Bio Chap 4

Which of the following statements concerning cells of bacteria and archaea is correct?

Archaea contain a membrane-bound nucleus; bacteria do not.

Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains. What are the domains?

Bacteria and Archaea

Which of the following statements correctly describes a common characteristic of cell walls and the cell extracellular matrix?

Both are external to the plasma membrane.

Which of the following correctly compares the extracellular matrix (ECM) of animal cells to cell walls of plant cells?

Both the ECM and the plant cell wall are composed of varying mixtures of proteins and carbohydrates.

Which organelle occupies much of the volume of a plant cell?

Central Vacuole

Which of the following structures is found in animal cells but not plant cells?

Centrioles

Which organelles or structures are absent in plant cells?

Centromeres

The smallest cell structures that would most likely be visible with a standard (not super-resolution) research-grade light microscope are

Chloroplasts

Thylakoids, DNA, and ribosomes are all components found in

Chloroplasts

Which of the following statements about chloroplasts and mitochondria is true?

Chloroplasts and mitochondria synthesize some of their own proteins.

Basal bodies are most closely associated with which of the following cell components?

Cilia

Centrioles, cilia, flagella, and basal bodies have remarkably similar structural elements and arrangements. Which of the following hypotheses is most plausible in light of such structural similarities?

Cilia and flagella are derived from the centrioles.

A mutation that inactivates an enzyme involved in the modification of sugars associated with glycoproteins is most likely to affect the function of which of the following cellular structures?

Cisternae of the Golgi apparatus

Which statement about the cytoskeleton is true?

Components of the cytoskeleton often mediate the movement of organelles within the cytoplasm.

Which of the following is/are possible site(s) of protein synthesis in a typical eukaryotic cell?

Cytoplasm, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria

Motor proteins provide for molecular transport of materials in cells by interacting with what type(s) of cellular structures?

Cytoskeletal Structures

What is the most likely pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by a cell?

ER—Golgi—vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane

What is the primary reason that a modern transmission electron microscope (TEM) can resolve biological structures as small as 2 nm, whereas 200 nm is the limit of resolution for a light microscope?

Electron beams have much shorter wavelengths than visible light.

Which of the following molecules or structures may be found in eukaryotic cells but not in bacteria?

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Structures of the endomembrane system.

Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Cell's Plasma Membrane, Vesicles, Nuclear Envelope

In terms of cellular function, what is the most important difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells possess specialized membrane-bounded organelles.

A researcher made an interesting observation about a protein made by the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and eventually found in a cell's plasma membrane. The protein in the plasma membrane was actually slightly different from the protein made in the ER. The protein was probably altered in the .

Golgi Apparatus

Which of the following organelles produces and modifies polysaccharides that will be secreted by a eukaryotic cell?

Golgi Apparatus

In an animal cell, DNA may be found in which of the following organelles?

In the nucleus and mitochondria

Why isn't the mitochondrion classified as part of the endomembrane system?

It is not derived from the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi.

A researcher wants to film the movement of chromosomes during cell division. Which type of microscope should she choose, and why is it the best choice?

Light microscope because the specimen is alive

Which of the following types of proteins are synthesized by the rough ER?

Lysosomal Proteins

Hydrolytic enzymes must be segregated and packaged to prevent general destruction of cellular components. In animal cells, which of the following organelles contains these hydrolytic enzymes?

Lysosomes

Which of the following categories best describes the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Manufacturing

Which of the following structures is found in eukaryotic but not prokaryotic cells?

Mitochondria

Which of the following structures will be found in nearly all eukaryotic cells?

Mitochondria

Which plant cell organelle contains its own DNA and ribosomes?

Mitochondrion

Which structure is common to plant and animal cells?

Mitochondrion

Cilia and flagella move due to the interaction of the cytoskeleton with which of the following?

Motor proteins

Which type of cell is likely to have the most mitochondria?

Muscle cells in the legs of a marathon runner

The chemical reactions involved in respiration in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are virtually identical. In eukaryotic cells, ATP is synthesized primarily on the inner membrane of the mitochondria. In light of the endosymbiont theory for the evolutionary origin of mitochondria, where would you expect most ATP synthesis to occur in prokaryotic cells?

On the Plasma Membrane

Which animal cell organelle contains enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen?

Peroxisomes

A cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, chloroplasts, and mitochondria. It could be

Plant or Animal cell

Plastids are only found in which of the following types of cells or organisms?

Plants

Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules?

Proteins

Which of the following statements is a plausible description of some aspect of protein secretion from prokaryotic cells?

Proteins that are secreted by prokaryotes may be synthesized on ribosomes that are associated with the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane.

Some key innovations in the evolution of eukaryotic cells from a prokaryotic ancestor are membrane-bound organelles. Which of the following organelles or features is a common structure shared by both eukaryotic cells and their prokaryotic ancestors?

Ribosomes

Which of the following features do prokaryotes and eukaryotes have in common?

Ribosomes, plasma membrane, and cytoplasm

Extracellular matrix proteins are produced by ribosomes in which part of a eukaryotic cell?

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Proteins that will be exported from the cell are synthesized by which of the following cellular components?

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins destined for export from the cell?

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. Which of the following structures is primarily involved in this process and therefore abundant in liver cells?

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Which organelle or structure is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids?

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

What technique would be most appropriate to use to observe the movements of condensed chromosomes during cell division?

Standard Light Microscopy

What is the functional connection between the nucleolus, nuclear pores, and the nuclear membrane?

Subunits of ribosomes are assembled in the nucleolus and pass through the nuclear membrane via the nuclear pores.

Your intestine is lined with individual cells that absorb nutrients. No fluids leak between these cells from the interior of the intestine. Why?

The intestinal cells are bound together by tight junctions.

A dish of animal cells was grown in the presence of radioactive phosphorous. The phosphorous largely ended up in nucleotides inside the actively growing animal cells. In which cellular structure(s) would you predict the majority of the radioactive phosphorous to accumulate?

The nucleus

Which of the following molecules is required to build cilia or flagella?

Tubulin

If a treatment were available that would disrupt the nuclear lamina in living cells, what would you expect to be the most likely immediate consequence for the cell?

a change in the shape of a nucleus

Movement of vesicles within the cell depends on what cellular structures?

centrioles and motor proteins

In a liver cell detoxifying alcohol and some other poisons, the enzymes of the peroxisome remove hydrogen from these molecules and

combine the hydrogen with oxygen molecules to generate hydrogen peroxide.

The evolution of eukaryotic cells most likely involved

endosymbiosis of an oxygen-using bacterium in a larger host cell−−the endosymbiont evolved into mitochondria.

A 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules, consisting of nine doublets of microtubules surrounding a pair of single microtubules, is associated with which of the following structures?

eukaryotic flagella and motile cilia

Bacterial cells are prokaryotic. Unlike a typical eukaryotic cell, they .

have no membrane-bounded organelles

Cell fractionation is commonly used in biological research to

isolate organelles to examine their biological functions.

One advantage of light microscopy over transmission electron microscopy is that

light microscopy allows you to view dynamic processes in living cells.

Which of the following is a correct match between a cytoskeletal element and its function?

microtubules and chromosome movement

What types of proteins are synthesized somewhere other than the rough ER?

mitochondrial membrane proteins

Cytochalasin D is a drug that prevents actin polymerization. A cell treated with cytochalasin D will still be able to

move vesicles within the cell.

Which of the following organelles are enclosed by a double membrane?

nuclei and chloroplasts

A researcher disrupts cells and separates subcellular components using centrifugation. Which of the following correctly lists the order in which cellular components will pellet when disrupted cell mixtures are centrifuged at increasingly higher speeds?

nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes

The total volume of plant cells is often significantly greater than the total volume in animal cells. The most reasonable explanation for this observation is that

plant cells contain a large vacuole that occupies much of the volume of the cell.

Dye injected into a plant cell might be able to enter an adjacent cell through .

plasmodesmata

A cell with an abundance of free ribosomes is most likely carrying out which of the following processes?

producing primarily cytoplasmic proteins

Which of the following statements correctly describes a function of the Golgi apparatus?

protein modification and sorting

Which of the following correctly describes the pathway taken by a protein destined for secretion from an animal cell?

rough ER → transport vesicle →Golgi → transport vesicle → plasma membrane

You would expect a cell with an extensive Golgi apparatus to .

secrete a lot of protein

Vinblastine, a drug that inhibits microtubule polymerization, is used to treat some forms of cancer. Cancer cells given vinblastine would be unable to carry out which of the following processes?

separate chromosomes during cell division

Cell fractionation .

separates cells into their component parts

A researcher disrupts cells and separates subcellular components using centrifugation. What is the primary factor that determines whether a specific cellular component remains in the liquid solution or ends up in the pellet?

the relative size and weight of the component

When biologists wish to study the internal ultrastructure of cells, they can achieve the finest resolution by using a

transmission electronic microscope.