bio 3380 final

Many E. coli promoters have two consensus DNA sequences that consist of a(n)

-10 and -35 region

The probability that a plasmid with copy number 5 will be cured is ____________________.

1/512

The most commonly used RNA molecule for prokaryotic evolutionary studies is

16S

The NAD+/NADH ratio of a fermenting bacterium is approximately _____________.

2:1

How would the DNA sequence 5'-TCGGCAATATC-3' be transcribed? A. 5'-GTAATGCCGAT-3' B. 5'-AGCCGTTATAG-3' C. 5'-AGCCGUUAUAG-3' D. 5'-GAUAUUGCCGU-3'

A

___________________ is movement in response to oxygen.

Aerotaxis

Biofilms are A. a protective mode of bacterial growth B. are inherently resistant to antibiotics C. a structure community of bacterial cells attached to a substrate D. B and C E. All of the above

All of the above

All of the following are components of innate immunity EXCEPT: A. skin B. Lysozyme C. Antibodies D. Complement

Antibodies

Psychrophiles would be found in which environment.

Arctic tundra

Which of these statements about the generation of ATP by chemiosmosis is FALSE? A. Passing electrons through an electron transport chain generates proton motive force (PMF). B. A proton motive force (PMF) includes a transmembrane concentration gradient of protons, with a high concentration of protons on the outside of the cell. C. A proton motive force (PMF) generates ATP from ADP as protons flow out of the cell through ATPase pores in the membrane. D. A proton motive force (PMF) can do other cellular work in addition to generating ATP. E. In aerobic respiration, oxygen gas is the terminal electron acceptor of the electron transport chain.

C. A proton motive force (PMF) generates ATP from ADP as protons flow out of the cell through ATPase pores in the membrane.

The device that Ivanovsky use to definitively show that entities smaller than bacteria cause disease was called ________________________.

Chamberland filter

____________ describes a relationship in which one organism benefits while the other is not affected.

Commensalism

Which is true for Sigma S (σS). A. Recognizes TTGACA-17 bp- TATATT B. Is active during logarithmic growth C. Regulates 10-20 genes D. Controls gene expression during stress E. A and D

Controls gene expression during stress

The RNA primer for DNA replication is removed by:

DNA pol I

The ________________________ protein binds to specific sequences at the oriC and is a positive regulator of DNA replication initiation.

DnaA

Structures on the surface of bacteria used in surface motility. A. LPS B. flagella C. glycocalyx D. pili E. B and D

E.

Which of the following is true about a prion? A. An infectious particle made of protein and nucleic acid B. The infectious form is mostly composed of beta sheets C. Causes disease by enzymatically modifying proteins D. There is acure for prion diseases E. B and C

E.

Which of the following can NOT be used to sanitize a surface? A. 70% ethanol B. 121°C for 15 min at 15 psi C. Halogens D. uv light E. all can be used

E. all can be used

_____________________is the protein that polymerizes at mid-cell and forms a constricting ring during cell division.

FtsZ

What is a potential fate of pyruvate in a microbe that uses fermentation?

It is reduced to lactic acid.

The pentose phosphate pathway produces two molecules of _________________ that can be used in reductive biosynthetic reactions.

NADPH

Which virus packages an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase into the virion?

Negative polarity ssRNA viruses

Conserved molecules that are present in pathogens but not host cells and are recognized by the innate immune system are called ________________________.

PAMP

Penicillin can kill bacteria because it interferes with __________.

Peptidoglycan synthesis

Which of the following proteins is not found in the cytoplasmic membrane of a bacterial cell? A. Porins B. Transport proteins C. Proteins for synthesis of peptidoglycan D. Proteins for energy generation

Porins

Peptide bond formation is catalyzed by the _______________________ component of the ribosome.

RNA

The site of interaction between the ribosome and mRNA that initiates translation is called the:

Shine-Dalgarno sequence

________ is found only in the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria.

Techoic acid

Which of the following is the best definition of fermentation? A. The reduction of glucose to pyruvate B. The complete catabolism of glucose to CO2 and H2O C. The production of ATP from glucose D. The oxidation of a carbohydrate with organic molecules serving as final electron acceptors

The oxidation of a carbohydrate with organic molecules serving as final electron acceptors

All of the following are uses of the pmf EXCEPT: A. ATP synthesis via the F1F0 ATPase B. Turn flagella C. Transport across the outer membrane D. Maintain intracellular pH

Transport across the outer membrane

Which of the following statements about viruses is FALSE? A. Viruses can contain DNA or RNA genomes. B. Viruses multiply inside living cells using viral mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes. C. The nucleic acid of a virus is always surrounded by a protein coat. D. The nucleocapsid of an enveloped virus is surrounded by a host-derived membrane.

Viruses multiply inside living cells using viral mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes.

Which of the following statements about DNA is TRUE? A. Enzymes are not required for DNA replication. B. When DNA replicates, the two resulting double-stranded DNA molecules each contain one strand from the original DNA molecule. C. Watson and Crick determined the structure of DNA in the mid-1800s. D. The two strands of a DNA molecule are fastened to each other via covalent bonds.

When DNA replicates, the two resulting double-stranded DNA molecules eachcontain one strand from the original DNA molecule.

In microbial metabolism, nitrate may be used for accepting electrons in the

absence of oxygen

Quorum sensing systems often use _______________ to determine cell density.

acyl homoserine lactones

In DNA replication, the unwinding begins at DNA rich in ___________ and _______________________nucleotides.

adenosine (A) thymidine (T)

In microorganisms that can synthesize all their cellular components, there is a central core of metabolic pathway(s) consisting of A. glycolysis B. tricarboxylic acid cycle C. pentose phosphate pathway D. all of the above E. none of the above

all of the above

Phospholipids are found in: A. Archaea membranes B. outer membrane C. inner membrane D. all of the above E. B and C

all of the above

Which of these statements about the following reaction is true? CH3-CH2OH + NAD+ ⇒ CH3-CHO + NADH A. NAD+ is reduced to produce NADH B. Ethanol is oxidized to form acetaldehyde C. Acetaldehyde is more oxidized than ethanol D. All of the above are true E. None of the above are true

all of the above

___________ involves a change in an enzyme conformation by binding of a ligand to a region distinct from the active site.

allosteric regulation

Transport across the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria is

always passive

Nitrogen fixation is the process that converts molecular nitrogen to __________.

ammonia

A difference between archaea and eubacteria is:

archaea have ether linked lipids; eubacteria do not.

Component of bacterial RNA polymerase that possesses DNA polymerase activity.

beta subunit

A plasmid vector with a single origin of replication that is capable of replicating in bacteria from more that one genera is called a

broad host range vector

The ________________________ is the protein coat of a virus.

capsid

The enzyme lysozyme which is found in human tears helps protect the eyes from bacterial infection. Lysozyme damages bacteria by:

cleaving the β-1,4 linkage of the peptidoglycan polymer

_______ is an example of a blood protein involved in humoral immunity.

complement or antibody or antimicrobial peptides

Bacteria of the Bacillus genus are known to produce _________________ in order to persist through harsh conditions.

endospores

The three domains of life are:

eubacteria, archaea, eukarya

Mobilizable plasmids require a self-transmissible "helper" plasmid because they lack which of the following?

genes that encode the sex pilus

Some parts of your body normally harbor a thriving community of bacteria, but some parts are normally bacteria-free. Therefore, you should be concerned if your doctor finds bacteria thriving:

in your blood

Mutations decreasing the promoter strength of RNA I will _____________________ the copy number of ColE1 plasmid.

increase

The first example of quorum sensing discovered by Hastings involved Vibrio fischeri regulating ____________________ production.

light

In protein synthesis, the codon, which is part of the ____________ molecule, binds with the anticodon, which is part of the _____________ molecule.

mRNA ... tRNA

___________________ are archaea that use H2 as an electron donor and CO2 as an electron acceptor.

methanogens

_________ is the minimum amount of antibiotic required to inhibit growth of a bacterium

minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)

Bacteria that are pink (red) after Gram staining are Gram ____________________.

negative

The molecule sensed by legumes that initiate root nodule formation is

nod factor

Several genes that are transcribed in the same direction and share the same promoter are called a(n) ________________.

operon

The periplasm is a(n) __________________.

oxidizing environment

The rigidity and shape of the bacterial cell is due to the

peptidoglycan layer

A bacterium is flagellated with flagella inserted at many points around the cell surface. What is this type of flagellation called?

peritrichous

In two-component regulatory systems a signal is relayed to the response regulator by

phosphorylation.

The major role of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in a fermenting bacterium is to provide:

precursor metabolites

If E. coli were grown in a medium containing radioactive sulfur (35S), the 35S would be found in which of the following molecules:

proteins

Protein involved in transcriptional termination.

rho

Small protein that associates with bacterial RNA polymerase to facilitate promoter recognition and is released during transcription.

sigma factor

What happens to ATP synthesis if the electron transport chain is stopped by addition of an inhibitor?

synthesis will stop due to the lack of protons outside the cell membrane.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is associated with:

the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.

If ΔG is positive

the reaction in endergonic and requires the input of energy.

Koch's postulates are the rules by which scientists prove that a particular organism causes a particular disease. Which of the following does NOT belong with Koch's postulates? A. the suspected pathogen must be present in diseased but not healthy organisms B. the suspected pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host C. a healthy host inoculated with the suspected pathogen also becomes diseased D. the suspected pathogen must be reisolated from a newly inoculated, diseased host E. the suspected pathogen must cause disease in multiple hosts

the suspected pathogen must cause disease in multiple hosts

T cells are produced in the

thymus

If you were abducted by alien microbiologists they could likely culture a representative of all three domains of life from you.

true

The ________________________ hypothesis has gained favor recently as the mechanism for HIV transmission from chimpanzees to humans.

zoonotic or bushmeat