bio ch5 5 Mb

If a strand of DNA has the nitrogen base sequence 5'-ATTTGC-3', what will be the sequence of the matching strand?

3'-TAAACG-5' (Adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine.)

a polypeptide

A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

Which of these is a source of lactose? A) potatoes B) milk c) sugar cane D)sugar beets E) starch

B) milk (Lactose is the sugar found in milk)

Nucleic acid polymers are made up of __________ monomers.

Nucleotide

_____________ fats tails are made of only single bonds

Saturated

True or false? Enzymes in the digestive tract catalyze hydrolysis reactions.

True

Cells use ________ for energy storage

fats

Sucrose is formed when glucose is joined to fructose by a(n) _____________ ____________.

glycosidic linkage

The secondary structure of a protein results from _____.

hydrogen bonds (Electronegative oxygen and nitrogen atoms leave hydrogen atoms with partial positive charges.)

Which of these is rich in unsaturated fats? A. butter B. olive oil C. lard D. beef fat E. a fat that is solid at room temperature

olive oil (Olive oil is a plant oil, and most plant oils are rich in unsaturated fats.)

Carbohydrate polymers are made up of _________ monomers

simple sugar

Cholesterol is a _________

steroid

Fats containing double bonds in one or more tails are called _________ fats

unsaturated

The characteristic that all lipids have in common is that _____

-none of them dissolves in water -(Almost all the covalent bonds in lipids are nonpolar, causing their solubility in water to be extremely low. Lipids are hydrophobic substances.)

proteins are usually described in __ levels of structure because they are so complicated

4

Proteins are polymers of _____.

Amino Acids (Proteins are polymers of amino acids.)

The flow of genetic information in a cell goes from _____ to ______ to _______

DNA to RNA to protein

Both starch and cellulose are __________ polymers, but the glycosidic linkages in these two polymers differ

Glucose

The two strands of a DNA double helix are held together by _____ that form between pairs of nitrogenous bases.

Hydrogen (Nitrogenous base pairs are joined by hydrogen bonds.)

What is the name of the process during which a bond between two monomers is broken?

Hydrolysis (it is the opposite of a condensation reaction. During hydrolysis, a water molecule is used up in the breaking of a bond between two monomers. An H is added to one monomer, and an OH is added to the other.)

Which polymers are composed of amino acids?

Proteins (Proteins are composed of amino acids joined together)

quaternary structure

The fourth level of protein structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits.

___________ fats have double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids.

Unsaturated

Classify these amino acids as acidic, basic, neutral polar, or neutral nonpolar. Drag each item to the appropriate bin.

acidic - NONE basic - arginine neutral polar - glutamine, asparagine neutral nonpolar - alanine

Which functional group can act as a base?

amino

Lactose, the sugar in milk, is a ___________ because it can be split into two monosaccharides.

disaccharide

Enzymes in the digestive tract break down food molecules, which is a process that occurs by ____________

hydrolysis.

A function of cholesterol that does not harm health is its role as a component Of _____________________

animal cell membranes

Steroids are

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

unsaturated fats are normally

liquid at room temperature i.e

Select the statement that is incorrect. a) Complex sugars are carbohydrates. b)All carbohydrates have the general formula Cn(H2O)n c) Simple sugars are carbohydrates. d)Simple sugars contain only carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms

- b)All carbohydrates have the general formula Cn(H2O)n This formula only applies to simple sugars, which are equal parts carbon and water. Complex sugars, which do not have this general formula, are also carbohydrates.

Polymers that contain sugars ... (a) may store hereditary information. (b) may store energy. (c) may protect cells. d. Both (b) and (c). E. (a), (b), and (c).

-All the above A, b and c (Polymers that contain sugars do all the named functions and more. For example, they also lubricate the path of roots through soil and they glue plant cells together.)

Which of the following is not attached to the central carbon atom in an amino acid? A) carboxyl functional group B)An oxygen c) A side chain ("R group") d)An amino functional group

-An oxygen -(The central carbon atom in an amino acid is bonded to an amino functional group, a carboxyl functional group, a side chain, and hydrogen._

A hydrophobic amino acid R group (side group) would be found where in a protein?

-on the inside of the folded chain, away from water -(Hydrophobic R groups are nonpolar. By orienting within the folded chain they associate with other nonpolar R groups or side chains and avoid coming into contact with water.)

Some regions of a polypeptide may coil or fold back on themselves. This is called _____, and the coils or folds are held in place by _____.

-secondary structure ... hydrogen bondsSecondary --(structure is the localized folding and/or coiling of the primary structure of a polypeptide. It results from hydrogen bonding between atoms of the polypeptide backbone.)

A dehydration reaction (or condensation reaction) is the process in which _____.

-water molecules are produced as a polymer is formed (Monomers are joined together in a reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a water molecule; this is called a condensation reaction or, specifically, a dehydration reaction.)

Which of the following pairs of base sequences could form a short stretch of a normal double helix of DNA? A) 5'-purine-pyrimidine-purine-pyrimidine-3' with 3'-purine-pyrimidine-purine-pyrimidine-5' B) 5'-AGCT-3' with 5'-TCGA-3' C) 5'-GCGC-3' with 5'-TATA-3' d) 5'-ATGC-3' with 5'-GCAT-3' E) all are correct

5´-ATGC-3´ with 5´-GCAT-3´

If a DNA double helix is 100 nucleotide pairs long and contains 25 adenine bases, how many guanine bases does it contain?

75 guanine bases (100 nucleotide pairs are a total of 200 nucleotides. Because of base pairing, if there are 25 adenine there must also be 25 thymine. This leaves 200-50 = 150 nucleotides to be divided evenly between guanine and cytosine.)

Which of the following statements about the formation of polypeptides from amino acids is true? a) A bond forms between the carboxyl functional group of one amino acid and the amino functional group of the other amino acid. b) A bond can form between any carbon and nitrogen atom in the two amino acids being joined. c) Polypeptides form by condensation or hydrolysis reactions d) The reaction occurs through the addition of a water molecule to the amino acids.

A bond forms between the carboxyl functional group of one amino acid and the amino functional group of the other amino acid.

Which molecule is a nucleotide? A) Deoxyribose B) ATP C) The amino acid glycine

ATP (A nucleotide consists of three parts: a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and one or more phosphate groups. ATP consists of a nitrogenous base (adenine), a pentose sugar, and three phosphate groups.)

The composition of an __________ R group characterizes whether that amino acid is neutral (polar or nonpolar), acidic, or basic, and determines how it interacts in cells. Arginine, with its reactive R group, is often found at the active sites of enzymes, where it participates in chemical reactions.

Amino acids r group

Which of the following categories includes all others in the list? (A) disaccharide (B) polysaccharide (C) starch (D) carbohydrate

Carbohydrate

Which part of an amino acid is always acidic?

Carboxyl functional group (The carboxyl group (COOH) contains two oxygen atoms that tend to pull electrons away from the hydrogen atom, so this group tends to lose a proton and is acidic)

___________ is the most abundant organic compound on Earth.

Cellulose (Cellulose, a component of plant cell walls, is the most abundant organic compound found on earth.)

________ is the family of molecules that includes fats, steroids, waxes and phospholipids

Lipids

_________ is the disaccharide formed when two glucose molecules are linked by dehydration synthesis

Maltose

A nucleotide is a nucleic acid ______________ consisting of a nitrogen base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group.

Mononmer

The building blocks or monomers of nucleic acid molecules are called _____.

Nucleotides

_______________ are joined together by covalent bonds called phosphodiester linkages to form nucleic acid molecules.

Nucleotides

Which monomers make up RNA?

Nucleotides (Nucleotide monomers make up nucleic acids.)

_________ are composed of a phosphate group, a glycerol, and fatty acids.

Phospholipids

Which of these is a phospholipid? (look at pic )

Phospholipids are composed of a phosphate group, a glycerol, and fatty acids.

A carbohydrate that yields many monosaccharides when hydrolyzed is a ______________

Polysaccaride

__________ structure is the sequence of amino acids in a protein.

Primary

The structural level of a protein least affected by a disruption in hydrogen bonding is the _____________

Primary level

Which level(s) of protein structure may be stabilized by covalent bonds?

Primary, tertiary and quaternary levels of protein structure (The primary structure of a protein is the specific linear sequence of amino acids forming the protein. The amino acids are joined by covalent peptide bonds. Tertiary structure, producing the unique structure of a protein, is stabilized by interactions among the R groups on each amino acid in the protein. Tertiary structure may be stabilized by covalent bonds, called disulfide bridges, that form between the sulfhydryl groups (SH) of two cysteine monomers. Tertiary structure may also be stabilized by weaker interactions, including hydrogen bonds between polar and/or charged areas, ionic bonds between charged R groups, and hydrophobic interactions and van der Waals interactions among hydrophobic R groups. Many globular proteins are made up of several polypeptide chains called subunits stuck to each other by a variety of attractive forces but rarely by covalent bonds. Protein chemists describe this as quaternary structure.)

_________________ structure results from the aggregation of two or more polypeptide subunits, and not all proteins are composed of more than one polypeptide.

Quaternary

__________________ structure is the result of two or more protein subunits assembling to form a larger, biologically active protein complex.

Quaternary

Which of these is NOT a lipid?

RNA (RNA is a nucleic acid)

_______________ structure describes the alpha-helices and beta-sheets that are formed by hydrogen bonding between backbone atoms located near each other in the polypeptide chain.

Secondary

What structural difference accounts for the functional differences between starch and cellulose?

Starch and cellulose differ in the glycosidic linkages between their glucose monomers. (Both starch and cellulose are glucose polymers, but the glycosidic linkages in these two polymers differ. Glucose can have two slightly different ring structures. When glucose forms a ring, the hydroxyl group attached to the number 1 carbon is positioned either below (alpha) or above (beta) the plane of the ring. In starch, all the glucose monomers are in the alpha configuration. In cellulose, all the glucose monomers are in the beta configuration. As a result, every other glucose monomer is "upside down" with respect to its neighbors. The differing glycosidic linkages in starch and cellulose give the two molecules distinct three-dimensional shapes, leading to key functional differences.)

Which feature of large biological molecules explains their great diversity?

The many ways that monomers of each class of biological molecule can be combined into polymers (Biological molecules belong to four main classes, and are constructed from only 40 to 50 common monomers (and a few rare ones) made of only a few of the 92 naturally occurring elements. The diversity of biological molecules is due to differences in the arrangements of the monomers in each molecule.)

tertiary structure

The third level of protein structure; the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain.

secondary structure of protein

The way in which the chain of amino acids of the polypeptides of a protein is folded. -(Alpha helices and beta pleated sheets are characteristic of a protein's secondary structure).

Dr. Haxton told one of his students, "To move in the bloodstream, fats need the help of phospholipids." What would a good student say?

Yes. Nonpolar molecules aren't compatible with water. (Good choice! Water rejects nonpolar molecules such as fats, so fats travel inside particles that are coated with polar parts of phospholipids and proteins.)

Every amino acid contains

a carboxyl group and an amino group

Phospholipids

a lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids and a phosphate group.

Glycogen is _____

a polysaccharide found in animals (Animals store energy in the form of glycogen)

Which of these is a polysaccharide? A) cellulose B) galactose C) glucose D) sucrose e) lactose

a) cellulose (Cellulose is a carbohydrate composed of many monomers)

Classify these amino acids as acidic, basic, neutral polar, or neutral nonpolar. Drag each item to the appropriate bin.

acidic: NONE basic: lysine neutral polar: serine neutral nonpolar: phenylalanine, proline, methionine

Classify these amino acids as acidic, basic, neutral polar, or neutral nonpolar. Drag each item to the appropriate bin.

acidic: glutamic acid basic: NONE neutral polar: threonine, tyrosine neutral nonpolar: valine, tryptophan

Protein polymers are made up of _____ monomers.

amino acid

Tertiary structure is directly dependent on _____. not on _______

bonds between sulfur atoms, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds NOT on peptide bonds (link together the amino acids of a protein's primary structure.)

A simple sugar is composed of equal parts carbon and water, which gave rise to the general name of any sugar as a _______________

carbohydrate

Cellulose is a ____________ composed of many monomers

carbohydrate

Plant cell walls consist mainly of _____.

cellulose- (a polysaccharide called cellulose is a major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells.)

Palm oil and coconut oil are more like animal fats than are other plant oils. Because they _____ than other plant oils, they may contribute to cardiovascular disease

contain fewer double bonds (Evidence suggests that a diet high in saturated fats may contribute to human cardiovascular disease.)

Which functional group(s) shown below is (are) present in all amino acids? look at pic

cooh and nh2

What is another name for a condensation reaction?

dehydration (Condensation, also called dehydration, refers to the removal of a water molecule during the linking of monomers.)

The enzyme amylase can break glycosidic linkages between glucose monomers only if the monomers are in the α form. Which of the following could amylase break down? a) starch and chitin b) starch, amylopectin, and cellulose c) glycogen and cellulose d) cellulose and chitin e) glycogen, starch, and amylopectin

e) glycogen, starch, and amylopectin

Sort the images according to the level of structure in the proteins shown. Sort the items into the appropriate bin.

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1J4FFxKA1uD1B9drV2W-Aq-qTvm-xgsoDtg93KAb-1EQ/edit?usp=sharing

What do fats, steroids, and waxes have in common?

low solubility in water

glucose + glucose —> _____ by _____.

maltose + water . (Maltose is the disaccharide formed when two glucose molecules are linked by dehydration synthesis.)

A ___________ cannot be hydrolyzed any further.

monosaccharide

Almost all the covalent bonds in lipids are ____________ , causing their solubility in water to be extremely low.

nonpolar

How many hydrogen atoms can be attached to carbon B?

one (Each carbon atom can form four bonds. A double bond counts as two bonds, so carbon B has a total of three bonds so far and it can form one more single bond with a hydrogen atom.)

What type of bond joins the monomers in a protein's primary structure?

peptide (The amino acids of a protein are linked by peptide bonds.)

A nucleotide is composed of a(n) _____.

phosphate group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar

hydrolysis (removal of water) reactions

polymers -> monomers

Glycosidic linkages join simple sugars to form ______________

polysaccharides

The information in DNA is transcribed into RNA and then translated into _______

protein

The four main categories of large biological molecules present in living systems are _____

proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids

_______________ structure is achieved when a protein folds into a compact, three-dimensional shape stabilized by interactions between side-chain R groups of amino acids.

tertiary

Enzymes that break down DNA catalyze the hydrolysis of the covalent bonds that join nucleotides together. What would happen to DNA molecules treated with these enzymes?

the phosphodiester linkages of the polynucleotide backbone would be broken