BIO 345 Exam 2
Which of the graphs below depicts a genotype x environment interaction? A. (b) B. (c) C. (a) D. all graphs depict a genotype x environment interaction
A. (b)
A woman has a son with her first partner, and that son has a son of his own-the grandchild of the original woman. The original woman also has a son with a second partner, who also grows up to have another son; a second grandchild. What is the relatedness between the grandchildren, A. 0.0625 B. 0.25 C. 0.125 D. 0.875 E. 2
A. 0.0625
Use the life history table above to answer the following question. An individual of this species produces an average of __________ offspring in their 2nd year, has __________ probability of surviving to age 3 and has a lifetime reproductive success of _________. A. 1; 25%; 1 B. 1; 25%; 3 C. 0.5; 2%; 3 D. 0.5; 2%; 1
A. 1; 25%; 1
In which situation would you find parent-offspring conflict? A. A goat weaning her two kids off milk B. Fish mass spawning offspring upstream in a river C. A male lion becomes head of the pride and kills cubs sired by his predecessor D. Meerkats teaching their young to hunt
A. A goat weaning her two kids off milk
For two loci that are very close to each other on a chromosome, how might they show signatures of selection? A. A selective sweep would cause linkage disequilibrium between the gene selected for and nearby loci, reducing variation in the area around the gene B. Recombination erodes the linkage disequilibrium between loci that are next to each other, increasing variation in the area around the gene C. A selective sweep would cause linkage disequilibrium between the gene selected for and nearby loci, increasing variation in the area around the gene D. Recombination increases linkage equilibrium between loci that are next to each other, decreasing variation in the area around the gene
A. A selective sweep would cause linkage disequilibrium between the gene selected for and nearby loci, reducing variation in the area around the gene
In a population of birds where there is an evolutionary stable strategy (ESS) with respect to foraging (feeding) behavior, what is an example of the strategies we might observe when they are feeding? A. All of the birds in the population always start fights if another bird gets too close, or all the birds always share food, give or take a few rare instances. B. Some of the birds might start a fight if another gets close, and others will share their food with a neighbor. C. On some days, all of the birds start a fight if another gets close, and the other days they all share their food with a neighbor.
A. All of the birds in the population always start fights if another bird gets too close, or all the birds always share food, give or take a few rare instances.
Cis-regulatory and trans-regulatory elements are important for evolutionary changes to morphology because A. Changes to the loci acted on by cis- and trans- regulatory elements affects which genes are expressed, how much, and when B. Cis- and trans- regulatory elements evolve rapidly C. Mutations in cis- and trans- regulatory elements can create novel proteins D. Mutations to cis- and trans- regulatory elements can alter the genotype without affecting the phenotype
A. Changes to the loci acted on by cis- and trans- regulatory elements affects which genes are expressed, how much, and when
The mutation shown in the figure involve a transformation of one structure into another structure. What are these types of mutations called? A. homeotic mutations B. transversions C. synonymous mutations D. frameshift mutations E. Inversions
A. Homeotic mutations
In which situation would you expect the interacting parties not to cooperate? A. Individuals are unlikely to encounter each other again in the future. B. An individual that provides assistance in the present will in turn be assisted in the future. C. The individuals have a history of repeated social interactions. D. The individuals are closely related. E. Individuals are part of a social group in which noncooperating individuals are punished.
A. Individuals are unlikely to encounter each other again in the future.
Which statement about natural selection is true? A. It can have an evolutionary effect only if phenotypic differences are heritable. B. It is the same as evolution. C. It acts directly on genotypes. D. Changes in allele frequencies can occur only because of natural selection. E. It always results in reduced genetic variation.
A. It can have an evolutionary effect only if phenotypic differences are heritable.
In the sexual selection simulation you looked at what happens if some organisms can evolve preferences for some traits, even when those traits have no intrinsic effect on the fitness of the organisms. What happened to the size of the organisms over time when you set the LEK-SIZE to 2 or even as high as 10 (really intense sexual selection)? A. It remained unchanged B. It increased rapidly C. lt decreased rapidly
A. It remained unchanged
Which of these would be considered a cis-regulatory element for a gene? A. Methylation of DNA preventing transcription B. A region of DNA sequence upstream of a gene where transcription factors bind C. A DNA binding protein that functions to repress transcription D. A protein that binds to an enhancer to activate gene expression E. a ribosome that translates a mRNA sequence to produce a transcription factor
A. Methylation of DNA preventing transcription
The breeder's equation shows that the rate of evolution depends on the strength of heritability, and the strength of directional selection. Evolution can be expected when: A. S is negative, and h^2 is 1 B. S is > 0 and h^2 < 0 C. S is equal to 0, and h^2 is > 0 D. S is not equal to 0, and h^2 is 0
A. S is negative, and h^2 is 1
Why did industrial melanism in the peppered moth, Biston betularia, help convince researchers that the intensity of natural selection can be very strong? A. The dark-colored allele increased in frequency very rapidly in multiple populations and later decreased rapidly after the environment changed. B. The dark-colored morph drove the light-colored morph to extinction. C. Birds were unable to prey on the moths once they acquired their color adaptations. D. The moth population exploded, covering England with moths during the Industrial Revolution. E. Natural selection maintained constant proportions of the color alleles in the population, despite rapid environmental change brought about by the Industrial Revolution.
A. The dark-colored allele increased in frequency very rapidly in multiple populations and later decreased rapidly after the environment changed.
Which observation is inconsistent with Haeckel's idea that "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny"? A. The pharyngeal clefts and branchial arches of embryonic mammals and reptiles never acquire the form seen in adult fish. B. All tetrapod embryos display pharyngeal clefts, a notochord, segmentation, and paddlelike limb buds. C. Snakes and legless lizards develop "leg buds" as embryos, only to have them reabsorbed prior to hatching. D. In reptile embryos, two bones develop into the articular bones of the hinge of the jaw, while these same bones become the hammer and anvil of the inner ear in marsupials. E. The backbone
A. The pharyngeal clefts and branchial arches of embryonic mammals and reptiles never acquire the form seen in adult fish.
Two semelparous species of fish lay about 100 eggs when reproducing. One reaches reproductive age a year before the other. Assuming there is no competition for resources in the lake they inhabit (population density is low), which species has higher fitness? A. The species that reproduces earlier has higher fitness, as their genes will spread faster B. The species that reproduces later has higher fitness as they also live longer C. Both have the same fitness as they lay the same number of eggs
A. The species that reproduces earlier has higher fitness, as their genes will spread faster
A gene can appear to move from one spot in the genome to another, a phenomenon called gene trafficking. How is this related to the death of a gene? A. When a gene is copied to another part of the genome, the copy at the old location might "die" (disappear) B. When a gene moves to another part of the genome, it can't survive there so it "dies" (becomes a pseudogene) C. A deleterious gene might move to a different part of the genome so it does not "die" (undergo purifying selection)
A. When a gene is copied to another part of the genome, the copy at the old location might "die" (disappear)
Which process results in quick bursts of change or speciation followed by long periods of stasis? A. phyletic gradualism B. dynamic stasis C. punctuated equilibrium D. rocket evolution
A. phyletic gradualism
"Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny" is a statement describing: A. ultimate causes of the developmental changes in organism B. proximate causes of the developmental changes in organism
A. ultimate causes of the developmental changes in organism
What type of evidence for the theory of common descent would include the presence of goose bumps in humans? A. vestigial structures B. shared developmental pathways C. DNA similarity D. biogeography
A. vestigial structures
Which mode of chromosomal evolution can create new proteins but also changes genome size? A. None of these options change genome size B. Alloploidy C. Inversions D. Single-nucleotide substitutions E. Alternative splicing
Alloploidy
Amy is wondering how related she is to her half-brother's grandson. Calculate r for her so she can figure it out. A. 0.03125 B. 0.0625 C. 0.125 D. 0.5 E. 2
B. 0.0625 4 mieotic events, 1 recent common ancestor (1/2)^4
Response of a quantitative character to selection will be greatest when heritability is and selection is A. 0.40; 4 B. 0.75; 4 C. 0.60; 4 D. 0.75; 2.5 E. 0.40; 2.5
B. 0.75; 4
Calculate the number of half-brother's grandsons Anne would have to raise to gain more indirect fitness than raising her own child. A. 5 B. 9 C. 4 D. 8
B. 9 Anne's r to her own child = 0.5 Anne's r to the grandchildren = 0.0625, so at least 9 (1 more than 8*0.0625 which = 0.5)
The Red Queen hypothesis is closely tied to the concept of an evolutionary arms race. Which examples below depict an evolutionary arms race? A. An ant colony feeds its fungus garden, and the fungus garden feeds the ants B. A plant evolves toxins that causes a herbivorous beetle population to dwindle, until an allele for a detoxifying chemical spreads through the beetle population C. A butterfly species that is non-toxic mimics the aposematic coloration of a toxic species of butterfly D. An allele that causes female frogs to prefer males with loud calls spreads through a population, so the population evolves to have males with louder and louder calls
B. A plant evolves toxins that causes a herbivorous beetle population to dwindle, until an allele for a detoxifying chemical spreads through the beetle population
Which of the following is a case of altruism? A. A plant releases allelopathic chemicals, harming its competitors and itself. B. A prairie dog gives up a foraging opportunity to keep watch for predators. C. A shrimp digs a burrow that it shares with a goby that keeps watch for predators. D. A baby bird aggressively begs, resulting in less food available to its siblings. E. Individuals in a flock of birds are less susceptible to predators than individuals alone.
B. A prairie dog gives up a foraging opportunity to keep watch for predators.
Which is most likely to cause genome evolution in mammals with small population sizes? A. Purifying selection on synonymous mutations and positive selection on non-synonymous mutations B. Accumulation of synonymous mutations and purifying selection against non-synonymous mutations C. Positive selection on nonsynonymous mutations and accumulation of synonymous mutations D. Purifying selection on synonymous mutations and an accumulation of non-synonymous mutations
B. Accumulation of synonymous mutations and purifying selection against non-synonymous mutations
In an environment that is prone to harsh seasonal environmental fluctuations, what would maximize your fecundity as an iteroparous organism? A. Maturing rapidly to quickly produce offspring B. Delaying your reproduction for more favorable conditions C. Growing larger to produce more offspring D. Reproducing before dying from the environmental stress
B. Delaying your reproduction for more favorable conditions
The height at which green anoles and brown anoles perch in trees overlaps a bit. When brown anoles were introduced to islands inhabited by green anoles, the green anoles evolved a higher number of specialized toe scales in order to perch higher than they previously did when they were the sole species on the island. This is an example of: A. Interference competition B. Ecological character displacement C. Ecological release D. Escape-and-radiate coevolution
B. Ecological character displacement
Which of the following would NOT be an appropriate hypothesis to explain why some species defer reproduction until older age? A. Most individuals live in a high predation environment B. Fecundity is often associated with body mass C. Juvenile survival is low while adult survival is high
B. Fecundity is often associated with body mass
The Red Queen hypothesis is named by paleontologist Leigh Van Valen for the Red Queen whom Alice meets in Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking-Glass. What is the analogy? A. Species who are at the top of a hierarchy (queens) have more resources than those at the bottom (peasants) B. For two species that are in conflict, each species has to run (i.e., evolve) as fast as possible just to stay in the same place (survive) C. You have to outrun your competitors in order to "win" and become "queen"
B. For two species that are in conflict, each species has to run (i.e., evolve) as fast as possible just to stay in the same place (survive)
Which of the following is not a hypothesized advantage of sexual reproduction? A. It helps remove deleterious genes. B. It reduces the chances of producing offspring less fit than the parent. C. It recombines different advantageous alleles and separates them from harmful ones. D. It creates novel combinations of genes. E. It increases resistance to parasites.
B. It reduces the chances of producing offspring less fit than the parent.
An animal lives in an environment where there are few predators, but the population is very dense. They likely have a life-history that is A. r-selected, meaning there is rapid exponential increase in population growth B. K-selected, meaning that the species will likely be well-adapted to crowded conditions C. r-selected, meaning that the ability of individuals to compete with others is favored D. K-selected, meaning high fecundity is favored
B. K-selected, meaning that the species will likely be well-adapted to crowded conditions
Bat wings likely arose from: A. Gradual increases in digit size over time, eventually leading to long wing bones B. Mutation that affects regulation of a single gene (Bmp) C. Multiple simultaneous mutations in bone genes
B. Mutation that affects regulation of a single gene (Bmp)
What is the best explanation for the observation that eukaryotes that seem superficially simple can have much larger genomes (in terms of mass or number of base pairs) than organisms that have complex anatomy, structure, or behavior? A. Animals with simple body plans are adapted for rapid DNA replication. B. Some organisms have a tremendous amount of noncoding DNA, like repetitive sequences. C. Alternative splicing and overlapping genes are rampant among eukaryotes. D. Simpler organisms require more chemical defenses against enemies. E. DNA in the mitochondria and chloroplasts are not counted in these measurements of genome size.
B. Some organisms have a tremendous amount of noncoding DNA, like repetitive sequences.
What is a major difference in the genomes of virus/bacteria vs. plants/animals? A. The genomes of viruses/bacteria have great genetic diversity; those of plants/animals are simpler and less diverse B. The genomes of viruses/bacteria consist almost or entirely of coding sequences; in those of plants/animals most DNA is non-protein coding C. The genomes of viruses/bacteria are typically large; those of plants/animals are smaller
B. The genomes of viruses/bacteria consist almost or entirely of coding sequences; in those of plants/animals most DNA is non-protein coding
Which is an example of Müllerian mimicry? A. A skunk uses white and black as coloration to warn predators that dealing with them will be unpleasant. B. The unpalatable viceroy butterfly mimics the poisonous monarch butterfly. C. Weeds mimic the form and color of an agricultural plant to avoid being weeded by the farmer.
B. The unpalatable viceroy butterfly mimics the poisonous monarch butterfly.
Which pair of traits are least likely to be genetically correlated? A. A morphological trait that works best with a specific behavioral trait B. Two traits whose appearance varies based on the environmental conditions during development C. Two traits that are in linkage disequilibrium with each other D. Two traits that are affected pleiotropically by a single locus E. Two morphological traits that must "fit" or "work" together
B. Two traits whose appearance varies based on the environmental conditions during development
In which of the following scenarios is kin selection least important? A. Many female animals have evolved to produce nutrient-rich secretions that they use to feed their young B. Vampire bats will quickly die without feeding, but they aren't always successful in finding a meal. However, unsuccessful bats ask for and usually receive regurgitated blood from successful members of their roosting group C. Belding's ground squirrel females stay in the same population from birth while males tend to disperse to other groups, females tend to make alarm calls more often than males D. Eusocial animals evolve sterile worker castes
B. Vampire bats will quickly die without feeding, but they aren't always successful in finding a meal. However, unsuccessful bats ask for and usually receive regurgitated blood from successful members of their roosting group
In which case is it better for an organism to reach sexual maturity when it is older? A. When predation is high B. When small individuals have higher mortality than larger ones C. When others in the population reproduce at younger ages D. When population density is low
B. When small individuals have higher mortality than larger ones
Some salamander species retain gills and other larval characteristics throughout adult life. This is an example of A. phenotypic integration B. neoteny C. allometry D. heterozygosity E. canalization
B. neoteny
In the runaway selection simulation, what is not necessary for a trait like turning bias to evolve by sexual selection? A. variation in turning bias B. preference for size C. at least 2 individuals to compare D. preference for turning bias
B. preference for size
Drake wants to know how related he is to his cousin's new baby. Calculate r for him please. A. 0.125 B. 0.03125 C. 0.0625 D. 0.5 E. 2.5
C. 0.0625
Which organism has the narrowest ecological niche? A. A remora that will hitchhike on any species of shark, eating its scraps B. A shark that will eat anything that can fit into its mouth C. A parasitic crab that infects only sea urchins D. A sea urchin that eats several species of algae E. A lobster that eats any type of small, bottom-dwelling shellfish
C. A parasitic crab that infects only sea urchins
Which example does not include a case of phenotypic variance? A. A population of finches has their bill size increased by directional selection B. A population of humans in which individuals differ in height C. A population of bacteria is polymorphic for a single nucleotide polymorphism that resulted from a synonymous mutation D. A genetically uniform population of barnacles express more muscular reproductive organs in wavy environments E. A population of garter snakes with several color patterns use different escape behaviors
C. A population of bacteria is polymorphic for a single nucleotide polymorphism that resulted from a synonymous mutation
Which factors affect linkage disequilibrium between loci? A. Being located close to each other on the same chromosome, or selection on a particular combination of traits that are controlled by different loci B. Being in the same asexually reproducing organism C. All answers are correct D. Selection on a particular combination of traits that are controlled by different loci E. Being located close to each other on the same chromosome
C. All answers are correct
Which of these is not an advantage of asexual reproduction? A. Lack of sexually transmitted diseases B. No need to find a mating partner C. Alleles inherited from different organisms can create novel phenotypes D. All individuals have the potential to reproduce
C. Alleles inherited from different organisms can create novel phenotypes
Which of these describes antagonistic pleiotropy? A. The later in life that a mutation affects fitness, the weaker the selection against that mutation. B. Mating only once in life, then dying. C. Genes that increase reproduction may decrease survival later in life. D. Delaying reproduction until conditions are more favorable. E. Cellular damage that lowers survival and reproduction with age.
C. Genes that increase reproduction may decrease survival later in life.
A researcher studying a member of the Conus genus of cone snails discovers that there are many dozens of slightly different variants of venom proteins coded by closely related genes. What is the most likely explanation for this great variation? [Hint: The compounds likely diversified in a similar way as the multiple globin proteins in mammals did.] A. Concerted evolution resulted in the production of many venom genes, scattered throughout the genome. B. Hybridization between two snail species has left the offspring with multiple orthologous genes. C. Multiple gene duplication events have led to the production of a paralogous multigene family. D. Duplicated genes underwent incomplete gene conversion, leading to many errors in sequence. E. The last common ancestor of all cone snails had a diverse set of venom genes that have been inherited by all cone snails.
C. Multiple gene duplication events have led to the production of a paralogous multigene family.
Which of these provides the selection pressure maintaining sexual reproduction, according to the Red Queen hypothesis? A. Sexual populations have only half the fitness of asexual populations. B. Females are able to choose males with superior genes. C. Pathogens of the sexual organism evolve to overcome the organism's defenses. D. Strains with different beneficial mutations are able to come together during recombination. E. Stabilizing selection maintains a 50:50 sex ratio.
C. Pathogens of the sexual organism evolve to overcome the organism's defenses.
Which of the following statements about asexual organisms is true? A. Asexual organisms can bring together two beneficial mutations that arise in different individuals B. Asexual organisms can unlink deleterious mutations from beneficial ones C. Populations of asexual organisms suffer when the most fit individuals fail to reproduce, causing the population's mean fitness to fall
C. Populations of asexual organisms suffer when the most fit individuals fail to reproduce, causing the population's mean fitness to fall
Bat wings are homologous to the front legs of cats. What does the term homologous mean in this context? A. Both structures are used for the same purpose. B. The common ancestor of bats and cats had limbs that functioned as wings. C. The common ancestor of bats and cats had a limb with a bone structure similar to that found in cat legs and bat wings. D. Bat wings are vestigial legs.
C. The common ancestor of bats and cats had a limb with a bone structure similar to that found in cat legs and bat wings.
What is a "reaction norm?" A. A character that originally developed in response to the environment that has become genetically determined B. The complete set of interacting genes necessary to produce a developmental module C. The complete range of phenotypes that an organism can produce in different environments D. When the effect of environmental differences on the phenotype differs from one genotype to another in a population E. The ability to produce the same structures and morphology, regardless of environmental differences
C. The complete range of phenotypes that an organism can produce in different environments
Pre-eclampsia is a pregnancy complication that is often explained as resulting from parent-offspring conflict. What underlies this conflict? A. The fetus rejects excess resources to assist its siblings. B. The mother wants to provide the fetus with plenty of resources. C. The fetus demands more resources from the mother than would be optimal for her. D. Women gain more fitness (number of descendants) from earlier pregnancies than from later ones. E. Single pregnancies are much more common than multiple pregnancies (i.e., twins).
C. The fetus demands more resources from the mother than would be optimal for her.
Which situation would represent a trade-off between survival and reproduction? A. The production of many offspring results in smaller offspring. B. Mating activity and egg production reduce the longevity of both sexes. C. All listed D. Human parents have less sleep and higher rates of disease infection than nonreproductive individuals. E. Survival to greater age comes at the expense of early reproduction.
C. all listed
Bat wings are a complex adaptation for flight that apparently arose fairly quickly in evolutionary history. Which of the following statements regarding bat wing evolution is false? A. bat wings are a complex adaptation for flight that apparently arose fairly quickly in the fossil record B. scientists studying bat wing development often focus on proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes in the growth plate C. bat wing morphology has changed substantially over the last 50 million years D. in experiments where Bmp growth factors were added during development, bat digits grow longer
C. bat wing morphology has changed substantially over the last 50 million years
The tradeoffs that underlie antagonistic pleiotropy** are due to negative effects of _______ on survival. **hint: make sure you can define this term A. predation B. maximum lifespan C. early reproduction D. competition E. population density
C. early reproduction
Phenotypic variance that is not due to genetic variance can be attributed to A. dominance. B. pleiotropy C. environmental variance. D. linkage disequilibrium. E. epistasis.
C. environmental variance.
Suppose five boats are adrift at sea, each one containing a number of your relatives, and you have the power to save one boat from a dire fate. According to kin selection theory, it would be in the best interest of your genome to save a boat that contains: (hint: sum of the r values and pick the answer with the highest) A. two of your brothers. B. both of your parents. C. one sister, one half-brother, and three cousins. D. seven of your cousins. E. four half-siblings.
C. one sister, one half-brother, and three cousins.
During the life history simulation you first started with the predation at 0.8 and subsequently lowered it to 0. Removing predation caused which of the following variable to increase dramatically? A. Size B. somatic maintenance C. Reproductive investment D. growth investment
C. reproductive investment
Which term defines a relationship with a negative effect on both the actor and recipient? A. Selfish B. Mutualistic C. Spiteful D. Altruistic
C. spiteful
A famous example of allometry, the antlers of the extinct Irish elk ( Megaceros giganteus) A. were expressed at a different position from those of any other deer. B. were smaller, relative to body mass, than those of any other deer. C. were larger, relative to body mass, than those of any other deer. D. grew at the same rate as the deer's body mass. E. were expressed at a different time during ontogeny from those of any other deer.
C. were larger, relative to body mass, than those of any other deer.
The genomes of viruses are very small because A. small genomes are an adaptation that allows for faster copying. B. viruses have evolved only recently. C. of codon bias D. .Both small genomes are an adaptation that allows for faster copying and many viruses utilize the molecular machinery of their host cells. E. many viruses utilize the molecular machinery of their host cells.
D. .Both small genomes are an adaptation that allows for faster copying and many viruses utilize the molecular machinery of their host cells.
Which of these is a "spiteful action"? A. A small child steals food from their baby sibling. B. A weaker student befriends a bully for protection. C. Children socially ostracize a classmate for no apparent reason. D. A student turns in a classmate for cheating and as evidence admits to having cheated himself. E. A student at a track meet intentionally trips one of her competitors.
D. A student turns in a classmate for cheating and as evidence admits to having cheated himself.
What causes differences in life history traits? A. Limits on available resources B. Limits on available resources and declining likelihood of survival over time C. Declining likelihood of survival over time D. All things listed E. Genes that cause a variety of effects on phenotype
D. All things listed
In the figure, the star represents a recent mutation at a gene locus. The letters represent other loci. B Which other locus is most likely to be in linkage disequilibrium with the mutation (all else being equal; assume a sexually reproducing organism)? A. Based on the supplied information, there is equal probability of linkage disequilibrium at all loci. B. D C. A D. C E. B
D. C
Which is an example of subfunctionalization of a gene duplicate? A. Gene duplication leads to new combinations of existing exons, as in the jingwei locus B. A duplicate of a metabolic gene evolves to work as an antifreeze protein in an Arctic fish. C. Retrotransposition of the Alu elements into many positions in the genome D. Duplication of hemoglobin genes allows specialized versions to be expressed in fetus vs. adult. E. A gene is duplicated to a new position in the genome, but its regulatory elements are missing, so it is never expressed.
D. Duplication of hemoglobin genes allows specialized versions to be expressed in fetus vs. adult.
Which of the following is not a cost of sexual reproduction? A. Sexually reproducing species must produce male and female sex organs B. Sexually reproducing species must find and attract mates. C. Sexually transmitted diseases. D. Each child only inherits on half of the mothers genes, instead of all of them. E. Males cannot give birth.
D. Each child only inherits on half of the mothers genes, instead of all of them.
Which of the following is an example of heterotrophy? A. Teeth in a lizard's head resemble each other in morphology B. Axolotls grow to full size but do not undergo metamorphosis, so that they retain many juvenile characteristics C. During human postnatal growth, the head grows at a slower rate than the body while the legs grow at a faster rate D. Entire young plants develop on the leaf margins of the Mother of Thousands
D. Entire young plants develop on the leaf margins of the Mother of Thousands
When a population evolves predator defenses, this reduces selective pressure and can lead to diversification into new species. This is called: A. Interference competition B. Ecological release C. Ecological character displacement D. Escape-and-radiate coevolution
D. Escape-and-radiate coevolution
Humans have 23 chromosome pairs. Other members of the Hominidae, including chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans, have 24. What could have caused this difference? A. Backmutation B. Deletions C. Frameshift mutations D. Fusions E. Inversions
D. Fusions
What is the most likely explanation for the very low fecundity of species such as whales, humans, and elephants? A. All listed B. Density-dependence C. Low probability of offspring survival D. High investment in parental care E. High mobility
D. High investment in parental care
In which example are the proximate cause and the ultimate cause of morphological evolution correctly matched? A. Proximate: point mutations in protein coding genes affect protein function and structure, ultimate: chemical and physical configuration of a protein affect its function B. Proximate: cis-regulatory elements are found upstream of a gene; ultimate: cis regulation is required to activate a gene C. Proximate: natural selection causes morphology to differ among species, ultimate: natural selection prevents morphological variation within a species D. Proximate: changes in gene regulation lead to changes in morphology; ultimate: natural selection favors morphologies that work best in their environment E. Proximate: natural selection favors gene combinations that have high fitness in their environment; ultimate: genetic changes alter morphology and fitness
D. Proximate: changes in gene regulation lead to changes in morphology; ultimate: natural selection favors morphologies that work best in their environment
Which event will not alter an organism's karyotype? A. Chromosome fusion B. Allopolyploidy C. Chromosome fission D. Sequence inversion E. Aneuploidy caused by nondisjunction of chromosomes during meiosis
D. Sequence inversion
Why do the same trans-regulatory elements lead to very different morphology in different species of organisms? A. Different species have genetic codes that use different codons, leading to different amino acid sequences. B. Morphological change depends on sequence mutations in enhancers. C. These regulatory elements have no effect on morphology, only metabolism. D. The transcription factor activates different combinations of enhancers and downstream genes. E. The trans-regulatory elements in different lineages have independently evolved the same sequence, by convergent evolution.
D. The transcription factor activates different combinations of enhancers and downstream genes.
Why do pseudogenes evolve so much more quickly than other genes? A. High rates of recombination in pseudogenes are often subject to unequal crossing over. B. Pseudogenes are processed more quickly because there are no enzymes present to check for replication errors. C. Transposable elements target pseudogenes as a site of insertion. D. They are not subject to purifying selection because mutations have no functional consequence. E. Directional selection causes rapid change in their sequence.
D. They are not subject to purifying selection because mutations have no functional consequence.
which environmental condition is least likely to select for an iteroparous life-history strategy? A. High adult survival rates B. very long life spans C. low rates of population increase D. early reproduction E. young that require parental care
D. early reproduction
Nonrandom associations between alleles at different loci are referred to by which term? A. heterozygosity B. inbreeding depression C. panmictic D. Linkage disequilibrium E. linkage equilibrium
D. linkage disequilibrium
Scientists used DNA similarity to track down the Golden State Killer by comparing crime scene DNA with public databases. We also see that closely related species are more similar in their DNA than distantly related species. Which evolutionary pattern is best described here? A. convergent evolution B. anatomical homology C. fossil record D. molecular homology
D. molecular homology
Ecological character displacement will tend to reduce A. prey vulnerability to predators. B. the intrinsic rate of population growth of a species. C. disease virulence. D. niche overlap between competing species. E. the rate of escape-and-radiate coevolution
D. niche overlap between competing species.
Which of the following is an example of evidence for evolution based on developmental homologies? A. Whale flippers have the same number of bones as human hands B. Bird-like dinosaur fossils have been discovered in China C. Birds and crocodiles have more genes in common that birds and mice, because birds and crocodiles have a more recent common ancestor D. Marsupials are common in Australia but not in North America E. All vertebrate animals have pharyngeal slits early in development
E. All vertebrate animals have pharyngeal slits early in development
Which is an example of aposematism? A. The dominance of a male gorilla is indicated by silver-gray hair on its back. B. Cleaner wrasse sit still in a conspicuous location to advertise that they will eat parasites off of the gills of larger fish. C. The snowshoe hare's coat color helps it effectively hide from predators, D. Eyespots on a moth's wings deceive a predator into believing it is being watched. E. Brightly colored wings on a butterfly warns predators that it is toxic.
E. Brightly colored wings on a butterfly warns predators that it is toxic.
You are in an area famous for the presence for cuckoo birds, and you notice a mother bird kicking eggs out of its nest. What is the most likely explanation? A. Too many eggs attract cuckoo birds and the mother is reducing the threat. B. The bird is sacrificing the eggs to distract the cuckoo birds from its other eggs. C. The mother does not want its offspring to be stolen by the cuckoo birds. D. The bird wants to have fewer offspring to reduce the effort involved with rearing them. E. The bird has recognized an attempt at brood parasitism and is removing the threat.
E. The bird has recognized an attempt at brood parasitism and is removing the threat.
Which of the following describes when mixtures of protein-coding regions from duplicated genes with different functions generate new genes with new functions? A. concerted evolution B. neofunctionalization C. de novo genes D. Subfunctionalization E. exon shuffling
E. exon shuffling
T/F An escalation of attack and defense traits is the only possible outcome of an evolutionary arms race.
false
T/F Daphnia water fleas have evolved to have both sexual and asexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction is favored when the biology and chemistry of the lake is most likely to change across generations, while sexual reproduction is favored when conditions are most stable across generations.
false
Which statement about phenotype is false? A. The phenotype is what the environment acts on B. A behavior is a phenotype C. Phenotypes are typically affected by a single genetic locus D. The phenotype is what natural selection acts on
phenotypes are typically affected by a single genetic locus
T/F The definition of phenotypic plasticity is when a single genotype may produce different phenotypes in response to environmental stimuli
true
T/F The idea behind inclusive fitness is that alleles that cause socially helpful behaviors promote their own fitness by increasing the fitness of those with the same genes for helping behavior.
true
