Bio 2301 Digestion and Nutrition Review
Gastric Mixing changes a bolus into
Chyme
Which enzyme functions at the lowest pH?
pepsin
What is the final product of Proteins after complete digestion?
Amino Acids
Normal bacterial flora in the large intestine are responsible for the production of vitamins ______ and ______
B & K
______ stimulates the production of enzyme rich pancreatic juice
CCK
The intestinal phase of digestion involves both the intestinal reflex and the release of two primary hormones:
CCK Secretin
The three phases of gastric secretion are:
Cephalic Gastric Intestinal
Motility and secretion in the stomach happens in the
Cephalic Phase
Inside the intestinal epithelial cells, triglycerides are wrapped with other proteins to form ______ that enter the lymphatic system.
Chylomicrons
When chyme enters the duodenum, gastric secretion (Increases/Decreases)?
Decreases
Bile from the liver AND digestive juices from the pancreas enter which section of the small intestine?
Duodenum
What is the main difference between the fat absorption and amino acid/monosaccharide absorption?
Fat Absorption: Happens to lymph capillaries Amino Acid/Monosaccharide absorption: Happens in blood (Portal circulation)
What are the three primary hormones that participate in the regulation of the processes of digestion?
Gastrin Secretin Cholecystokinin (CCK)
G Cells
Gastrin ~ Stimulate movement of stomach and production of HCl
(ECL) Enterochromaffin-like cells
Histamine ~ Increased HCl production
Parietal Cells
Intrinsic Factor ~ Absorption of Vitamin B12 HCl ~ Stimulates Pepsinogen to produce Pepsin
Bile is produced by the
Liver
Acid Reflux into the esophagus is normally prevented by the
Lower Esophageal Sphincter
The Physiological process of swallowing is coordinated by the center found in the
Medulla
Fats/Lipids
Monoglycerides and Fatty Acids
What is the final product of Carbohydrates after complete digestion?
Monosaccharides
Surface and Neck Cells
Mucous ~ Protect stomach from acid
Chemical digestion of Carbohydrates begins in the ______ by the ______ ______ ______
Oral Cavity (Mouth) Salivary Amylase Enzyme
The ______ is a mixed gland with endocrine and exocrine functions that produces the majority of digestive enzymes.
Pancreas
Chief Cells
Pepsin ~ Digestion of Proteins
Involuntary muscle contractions which move a bolus through the gastrointestinal tract are called
Peristalsis
______ stimulates the production of bicarbonate rich pancreatic juice
Secretin
From External to Internal, the layers of the stomach are:
Serosa Muscularis Submucosa Mucosa
90% of absorption happens in the
Small Intestine
Protein Digestion begins where in the digestive tract?
The Stomach
What stimulates the cephalic phase of gastric secretion?
Thought, smell, sight, and taste
What is the function of bile?
To emulsify fat (Making fat water-soluble)
The Physiological function of the mucous in the stomach is
To protect the stomach from the Acid
The process of moving substances through the epithelial cells that line the GI tract into the blood or lymph is called
absorption
What cells in the stomach secrete pepsinogen?
chief cells
Bile is stored in the
gallbladder
Gastrin functions to increase the production of ______ in the stomach
hydrochloric acid (HCl)
Secretin Hormone released from the Duodenum in response to the presence of ______ in chyme
hydrochloric acid (HCl)
The enzyme pepsin is formed from pepsinogen through the action of ______
hydrochloric acid (HCl)
Parietal cells of the gastric glands in the stomach produce ______ and ______
hydrochloric acid (HCl) Intrinsic Factor
The ______ phase inhibits gastric secretion
intestinal
What is necessary for Vitamin B12 absorption?
intrinsic factor
What is secreted by parietal cells?
intrinsic factor and HCl
Secretin and CCK are hormones that are secreted from the
small intestine
Gastrin is secreted from the
stomach