Bio Ch. 2 part 2

wax

*-Lipids that are highly nonpolar and have a fatty acid linked to the fatty alcohol* -long chained fatty acids -hydrophobic

unsaturated fat

*-Molecule in which some of the carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain of a fatty acid are bound to only a single hydrogen so that the fatty acid does not carry the maximum number of hydrogen atoms.* -may be mono-_____ (if a fatty acid hydrocarbon chain has only one pair of neighboring carbon atoms in an unsaturated state-that is, has only one double bond) -has 2 bonds

quaternary structure

*-Protein molecules in which two or more polypeptide chains are held together by bonds between the amino acids of different chains.* -Hemoglobin, the protein molecule that carries oxygen from the lungs to the cells where it is needed, is made from 4 polypeptide chains, 2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains.

peptide bond

*-a bond in which the amino group of one amino acid is bonded to the carboxyl group of another* -2 amino acids so joined form a dipeptide, several amino acids so joined form a polypeptide.

fatty acids

*-a long chain of hydrocarbon (a chain of carbon-hydrogen molecules) with acidic group* -form the tail region of triglyceride fat molecules

enzyme

*-proteins that initiate and assist every chemical reaction in cells* -made up of proteins -it decreases activation energy acting as a catalyst

lipid

*Compounds that are made primarily from C, H and O, are nonpolar and do not dissolve in water.* -made primarily from atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, like carbohydrates but the atoms are in diff portions. -insoluble in water bc they tend to have long chains of consisting of only carbon and hydrogen atoms, which in contrast to water are non-polar.

denaturation

*The disruption of secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of folded proteins.* -caused by exposure to extreme conditions in the environment such as heat or extreme pH -if a protein loses its shape it also loses its function

carboxyl group (1st bond)

*a carbon bonded w/ 2 oxygen atoms* (one by a single bond and the other by a double bond -the second bond attaches the central carbon to a single hydrogen bond -A carbon bonded to two oxygen atoms.

saturated fat

-*Molecule in which each carbon atom in the hydrocarbon chain of a fatty acid is bonded to two hydrogen atoms, so that the fat carries the maximum number of hydrogen atoms* -each carbon in the hydrocarbon chain is bound to 2 hydrogen atoms. -solid at room temp. -has one bond

cholesterol

-*is an important component of most cell membranes and serves as a precursor of steroid hormones.* -keeps phospholipids together when its cold and apart when its hot

sterol

-a lipid important in regulating growth and development -they include cholesterol and steroid hormones testosterone and estrogen, and all the modifications of a basic structure and 4 interlinked rings of carbon atoms *-Lipids having variations of one basic structure formed from four interlinked rings of carbon atoms.*

glycerol

-a small molecule that forms the head region of a triglyceride fat molecule *The head region of a fat that is a trihydroxy alcohol.*

trans fats

-an unsaturated fat that has been partially hydrogenated (meaning that hydrogen atoms have been added) -Fat containing an unusual orientation of some or all of the double bonds in a fatty acid.

phospholipid

-are a major component of the membrane that surrounds the contents of a cell and controls the flow of chemicals into and out of the cell -hydrophilic -they contain a phosphorous atom and they have 2 fatty acid chains rather than 3 -form the membranes that enclose cells *Lipids that are the main components of the cell membrane and are comprised of glycerol, two fatty acids and a phosphate.*

protein

-are the chief building blocks of tissues in most organisms -one of the 4 types of biological macromolecules; constructed of unique combinations of amino acids that result in unique structures and chemical behavior. -constructed of combinations of amino acids linked together. (amino group, r group and carboxyl group) -contain the same familiar atoms as carbohydrates and lipids- carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, but differ by containing nitrogen -*Polymer of amino acids.*

triglyceride

-fats having 3 fatty acids linked to the glycerol molecule -solid at room temp

amino acids

-one of the 20 molecules built of an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a unique side chain -when arranged differently you get a diff protein -20 known ____ ____ -at the center is a carbon atom with its 4 covalent bods *-A molecule that has a central carbon bonded to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen and a side chain.*

secondary structure

-the corkscrew-like twists or folds formed by hydrogen bonds between amino acids in a polypeptide chain. -*The 3D shape of a segment of a polypeptide, such as a corkscrew-like shape or zig-zag ribbon shape, formed by the hydrogen-bonding pattern.*

fat

-the type of lipid most important in long-term energy storage and insulation -have more energy than carbohydrates

noncompetitive inhibitor

A chemical that reduces an enzyme's activity by binding to an enzyme in a place other than it's active site, and altering the enzyme structure so that shape of the active site changes, and thus reduces or blocks the enzyme's ability to bind the substrate.

competitive inhibitor

A chemical that reduces an enzyme's activity by binding to it's active site, blocking substrate molecules from the same site, and thus from taking part in the reaction.

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A chemical unit made of a molecule of sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nucleobase.

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A chemical unit made of a molecule of sugar (ribose), a phosphate group, and a nucleobase.

nucleotide

A chemical unit made of a molecule of sugar, a phosphate group, and a nucleobase.

base (of DNA)

A nitrogen-containing molecule (A, T, G, C, U).

active site

A pocket on the surface of an enzyme that serves as a place for participants in a chemical reaction to to nestle briefly.

activator

Chemical molecules that bind to an enzyme to turn on its catalytic activity by altering its shape or structure.

inhibitor

Chemicals that bind to enzymes to reduce their catalytic activities in order to regulate metabolic pathways.

trans fat

Fat containing an unusual orientation of some or all of the double bonds in a fatty acid.

sterols

Lipids also include _____, which include cholesterol and many of the sex hormones that play regulatory roles in animals

activation energy

Minimum energy needed to initiate a reaction.

nucleic acid

Molecules that store information and are made up of individual units called nucleotides.

substrate

Reactant molecules acted on by an enzyme.

tertiary structure

The overall 3D shape of the entire polypeptide made from the interactions of secondary structures.

double helix

The spiraling ladder-like structure of DNA composed of two strands of nucleotides.

amino group (3rd bond)

a nitrogen atom bonded to hydrogen atoms (usually 2 or 3)

side chain

determines an amino acid's chemical properties, such as whether the amino acid molecule is polar or non-polar

polyunsaturated

if more than one pair of carbons is unsaturated-there's more than one double bond.

estrogen

influences mood and memory

20 amino acids

make up all of the proteins necessary for growth, repair, and replacement of the tissue in living organisms

hydrophilic

molecules that readily form hydrogen bonds with water

hydrophobic

non-polar molecules (or parts of molecules) that tend to minimize their contact with water.

steroid hormones

regulate sexual development, maturation and sex cell production

testosterone

stimulates muscle growth

primary structure

the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

Fats, sterols, phospholipids

three types of lipids?