandability, how easily the lungs expand and contract. A) compliance B) volume C) ventilation D) cellular respiration E) intrapulmonary pressure
a
The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchial tree is the A) trachea. B) bronchiole. C) alveolar duct. D) bronchus. E) laryngopharynx.
a
The amount of filtrate produced by the kidneys each minute is called the A) glomerular filtration rate. B) kidney filtrate volume. C) colloid pressure. D) net filtration pressure. E) plasma volume.
a
The body's innate defenses include all of the following except A) antibodies. B) inflammation. C) complement. D) the skin. E) interferon.
a
The cells of the macula densa, the juxtaglomerular cells, and the extraglomerular mesangial cells form the A) juxtaglomerular complex. B) afferent arteriole. C) renal corpuscle. D) nephron loop (loop of Henle). E) filtration membrane.
a
The complement system works closely with and complements the action of A) antibodies. B) phagocytes. C) pyrogens. D) microphages. E) interferons.
a
The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the A) epiglottis. B) thyroid cartilage. C) corniculate cartilage. D) cuneiform cartilage. E) cricoid cartilage.
a
The expanded beginning of the ureter connects to the A) renal pelvis. B) renal hilum. C) renal calyx. D) renal corpuscle. E) renal sinus.
a
The larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles all make up the A) lower respiratory tract. B) internal respiratory tract. C) alveoli of the respiratory tract. D) upper respiratory tract. E) respiratory mucosa.
a
The most superior portion of the lung is called the A) apex. B) epipleurium. C) base. D) cardiac notch. E) hilus.
a
The normal pH range for ECF is A) 7.35 to 7.45. B) 7 to 7.5. C) 7.5 to 8.0. D) 6.5 to 7.5. E) 6.8 to 7.2.
a
The process of filtration is driven mainly by A) blood hydrostatic pressure. B) renal pumping. C) active transport. D) solvent drag. E) blood osmotic pressure.
a
The region known as the macula densa is part of A) the distal convoluted tubule. B) the nephron loop (loop of Henle). C) the proximal convoluted tubule. D) glomerular (Bowman's) capsule. E) the collecting duct.
a
The urinary function of elimination occurs through the A) urethra. B) ureter. C) glomerulus. D) kidney. E) liver.
a
Under normal conditions, glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures. From the list below, what are these three main pressures?1. glomerular hydrostatic pressure2. capsular hydrostatic pressure3. capsular colloid osmotic pressure4. blood colloid osmotic pressure5. urinary bladder hydrostatic pressure A) 1, 2, and 4 are correct. B) 1, 2, and 3 are correct. C) 3, 4, and 5 are correct. D) 2, 4, and 5 are correct. E) 2, 3, and 4 are correct.
a
What is the relationship between the pressures at label "3"? A) P outside > P inside B) P outside = P inside C) P outside + P inside D) P outside < P inside E) P outside - P inside
a
What produces the movement labeled "2"?) A) diaphragm contracts B) diaphragm relaxes C) rectus abdominis relaxes D) rectus abdominis contracts E) diaphragm relaxes and rectus abdominis contracts
a
When the bladder is full, urine is eliminated through the process known as A) micturition. B) emesis. C) segmentation. D) defecation. E) beta-oxidation.
a
When the pH ________, a state of acidosis exists. A) falls below 7.35 B) rises above 7 C) falls below 6.5 D) falls below 7 E) rises above 7.5
a
Where would penicillin be secreted? A) 5 B) 6 C) 4 D) 3 E) 3 and 4
a
Which area is sensitive to aldosterone? A) 5 B) 3 C) 1 D) 4 E) 2
a
Which hormone does not play a role in regulating fluid and electrolyte balance? A) cortisol B) ADH C) atrial natriuretic peptide D) aldosterone
a
Which is not a reason gas exchange is efficient at the blood air barrier? A) Gap junctions facilitate fast movement. B) Distance is short. C) Gases are lipid soluble. D) Surface area is large. E) Partial pressure differences are substantial.
a
Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory alkalosis? A) consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation (for example, due to COPD) B) consequence of tissue hypoxia (for example, in ischemic conditions) C) consequence of prolonged vomiting D) consequence of strenuous exercise E) consequence of hyperventilation (for example, in fever or mental illness)
a
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term renal papilla? A) It is the tip of the medullary pyramid. B) Final urine enters here. C) It releases renin. D) Initial filtrate enters here. E) It creates high interstitial NaCl concentration.
a
Which of the following is not a renal response to acidosis? A) release of HCl into peritubular capillary fluid B) removal of CO2 C) increase tubule buffer activity D) secretion of H+ E) reabsorption of NaHCO3
a
Which of these is not part of the upper respiratory system? A) larynx B) nose C) pharynx D) sinuses E) nasal cavity
a
________ promotes water reabsorption at the kidneys and stimulates thirst. A) ADH B) Aldosterone C) Natriuretic peptide D) Calcitonin E) Renin
a
____________ exists when the immune system does not respond to a particular antigen A) Tolerance B) Adaptation C) Memory D) Immunity E) Versatility
a
________________ cells enable the immune system to respond quickly and robustly if the sam antigen is encountered a second time A) Memory B) Secondary C) Transponder D) Responder E) Primary
a
the blood air barrier consists of A) 2 layers of simple squamous epithelium. B) 1 layer of moist cuboidal epithelium. C) surfactant cells. D) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. E) stratified squamous epithelium.
a
the effects of activating the complement system include all of the following except The effects of activating the complement system include all of the following except Question options: A) inhibition of the immune response. B) opsonization. C) destruction of target cell plasma membranes. D) stimulation of inflammation. E) chemotaxis.
a
the process by which the surface of a microorganism is covered with antibodies and complement, rendering it more likely to be phagocytized is called A) opsonization. B) activation. C) agglutination. D) precipitation. E) neutralization.
a
which of the following is not a lymphocyte A) macrophages B) plasma cells C) memory T cells D) suppressor T cells E) NK cells
a
Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) in the glomerulus is generated by A) filtrate in the capsular space. B) presence of albumin proteins in blood plasma. C) blood pressure. D) constriction of the efferent arteriole. E) protein in the filtrate.
b
Blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the A) afferent arteriole. B) efferent arteriole. C) renal vein. D) interlobular arteriole. E) vasa recta.
b
Class II MHC molecules are found on which of the following A) granulocytes and microphages B) lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells C) red blood cells D) all body cells with a nucleus E) liver cells and macrophages in the spleen
b
Consuming a meal high in salt will A) decrease thirst. B) result in a temporary increase in blood volume. C) drastically increase the osmolarity of the blood. D) activate the renin-angiotensin mechanism. E) cause hypotension.
b
Cytotoxic T cells can attack target cells with which of the following chemical weapons? A) secrete mutant proteins that get incorporated into the target's DNA B) secrete a cytokine that triggers apoptosis C) secrete free radicals D) secrete organic solvent E) secrete strong acid
b
Eighty percent of nephrons in the human kidney are located in the ________ and have short nephron loops .A) capsule B) cortex C) pelvis D) pyramids E) medulla
b
Excess release of natriuretic peptides would cause A) a small volume of concentrated urine. B) a large volume of dilute urine. C) a large volume of concentrated urine. D) a small volume of urine void of sodium. E) a small volume of dilute urine.
b
Identify the structure labeled "7." A) internal nares B) oropharynx C) esophagus D) glottis E) laryngopharynx
b
Immunoglobulins that are found on the surface of B cells and that may activate antibody production are A) IgA. B) IgD. C) IgE. D) IgG. E) IgM.
b
In a routine examination, some blood is taken and analyzed. The results show a high IgM titer for the mumps virus but a low IgG anti-mumps titer. This would indicate the person is allergic to mumps. B) was recently infected with mumps. C) has just recovered from mumps. D) is relying on passive immunity. E) is immune to mumps.
b
In an experimental situation, a rabbit is exposed to a viral antigen to which it makes antibodies. These antibodies are then purified and injected into a human with the same viral disease. This is an example of A) active immunization. B) passive immunization. C) innate immunity. D) alloimmunity. E) natural immunity.
b
NK cells use ______ to lyse abnormal cells A) interferon B) perforin C) phagocytosis D) pyrogen E) complement
b
Quiet breathing is to ________ as shallow breathing is to ________. A) eupnea; diaphragmatic breathing B) eupnea; costal breathing C) diaphragmatic breathing; eupnea D) costal breathing; eupnea E) costal breathing; diaphragmatic
b
Renal columns are A) internal cavities lined by the fibrous capsule. B) bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex. C) conical structures that are located in the renal medulla. D) expanded ends of the ureters. E) the basic functional units of the kidney.
b
Suppressor T cells act to A) produce antibodies involved in autoimmunity. B) inhibit T and B cell activities. C) suppress antigens. D) erase memory T cells. E) limit antigen proliferation.
b
The ________ fissure separates the lobes of the left lung. A) longitudinal B) oblique C) lateral D) medial E) left horizontal
b
The _________ lymphatics leave the lymph node at the hilum A) afferent B) efferent C) descending D) ascending E) lateral
b
The apneustic centers of the pons A) inhibit the pneumotaxic and inspiratory centers. B) provide stimulation to the inspiratory center. C) monitor blood gas levels. D) generate the gasp reflex. E) alter chemoreceptor sensitivity.
b
The cells responsible for humoral immunity are the ________ cells. A) cytotoxic T B) NK C) helper T D) B E) suppressor T
b
The filtration of plasma takes place in the A) nephron loop (loop of Henle). B) renal corpuscle. C) papillary duct. D) distal convoluted tubule. E) ureter.
b
The following is a list of some airways. What is the order in which air passes through them?1. lobar bronchus2. bronchioles3. alveolar ducts4. primary bronchus5. respiratory bronchiole6. alveoli7. terminal bronchiole A) 1, 4, 2, 7, 5, 3, 6 B) 4, 1, 2, 7, 5, 3, 6 C) 4, 1, 2, 5, 7, 3, 6 D) 1, 4, 2, 5, 7, 3, 6 E) 2, 4, 1, 7, 5, 3, 6
b
The majority of water is reabsorbed by osmosis in the A) nephron loop. B) proximal convoluted tubule. C) collecting duct. D) distal convoluted tubule. E) papillary duct.
b
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is greatest in A) inspired air. B) venous blood. C) arterial blood. D) alveolar air. E) expired air.
b
The pontine storage center controls micturition by A) stimulating the voiding reflex. B) increasing contraction of the external urethral sphincter and reducing detrusor muscle activity. C) increasing contraction of the detrusor muscle. D) relaxing the internal urethral sphincter. E) stimulating bladder contractions.
b
The process that transports solutes, including many drugs, into the tubular fluid is called A) filtration. B) secretion. C) reabsorption. D) excretion. E) absorption.
b
The serous membrane that covers the lungs is the Question options: A) parietal pleura. B) visceral pleura. C) parietal pericardium. D) visceral pericardium. E) visceral peritoneum.
b
The two organs that play an important role in maintaining acid-base balance are the A) liver and gallbladder. B) lungs and kidneys. C) liver and kidneys. D) heart and liver. E) heart and lungs.
b
Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by A) the urethra. B) the ureters. C) blood vessels. D) lymphatics. E) the calyces.
b
What physiological process occurs at the structure labeled "1"? A) excretion B) filtration C) reabsorption D) secretion E) micturition
b
When an antigen is bound to a Class II MHC protein, it can activate a ________ cell. A) suppressor T B) helper T C) plasma D) cytotoxic T E) NK
b
When the inspiratory muscles relax, the rib cage returns to its original position as a result of A) accessory muscle contraction. B) elastic rebound. C) exhalation. D) gravity. E) partial pressure difference.
b
When the pH of the extracellular fluid drops, the kidneys A) excrete fewer bicarbonate ions. B) secrete more hydrogen ions and fewer bicarbonate ions. C) excrete more bicarbonate ions. D) secrete more hydrogen ions and more bicarbonate ions. E) excrete more hydrogen ions.
b
When there is no air movement, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is that A) atmospheric pressure is less than intrapulmonary. B) they are equal. C) atmospheric pressure is more than intrapulmonary. D) intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric. E) intrapulmonary pressure is less than atmospheric.
b
Which hormone plays a central role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion? A) BNP B) aldosterone C) ANP D) ADH E) epinephrine
b
Which of the following activities is not related to kidney function? A) maintenance of various blood ion concentrations B) lipid digestion C) control of wastes in the blood D) regulation of blood pressure E) control of hydrogen ion and pH in the blood
b
external respiratory involves the A) movement of air into and out of the lungs. B) diffusion of gases between the interstitial fluid and the external environment. C) exchange of dissolved gases between the cells and interstitial fluids. D) binding of oxygen by hemoglobin. E) utilization of oxygen by tissues to support metabolism.
b
large lymphatic vessels have a wall structure most similar to which blood vessels? A) venules B) veins C) capillaries D) arterioles E) arteries
b
lung tissue receives O2 and nutrients from the A) pulmonary veins. B) bronchial arteries. C) pulmonary arteries. D) coronary arteries. E) pleural arteries.
b
lymphocytes A) destroy red blood cells. B) respond to antigens. C) decrease in number during infection. D) are actively phagocytic. E) are primarily found in red bone marrow.
b
major calyces are A) expanded ends of nephrons. B) large branches of the renal pelvis. C) basic functional layers of the kidney. D) conical structures that are located in the renal medulla. E) the expanded ends of renal pyramids.
b
primary bronchi enter their respective lungs along with pulmonary vessels ,nerves, and lymphatics at which region A) superior lobe B) hilum C) cardiac notch D) base E) apex
b
Extreme losses of bicarbonate ions, such as in diarrhea, will cause A) respiratory alkalosis. B) metabolic acidosis. C) metabolic alkalosis. D) acute respiratory acidosis. E) chronic respiratory acidosis.
b.
A sample of John's blood shows a high level of pyrogens. This would indicate that John A) has swollen lymph nodes. B) is feeling achy. C) is running a fever. D) is producing T lymphocytes. E) has a sore throat.
c
A sensitized B cell is not activated until A) it binds a cytotoxic T cell. B) memory B cells have been cloned. C) it binds a helper T cell that releases cytokines. D) it has cloned plasma cells. E) antibodies have been produced.
c
A substance that provokes an immune system A) allopath. B) antibody. C) antigen. D) antihistamine. E) immunoglobulin.
c
APCs located in the epithelia of the skin are called A) keratinocytes. B) Merkel cells. C) dendritic cells. D) squamous macrophages. E) germinative cells.
c
All of the following are examples of compensatory mechanisms that would occur as a result of metabolic acidosis except A) respiratory rate increases. B) buffer systems accept H+. C) kidneys retain H+. D) kidneys generate bicarbonate. E) kidneys secrete H+.
c
All of the following would result in an increase in renin release except A) decreased blood pressure at the glomerulus. B) stimulation of juxtaglomerular cells. C) increased blood volume. D) blockage in the renal artery. E) decreased osmotic concentration at the macula densa.
c
An important component of the lamina propria in the upper respiratory system is A) sweat glands. B) serous glands. C) mucus glands. D) smooth muscle cells. E) ceruminous glands.
c
An important structure for blood pressure regulation is the A) proximal convoluted tubule. B) collecting duct. C) juxtaglomerular complex. D) nephron loop. E) papillary duct.
c
Angiotensin II produces a coordinated elevation in the ECF volume by all of the following mechanisms except A) triggering the production and secretion of aldosterone. B) stimulating thirst. C) increasing PNS activity. D) stimulating the kidneys to conserve sodium. E) causing the release of ADH.
c
Antidiuretic hormone A) is secreted in response to low potassium ion in the blood. B) causes the kidneys to produce a larger volume of very dilute urine. C) increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water. D) release is insensitive to the osmolarity of interstitial fluid. E) is secreted by the anterior pituitary.
c
Asthma is A) a collapsed lung resulting from insufficient production of surfactant. B) characterized by fluid buildup in the alveoli. C) due to an excessive stimulation of smooth muscle in bronchioles. D) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. E) an obstructive tumor targeting primarily the terminal bronchioles.
c
Boyle's law states that the pressure of a gas is A) always higher in the atmosphere than in the lungs. B) directly proportional to temperature. C) inversely proportional to the volume of its container. D) directly proportional to the volume of its container. E) inversely proportional to temperature.
c
CD8 markers are to ________ T cells as CD4 markers are to ________ T cells. A) NK; cytoxic B) suppressor; cytoxic C) cytoxic; helper D) plasma; NK E) helper; suppressor
c
The physical movement of air into and out of lungs is termed A) gas diffusion. B) internal respiration. C) pulmonary ventilation. D) cellular respiration. E) external respiration.
c
The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is A) secretion of acids and ammonia. B) secretion of drugs. C) reabsorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water. D) adjusting the urine pH. E) filtration.
c
The primary role of the carbonic-acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to A) increase ventilation. B) buffer carbonic acid formed by carbon dioxide. C) limit pH changes caused by metabolic and fixed acids. D) buffer the urine. E) buffer stomach acid.
c
The process by which antibodies bind to the antigen on the surface of cells, forming large immune complexes is called A) opsonization. B) activation. C) agglutination. D) precipitation. E) neutralization.
c
The term ________ describes the result from an injury that permits air to leak into the intrapleural space. A) emphysema B) pleurisy C) pneumothorax D) pulmonary edema E) pneumonia
c
What is the function of the structure labeled "8"? A) acts like a supplementary air pump B) adjusts tension of vocal folds C) prevents food from entering the larynx D) forces air into the lungs E) causes air to swirl within the respiratory passageway
c
What is the relationship between the pressures at label "8"?' A) P outside > P inside B) P outside = P inside C) P outside < P inside D) P outside + P inside E) P outside - P insid
c
When an antigen is bound to a Class I MHC protein, it can activate a ________ cell. A) B B) helper T C) cytotoxic T D) plasma E) NK
c
When antigens bind to inactive B cells and are brought into the cell by endocytosis to be displayed on the Class II MHC proteins this results in ________ of the B cells. A) activation B) division C) co-stimulation D) cloning E) sensitization
c
Which muscle(s) produce(s) the movement labeled "1"? A) diaphragm B) internal intercostals C) external intercostals D) rectus abdominis E) both rectus abdominis and external intercostals
c
Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder metabolic alkalosis? A) consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation (for example, due to COPD) B) consequence of tissue hypoxia (for example, in ischemic conditions) C) consequence of hyperventilation (for example, in fever or mental illness) D) consequence of strenuous exercise E) consequence of prolonged vomiting
c
Which of the following organs is not part of the lower respiratory system? Question A) trachea B) bronchi C) pharynx D) alveoli E) larynx
c
cells that help regulate the immune response are _______________ cells A) B B) plasma C) helper T D) cytotoxic T E) NK
c
cytokines that make a cell and its neighbors resistant to virus infection are called A) transferrins. B) interleukins. C) interferons. D) immunoglobulins. E) complement.
c
interferons A) reduce macrophage chemotaxis to the infection. B) prevent viruses from entering a cell. C) interfere with viral replication. D) bind to viruses and destroy them. E) prevent viruses from leaving a cell.
c
the lymphatic system does all of the following except A) fights infection. B) transports lipids from the digestive tract. C) transports gases to and away from lymph nodes. D) eliminates variations in the composition of interstitial fluid. E) helps maintain normal blood volume
c
the nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx constitue the ______ portion of the airway A) exchange B) sinus C) conducting D) primary E) respiratory
c
the respiratory portion of the respiratory tract includes A) bronchi. B) trachea. C) alveoli. D) nose. E) larynx.
c
the right lung is to _____ as the left lung is to _______ A) three lobes; three lobes B) four lobes; three lobes C) three lobes; two lobes D) two lobes; two lobes E) two lobes; three lobes
c
vocal folds are located within the A) bronchi. B) nasopharynx. C) larynx. D) oropharynx. E) trachea.
c
A T cell can only become activated after being physically or chemically stimulated by the abnormal target cell in a process called A) neutralization. B) opsonization. C) precipitation. D) costimulation. E) sensitization.
d
A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. This is may be due to A) excessive ADH secretion. B) dilation of the afferent arterioles. C) hematuric oliguria. D) absence of ADH. E) overproduction of aldosterone.
d
A unique feature of the left lung is the A) apex. B) hilum. C) primary bronchus. D) cardiac notch.
d
Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the A) bronchioles. B) lower respiratory tract. C) alveoli. D) upper respiratory tract. E) lungs.
d
Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds and produces A) speech. B) articulation. C) whistling. D) phonation. E) ululation.
d
All of the following are true of the primary response of humoral immunity except that A) circulating antibodies undergo a gradual, sustained rise. B) it depends on antigen triggering the appropriate B cell. C) it requires B cell differentiation into plasma cells. D) it depends on memory B cells. E) it peaks 1 to 2 weeks after the initial exposure.
d
An inflammatory response is triggered when A) blood flow to an area increases. B) red blood cells release pyrogens. C) T cells release interferon. D) mast cells release histamine and heparin. E) neutrophils phagocytize bacteria.
d
Calcium reabsorption by the kidneys is promoted by the hormone A) cortisol. B) ADH. C) calcitonin. D) parathyroid hormone. E) aldosterone.
d
Children have slender, short vocal cords so their voices tend to be Children have slender, short vocal cords so their voices tend to be Question options: A) lower pitched. B) softer. C) deeper toned. D) higher pitched. E) louder.
d
Contraction of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles can A) assist in breathing during exercise. B) move the cricoid cartilage. C) move food from the larynx to the esophagus. D) close the glottis. E) constrict the trachea.
d
Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection except A) secretions. B) basement membranes. C) epithelium. D) complement. E) body hair.
d
Factors affecting the release of oxygen from hemoglobin can be visualized by using a A) pulmonary volume chart. B) spirograph. C) respiratory cycle chart. D) oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve. E) blood gas analysis.
d
Filtrate first passes from the glomerular capsule to the A) collecting duct. B) nephron loop (loop of Henle). C) distal convoluted tubule. D) proximal convoluted tubule. E) minor calyx.
d
Functions of the nasal cavity include all of the following except. A) warming the air. B) housing olfactory receptors. C) humidifying the air. D) housing tonsils. E) filtering the air.
d
Functions of the urinary system include all of the following except A) regulation of blood volume and blood pressure. B) conservation of valuable nutrients. C) helping to stabilize blood pH. D) storage of fat-soluble vitamins. E) regulation of plasma concentration of certain ions.
d
Glomerular blood flow is unique because it flows A) through a glomerular portal vein. B) directly from the renal artery into the glomerular capillaries. C) from arteriole to capillary bed to vasa recta. D) from arteriole to capillary bed to arteriole. E) through the peritubular capillaries then into the glomerular capillaries.
d
If PO2 increases A) hemoglobin gives away oxygen. B) hemoglobin stores oxygen. C) saturation goes down and hemoglobin gives away oxygen. D) saturation goes up and hemoglobin stores oxygen. E) saturation goes up.
d
If the volume of the lungs increases, what happens to the air pressure inside the lungs? A) It increases twice the amount of the increase in volume. B) It increases. C) It remains constant. D) It decreases. E) It increases and possibly damages the lungs.
d
Immediate local responses of the kidney to changes in blood flow to maintain GFR occur via A) hormonal regulation. B) cephalic reflexes. C) autonomic regulation. D) autoregulation. E) countercurrent multiplication.
d
Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called _______ immunity A) active B) natural passive C) auto D) innate E) passive
d
Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called ____________ immunity A) innate B) naturally acquired passive C) artificially acquired passive D) naturally acquired active E) artificially acquired active
d
In response to respiratory alkalosis, the A) respiratory rate increases. B) kidneys secrete more hydrogen ions. C) kidneys conserve bicarbonate. D) kidneys retain more hydrogen ions. E) tidal volume increases.
d
One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to A) increase filtration into glomerular (Bowman's) capsule. B) increase release of angiotensin II by the adrenal glands. C) decrease urinary albumin concentration. D) increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex. E) decrease secretion of aldosterone.
d
Respiratory function deteriorates as a result of pneumonia because inflammation A) reduces movement of the epiglottis. B) causes the lungs to leak air into the thorax. C) causes respiratory bronchioles to swell and dilate. D) causes fluids to leak into the alveoli. E) reduces the size of the pleural cavity.
d
Specialized lymphatic capillaries called lacteals are A) more numerous than blood capillaries. B) located primarily in the large intestine. C) part of the fenestrated capillary group. D) necessary for the transport of dietary lipids. E) located throughout the body.
d
Stimulation of the apneustic center would result in A) increased respiratory rate. B) less activity in the DRG center. C) a shorter respiratory cycle. D) more intense inhalation. E) decreased vital capacity.
d
The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are A) spaces between the parietal and visceral pleura. B) bronchioles. C) terminal bronchioles. D) blood air barrier of the alveoli. E) interlobular septa.
d
The entire array of protective mechanisms in the respiratory system is called the A) respiratory immunity. B) macrophage complex. C) mucus escalator. D) respiratory defense system. E) acquired respiratory defense.
d
The largest cartilage of the larynx is the ________ cartilage. A) epiglottic B) arytenoid C) cricoid D) thyroid E) cuneiform
d
The majority of glomeruli are located in the ________ of the kidney. A) pelvis B) calyces C) medulla D) cortex E) vasa recta
d
The most important chemical regulator of human respiration is A) bicarbonate ion. B) oxygen. C) sodium ion. D) carbon dioxide. E) hemoglobin.
d
The normal rate and depth of breathing is established by the ________ center(s). A) expiratory B) apneustic C) pneumotaxic D) ventral respiratory E) DRG and VRG
d
The pneumotaxic center of the pons A) suppresses the expiratory center in the medulla. B) stimulates the dorsal respiratory group. C) sets the at-rest respiratory pattern. D) modifies the rate and depth of breathing. E) prolongs inspiration.
d
The portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the A) calyx. B) papillary tubule. C) nephron loop (loop of Henle). D) distal convoluted tubule. E) proximal convoluted tubule.
d
The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the cells and interstitial fluids is A) cellular respiration. B) pulmonary ventilation. C) external respiration. D) internal respiration. E) breathing.
d
The process by which soluble antigens combine with antibodies to form insoluble immune complexes is called A) opsonization. B) activation. C) agglutination. D) precipitation. E) neutralization.
d
The respiratory epithelium of the conducting airways consists of A) stratified squamous epithelium. B) simple squamous epithelium. C) ciliated squamous epithelium. D) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. E) moist cuboidal epithelium.
d
The two major subdivisions of the ECF are the A) serous fluids and lymph. B) lymph and plasma. C) interstitial fluid and CSF. D) interstitial fluid and plasma. E) ICF and plasma.
d
These cells responsible for the production of circulating immunoglobulins are _________ cells A) helper T B) liver C) NK D) plasma E) thymus
d
What is the proper order for the structures of the renal corpuscle through which a substance travels during filtration?1. filtration slit (slit pore)2. capsular space3. basement membrane4. fenestrated endothelium A) 4, 3, 2, 1 B) 2, 4, 3, 1 C) 4, 1, 2, 3 D) 4, 3, 1, 2 E) 3, 1, 4, 2
d
When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, A) expiration occurs. B) the volume of the thorax decreases. C) the volume of the lungs decreases. D) the volume of the thorax increases. E) the lungs shrink.
d
When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases, A) permeability to water in the collecting system increases. B) water reabsorption increases in the nephron loop. C) less urine is produced. D) the osmolarity of the urine decreases. E) a concentrated urine is produced.
d
Where does most nutrient reabsorption occur? A) 2 B) 6 C) 4 D) 3 E) 5
d
Which area(s) allow variable water reabsorption and is/are sensitive to the hormone ADH? Which area(s) allow variable water reabsorption and is/are sensitive to the hormone ADH? Question options: A) 4 B) 1 C) 3 D) 5 and 6 E) 3 and 6
d
Which hormone most affects the osmolarity of blood? A) epinephrine B) PTH C) angiotensin II D) ADH E) ANP
d
Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory acidosis? A) consequence of hyperventilation (for example, in fever or mental illness) B) consequence of tissue hypoxia (for example, in ischemic conditions) C) consequence of strenuous exercise D) consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation (for example, due to emphysema) E) consequence of prolonged vomiting
d
Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin to peripheral tissues? A) decreased amounts of BPG B) increased tissue PO2 C) decreased temperature D) decreased pH E) decreased temperature and decreased amounts of BPG
d
Which of these factors does not affect hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen? A) the PO2 of blood B) blood pH C) temperature D) electrolyte balance E) RBC metabolic activity
d
capillaries that surround the proximal convoluted tubules are A) efferent arterioles. B) proximal capillaries. C) vasa recta capillaries. D) peritubular capillaries. E) corticoradiate capillaries.
d
chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is called a(n) A) compensation. B) electrolyte. C) acid. D) buffer. E) alkali.
d
defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by A) immunological surveillance. B) fever. C) skin defenses. D) adaptive immunity. E) innate immunity.
d
immunoglobulins that are the most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are A) IgA. B) IgD. C) IgE. D) IgG. E) IgM.
d
in which direction does CO2 move during internal respiration A) from the lungs into the blood B) from the blood into the tissue cells C) from the lungs into the atmosphere D) from the tissue cells into the blood E) from the blood into the lungs
d
the lymphoid organ that acts like a filter as lymph passes through is A) thymus. B) adenoids. C) appendix. D) lymph nodes. E) tonsils.
d
Increasing the alveolar ventilation rate will A) increase the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli. B) hardly affect either the partial pressure or diffusion of gases. C) decrease the rate of oxygen diffusion from the alveoli to the blood. D) decrease the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli. E) decrease the rate of carbon dioxide diffusion from the blood to the alveoli.
d.
A drug that inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) may lead to all of the following except A) less secretion of aldosterone. B) reduction of blood pressure. C) decreased sodium reabsorption. D) increased urinary loss of sodium. E) increased fluid retention.
e
A pair of ligaments covered by laryngeal epithelium that function in sound production are the A) intrinsic laryngeal muscles. B) ventricular folds. C) intrinsic ligaments. D) extrinsic ligaments. E) vocal folds.
e
A person who consumes large amounts of sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) to settle an upset stomach risks A) respiratory acidosis. B) lactic acidosis. C) respiratory alkalosis. D) metabolic acidosis. E) metabolic alkalosis.
e
Aldosterone A) is secreted in response to decreased levels of potassium in the blood. B) regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys. C) regulates blood calcium levels. D) helps decrease blood volume and lower blood pressure. E) promotes sodium retention in the kidneys.
e
All of the following provide chemoreceptor input to the respiratory centers of the medulla oblongata except the A) medullary chemoreceptors. B) central chemoreceptors. C) aortic body. D) carotid body. E) olfactory epithelium.
e
Blocking afferent action potentials from the chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies would interfere with the brain's ability to regulate breathing in response to Question options: A) changes in PCO2. B) changes in pH. C) changes in blood pressure. D) changes in PO2. E) changes in PCO2, PO2, and pH.
e
CO2 and H2O combine to form A) oxygen. B) hydrochloric acid. C) nitric acid. D) carbaminohemoglobin. E) carbonic acid.
e
During exercise, which of the following contract for active exhalation? A) diaphragm and internal intercostal muscles B) diaphragm and external intercostal muscles C) rectus abdominis and diaphragm muscles D) pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles E) rectus abdominis and internal intercostal muscles
e
Each of the following organs is part of the urinary system except the A) urinary bladder. B) kidney. C) ureter. D) urethra. E) rectum.
e
Excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by A) the feces. B) sweating. C) buffers. D) the liver. E) the kidneys.
e
Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule and the glomerulus make up the Question A) renal pyramid. B) collecting tubule system. C) nephron loop (loop of Henle). D) renal papilla. E) renal corpuscle.
e
Homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the ________ fluid. A) intracellular B) plasma C) lymphatic D) cerebrospinal E) extracellular
e
Identify the structure labeled "5." A) proximal convoluted tubule B) glomerulus C) nephron loop D) collecting duct E) distal convoluted tubule
e
Identify the structure labeled "6. A) nephron loop B) glomerulus C) distal convoluted tubule D) proximal convoluted tubule E) collecting duct"
e
Identify the structure labeled "8." A) minor calyx B) renal pelvis C) major calyx D) renal column E) ureter
e
In order for a lymphocyte to respond to an antigen, the antigen must A) bind to the DNA of the lymphocyte. B) depolarize the lymphocyte. C) enter the cytoplasm of the lymphocyte. D) be phagocytized by the lymphocyte. E) bind to specific receptors on the lymphocyte surface.
e
Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the mouth because A) it dries out the mouth. B) there is less resistance to air flow. C) it combines olfaction with respiration. D) bacteria won't be inhaled from the oral cavity. E) it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air.
e
Lymphatic vessels being in peripheral tissues and ultimately drain into Lymphatic vessels begin in peripheral tissues and ultimately drain into Question options: A) arteries. B) the kidneys. C) peripheral capillary beds. D) arterioles. E) veins.
e
Modified smooth muscle cells in the wall of the afferent arteriole that secrete renin are called Identify the structure labeled "9." Question options: A) fibrous capsule B) renal pyramid C) renal column D) renal sinus E) renal papilla
e
Pregnant women are encouraged to get flu shots so that the maternal ________ can pass through he placenta to the fetus A) IgM B) IgA C) IgE D) IgD E) IgG
e
Surfactant is produced by what cell type in the alveolus? A) alveolar macrophages B) smooth muscle cells C) pneumocytes Type I and Type II D) pneumocytes Type I E) pneumocytes Type II
e
T and B cell can be activated only by A) disease-causing agents. B) pathogens. C) cells infected with viruses, bacteria, or cancer cells. D) interleukins, interferons, and colony-stimulating factors. E) exposure to a specific antigen at a specific site in a plasma membrane.
e
The ________ delivers urine to a minor calyx. A) distal convoluted tubule B) nephron loop (loop of Henle) C) ureter D) renal corpuscle E) papillary duct
e
The ________ is a capillary bed that parallels the nephron loop (loop of Henle). A) collecting duct B) peritubular capillary bed C) afferent arteriolar bed D) glomerulus E) vasa recta
e
The ________ is shared by the respiratory and digestive systems. A) windpipe B) esophagus C) trachea D) right mainstem bronchus E) pharynx
e
The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of the Question options: A) collecting duct. B) nephron loop (loop of Henle). C) proximal convoluted tubule. D) distal convoluted tubule. E) nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct.
e
The beating of the cilia of the respiratory passages in the direction of the pharynx forms a(n) A) increased surface area for gas exchange. B) smooth slick surface allowing particles to slide. C) debris filter. D) respiratory rhythmicity center. E) mucus escalator.
e
The cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the Question options: A) renal sinus. B) renal cortex. C) renal medulla. D) renal papilla. E) renal pelvis.
e
The efferent arteriole of a nephron divides to form a network of capillaries within the cortex called the ________ capillaries. A) cortical B) efferent C) glomerular D) vasa recta E) peritubular
e
The excretory functions of the urinary system are performed by the The excretory functions of the urinary system are performed by the Question options: A) urethra. B) urinary bladder. C) glomerulus. D) ureters. E) kidneys.
e
The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the A) T cells. B) plasma cells. C) NK cells. D) B cells. E) phagocytes.
e
Urine is carried from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body by the A) collecting duct. B) convoluted tubule. C) ureter. D) glomerulus. E) urethra.
urethrae
Macrophages include A) Kupffer cells. B) eosinophils. C) monocytes. D) neutrophils. E) both neutrophils and eosinophils.
E
immunoglobulins that are the first antibody to be produced in response to infection, are A) IgA. B) IgD. C) IgE. D) IgG. E) IgM.
E
The outermost layer of the kidney is the A) renal medulla. B) renal pelvis. C) fibrous capsule. D) renal cortex. E) major calyx.
c
Identify the structure labeled "1." A) afferent lymphatic vessel B) arteriole C) venule D) lymphatic nodule E) efferent lymphatic vessel
A
B cells are primarily activated by the activities of A) macrophages. B) helper T cells. C) plasma cells. D) antigens. E) antibodies.
B
Where does secretion mostly occur? A) 1 B) 5 C) 4 D) 2 E) 3
B
During a primary humoral response to antigens all of the following occur except A) B cells may differentiate into plasma cells immediately. B) antibody levels do not peak until 1 to 2 weeks after the initial exposure. C) neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances. D) B cells may undergo several rounds of mitosis before producing plasma cells and memory cells. E) the first immunoglobulins to appear in circulation are of the IgM type.
c
During quiet breathing, A) inspiration is passive and expiration involves muscular contractions. B) only the internal intercostal muscles contract. C) inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive. D) both inspiration and expiration are passive. E) both inspiration and expiration involve muscular contractions.
c
Frank was bitten by a rattlesnake and received anti-venom containing neutralizing antibodies. Frank received ________ immunity and he ________ long-term immunity as a result. A) naturally acquired active immunity; will not have B) naturally acquired active immunity; will have C) artificially acquired passive immunity; will not have D) artificially acquired passive immunity; will have E) naturally acquired passive immunity; will have
c
HIV that causes the disease known as AIDs selectively infects ________ cells A) B B) cytotoxic T C) helper T D) suppressor T E) plasma
c
Helper T cells do all of the following except A) enhance nonspecific defenses. B) trigger B-cell division, plasma cell maturation, and antibody production. C) provide a rapid response to a future exposure to the antigen. D) attract macrophages to the affected area. E) enhance production of memory and cytotoxic T cells.
c
Hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is high is A) equal to hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is low. B) equal to hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when pH is low. C) less than hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is low. D) equal to hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when pH is high. E) greater than hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is low.
c
Hypoventilation leads to A) lactic acidosis. B) metabolic acidosis. C) respiratory acidosis. D) metabolic alkalosis. E) respiratory alkalosis.
c
Identify the structure labeled "4." A) ureter B) major calyx C) minor calyx D) renal pelvis E) renal column
c
If the dorsal respiratory group of neurons in the medulla oblongata were destroyed bilaterally, A) tidal volumes would decrease. B) the respiratory minute volume would increase. C) a person would stop breathing. D) alveolar ventilation would increase. E) pulmonary ventilation would increase markedly.
c
Immunity that results from antibodies that pass through the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity. A) naturally acquired active B) artificially acquired passive C) naturally acquired passive D) artificially acquired active E) innate
c
Immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are A) IgA. B) IgD. C) IgE. D) IgG. E) IgM.
c
In the renal corpuscle, the visceral layer is a layer of specialized cells called A) macula densa cells. B) tubular cells. C) podocytes. D) juxtaglomerular cells. E) glomerulocytes.
c
Low partial pressure of oxygen in tissues is a condition called A) lung cancer. B) emphysema. C) hypoxia. D) asthma. E) ischemia.
c
Modified smooth muscle cells in the wall of the afferent arteriole that secrete renin are called A) podocytes. B) macula densa cells. C) juxtaglomerular cells. D) extraglomerular mesangial cells. E) principal cells.
c
Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is A) dissolved in plasma. B) in ionic form as solute in the plasma. C) bound to hemoglobin. D) bound to the same protein as carbon dioxide. E) carried by white blood cells.
c
Nephrons located close to the medulla with long nephron loops are called ________ nephrons. A) juxtaglomerular B) cortical C) juxtamedullary D) Henle E) vasa recta
c
Newborns gain their immunity initially from A) contact with viruses and bacteria. B) breast milk. C) antibodies passed across the placenta from the mother. D) contact with siblings. E) early immunizations during routine neo-natal check-ups.
c
Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney can do all of the following except A) produce powerful vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles. B) produce renal ischemia. C) increase the glomerular filtration rate. D) trigger renin release. E) reduce blood flow to kidneys.
c
The Hering-Breuer reflex A) alters pulmonary ventilation when the PCO2 changes. B) functions to increase ventilation with changes in blood pressure. C) protects the lungs from damage due to overinflation. D) is an important aspect of normal, quiet breathing. E) alters pulmonary ventilation when the PO2 changes.
c
The amount of potassium excreted by the kidneys is regulated mainly by A) atrial natriuretic peptides. B) glucocorticoids. C) aldosterone. D) ADH. E) parathormone.
c
The cells directly responsible for cellular immunity are the ______________________ cells A) dendritic B) suppressor T C) cytotoxic T D) helper T E) plasma
c
The filtration barrier in the renal corpuscle consists of which three layers? A) fenestrations, matrix, and foot processes B) podocyte filtration slits, matrix cells in the glomerulus, and extraglomerular mesangial cells C) fenestrated endothelium of glomerulus, basement membrane of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits D) basement membrane of glomerulus, foot processes, and capsular outer layer E) filtration slits, foot processes, and slit pores
c
The following are steps in the cell-mediated immune response. What is the correct sequence for these steps?1. Several cycles of mitosis occur.2. Antigen is engulfed and presented by a macrophage.3. Cytotoxic T cells migrate to focus of infection.4. T cells with specific receptors recognize the antigen.5. T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells or T memory cells.6. Cytotoxic T cells release perforin and/or lymphotoxin. A) 4, 1, 5, 3, 6, 2 B) 3, 2, 4, 1, 5, 6 C) 3, 6, 4, 5, 1, 2 D) 1, 2, 4, 5, 3, 6 E) 2, 4, 1, 5, 3, 6
e
The majority of renal innervation is by the A) somatic nervous system. B) vagus nerve. C) parasympathetic nervous system. D) enteric nervous system. E) sympathetic nervous system.
e
The mechanism for producing a concentrated urine involves all of the following except A) an increase in facultative water reabsorption. B) aquaporins being inserted into the membranes of the collecting duct cells. C) the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the posterior pituitary gland. D) a high concentration of NaCl in the interstitial fluid that surrounds the collecting ducts. E) obligatory water reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule.
e
The process by which antibodies bind to antigenic sites on viruses or toxins, rendering them incapable of binding to other cells, is called The process by which antibodies bind to antigenic sites on viruses or toxins, rendering them incapable of binding to other cells, is called Question options: A) opsonization. B) activation. C) agglutination. D) precipitation. E) neutralization.
e
The release of atrial naturetic peptides from the heart will cause the body to A) conserve sodium ions. B) decrease ECF. C) conserve sodium ions and decrease ECF. D) excrete potassium ions. E) excrete sodium ions and decrease ECF.
e
The urinary system does all of the following except Question options: A) eliminating organic waste products. B) regulating blood volume. C) regulating plasma concentrations of electrolytes. D) helping to stabilize blood pH. E) excreting excess albumin molecules
e
Urine is temporarily stored in the A) kidney. B) urethra. C) trigone. D) ureter. E) urinary bladder.
e
When the pH rises above 7.45, a state of ________ exists. A) ptosis B) apotheosis C) hydrosis D) acidosis E) alkalosis
e
Which hormone(s) is released by heart muscle in response to excessive chamber volume? A) PTH B) ADH C) acetylcholine D) aldosterone E) natriuretic peptides
e
Which is not a way that antigen-antibody complexes may cause elimination of the antigen? A) neutralization B) opsonization C) activation of complement D) enhancing phagocytosis E) sensitization
e
________ involves active inspiratory and expiratory movements and calls on accessory muscles to assist with inhalation, while exhalation involves contraction of the internal intercostal muscles and sometimes abdominal muscles, too. A) Eupnea B) Vital breathing C) Costal breathing D) Passive breathing E) Forced breathing
e
air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is A) equal to the pressure in the atmosphere. B) less than the pressure in the atmosphere. C) less than intrapulmonic pressure. D) greater than intraalveolar pressure. E) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.
e
all of the following are characteristics of adaptive defenses except A) versatility. B) tolerance. C) specificity. D) memory. E) present at birth.
e
the lymphatic system is composed of all of the following except A) the spleen. B) lymph nodes. C) lymphatic vessels. D) lymph. E) the venae cavae.
e
the primary lymphoid tissues include A) the bone marrow. B) the lymph nodes and tonsils. C) the bone marrow, thymus, spleen and lymph nodes. D) the thymus. E) the bone marrow and thymus.
e
various types of macrophages are derived from A) lymphocytes. B) basophils. C) neutrophils. D) eosinophils. E) monocytes.
e
The main force that causes filtration in a nephron is A) reabsorption in proximal convoluted tubule pulls filtrate from blood. B) osmotic pressure of the urine. C) blood colloid osmotic pressure. D) capsular hydrostatic pressure. E) glomerular hydrostatic pressure
e.
lymph nodes do all of the following except A) remove excess nutrients from the lymph. B) remove debris and pathogens from the lymph. C) accumulate cancer cells. D) monitor the contents of lymph.
remove excess nutrients from the lymph
