Bio Ch. 22 Evolution

how long ago did one single supercontinent, stretching from pole to pole, exist on earth?

250 million years ago

life began on Earth approximately ________ years ago.

3.8 billion years ago

pharyngeal slits in embryos can be used to demonstrate ________.

A common vertebral ancestral line

A particularly harsh winter kills off 90% of the individuals in a population of reindeer. The resulting populations gene pool is no longer representative of the original gene pool. This is an example of ________.

The bottleneck effect

in the year 2317 a group of human pioneers decide to colonize Mars. The distance between Mars and Earth prevents the possibility of new members joining the colony or the members of the colony interbreeding with humans on earth. This situation is an example of

The founder effect

The loss of many marsupials from South America was the result of

The migration of placental mammals from North America into South America, where they outcompeted the marsupials

The bacteria initially persist in the predatory cell because

The predatory cell is unable to digest the bacteria.

which of the following best describes evolutionary "fitness"?

ability to survive and reproduce relative to other members of a population

________ refers to the development of many new species from a single ancestor in a relatively short time.

adaptive radiation

A bird's wing and an insect's wing both evolved for flight, but they evolved from entirely different structures. These wings are examples of

analogous

first in the lineage in the development of humans; ape-like anatomy; sexual dimorphism; walked upright

australopithecus afarensis

which of the following have coexisted with modern Homo sapiens?

both homo neanderthalensis and Homo floresiensis

after a long period of coevolution, the photosynthetic bacteria consumed by the predatory cell became the cellular organelle known as the

chloroplast

vestigial structures, homologous structures, and biochemical similarities all provide evidence of

descent from a common ancestor

cytochrome c oxidase is an enzyme found in countless organisms across the living world. Studying this enzyme is valuable for our understanding of evolution because ________.

differences in cytochrome c oxidase can be used to demonstrate the time frame of divergence between different branches of the evolutionary tree

The evolution of populations due to chance is

genetic drift

The amino acid sequence of the protein cytochrome c is compared between three different species: gray whale, hippo, and elephant. It is found that gray whales differ from hippo by five amino acids, hippo differs from elephant by 12 amino acids, and gray whale differs from elephant by 30 amino acids. From these data, you could hypothesize that ________.

gray whales are most closely related to hippos

decline in sexual dimorphism; formation of hunting and gathering groups that shared food; first in the human line to move from Africa to Europe and Asia

homo erectus

first in the human line to use tools; had a diet that included meat instead of a vegetarian diet

homo habilis

used a spoken language; large brain size; human like anatomy

homo sapiens

The discovery of the new species, homo floresiensis, created controversy among anthropologists because

it had long been assumed that a large brain size was required for sophisticated tool making and complex social organizations

after a long period of coevolution, the aerobic bacterium consumed by the predatory cell became the cellular organelle known as the

mitochondrion

Which of the following agents of microevolution can create new genetic information in a population?

mutation

The most important force in evolution is

natural selection

which of the following agents of microevolution consistently leads to adaptation of organisms to their environment?

natural selection

which of the following can affect the make up of the gene pool within a population?

natural selection, mutation, migration of individuals into or out of a population

The first step in the development of living organisms was the formation of

organic molecules from gases in the atmosphere

Sexual selection is based on

phenotype

which of the following milestones happened first?

photosynthesis evolved

oxygen in earth's atmosphere resulted from ________.

photosynthetic organisms

which one of the following taxonomic categories is defined as a group of organisms that are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring?

species

True or false? With the advent of photosynthesis and the subsequent production of oxygen by photosynthetic organisms, most of the anaerobic organisms present on earth became extinct because oxygen was actually toxic to these organisms.

true

examination of the skeleton of whales shows bones similar to the human pelvic girdle. In whales, these bones would be considered ________.

vestigial structures

The largest mass extinction ever to occur on earth ________.

was the Permian-Triassic extinction