bio chapter 30 extra questions

angiosperm diversity ; dicots , monocots and eudicots

monocot - having one *cotyledon* ( or seed leaves) in the embryo dicot - having two cotyledons eudicot - those that used to be classified as dicot are not part of a eudicot ' true dicots' the two groupings now would be monocots versus eudicots

four phyla of gymnosperms

of the 10 total plant phyla gymnosperms ( naked seed, cones) four of them are gymnosperms -cycadophyta - large cones and fern like leaves thrived during the mesozoic -ginkgophyta - ginko biloba , flagellated sperm - fan like leaves tolerate air pollution well -gentophyta - ephedra - -coniferophyta - conifers , largest gymnosperm phyla, woody cones. douglas fir, common juniper, euro larch, sequoia , bristle cone pine

micropyle

on angiosperms , a pore in the integument of the ovule that a pollen tube penetrates through to discharge two sperm cells into the female gametophyte

In flowers, pollen is produced in the __________.

anther

Which of the following is not an advantage seeds provide over spores? Multicellularity Stored food supply Asexual reproduction Long period of dormancy Protective integument

asexual reproduction Asexual reproduction is not an advantage seeds provide over spores. Spores provide a means of asexually producing and dispersing offspring. *Production of a seed requires sexual reproduction.* Spores are usually single-celled, whereas seeds are multicellular. A seed can remain dormant for days, months, or even years after being released from the parent plant, whereas most spores have shorter lifetimes.

A bright pink flower with deep floral tubes will most likely be pollinated by which mechanism?

birds with long beaks

Which of the following is not a gymnosperm? ANSWER Ephedra Sequoia Ginkgo Coconut palm Douglas fir

coconut palm

In which phylum is the organism thought to be the world's oldest living tree?

coniferophyta The bristlecone pine (Pinuslongaeva), which is found in the White Mountains of California, includes some of the oldest living organisms, which reach ages of more than 4,600 years. One tree is called Methuselah because it may be the world's oldest living tree. To protect the tree, scientists keep its location a secret.

Angiosperms are thought to have originated in which period?

cretaceous

Which gymnosperm phylum below is characterized by large cones and fern-like leaves and thrived during the Mesozoic?

cycadophyta

A pea pod is formed from __________. A pea inside the pod is formed from __________.

ovary; an ovule An ovule contains the female gametophyte and develops into the seed coat—not into the pea pod—and only a portion of the carpel is involved in the formation of the pea and pea pod

The pore in the integuments of an angiosperm ovule through which sperm is delivered is the __________.

micropyle

Dietary supplements and decongestants containing ephedrine have recently become more strongly regulated in the United States. Ephedrine is an extract of a plant belonging to which phylum?

phylum Gnetophyta Gnetophyta consists of three genera: Gnetum, Ephedra, and Welwitschia; ephedrine is a compound produced by members of the genus Ephedra.

angiosperm -

plants with reproductive structures called flowers and fruits. the name angiosperm (means container ) refers to seeds contained in fruits -all angiosperms fall in phylum , anthophyta

At current rates of deforestation, tropical rain forests will be eliminated in __________ years.

200

Six major crops—wheat, rice, maize, potatoes, cassava, and sweet potatoes—constitute what percentage of all the calories consumed by humans?

80%

In which group is the sporophyte stage dominant in the alternation of generations?

all vascular plants

Which of the following is enclosed within the pollen wall of a pollen grain?

A male gametophyte is enclosed within the pollen wall of a pollen grain. Sporopollenin in the pollen wall protects the male gametophyte in the pollen grain as it is transported by wind or by hitchhiking on an animal. The transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant that contains the ovules is called pollination. The microsporangium is the structure of the sporophyte that produces the microspores that develop into the pollen grains. this is no enclosed in the pollen grain

What is the difference between pollen and spores?

Both spores and pollen are reproductive products that are generally single cells. The fungi, mosses, liverworts, hornworts, and seedless vascular plants produce spores, but only seed-bearing plants produce pollen.

Of the following, which is a difference in how reproduction occurs in gymnosperms compared to angiosperms?

Only the sperm of angiosperms combine with two central cell nuclei to form triploid endosperm. *angiosperms = triploid endosperm* Both angiosperms and gymnosperms have pollen grains that form pollen tubes. also double fertilization takes place in both angiosperms and gymnosperms although it is more common in angiosperms

ovule

Seed plants retain the megasporangium within the parent sporophyte, where it produces the megaspore. The whole structure of the megasporangium, megaspore, and their integument(s) is called an ovule.\ Protected inside each ovule, a female gametophyte develops from the megaspore and produces one or more eggs

microsporangia , megasporagium

The microsporangium is the structure of the sporophyte that produces the microspores that develop into the pollen grains. (male spore) The megasporangium is the structure of the sporophyte that produces the megaspore. (female spore)

Which of the following is a conifer? ANSWER European larch Longleaf pine Sequoia All of the listed responses are conifers. Common juniper

all of the listed responses are conifers

does double fertilization take place in gymnosperms?

Unlike angiosperms, ovaries are absent in gymnosperms, double fertilization does not take place, male and female gametophytes are present on cones rather than flowers, and wind (not animals) drives pollination.

pollen grain

a microspore develops into a pollen grain that consists of a male gametophyte enclosed within the pollen wall. -pollen wall is protected by layer of molecules secreted by sporophyte cells and has sporopollenin in the pollen wall to protect the pollen grain as it is being transported -IF a pollen grain germinates (begins growing) it gives rise to a pollen tube that discharges sperm into the female gametophyte within the ovule

Which of the following is a trait possessed by all angiosperms?

double fertilization Following pollination, the male gametophyte produces and discharges two sperm cells into the female gametophyte (embryo sac). One sperm fertilizes the egg, forming a diploid zygote. The other sperm fuses with the two nuclei in the large central cell of the female gametophyte, producing a triploid cell. This type of double fertilization, in which one fertilization event produces a zygote and the other produces a triploid cell, is unique to angiosperms After double fertilization, the ovule matures into a seed. The zygote develops into a sporophyte embryo, and the triploid central cell of the female gametophyte develops into endosperm, tissue rich in starch and other food reserves that nourish the developing embryo.

integument -

gymnosperm usually have one integument while angiosperms typically have two integuments - seed plants are unique in retaining the megasporangium within a parent sporophyte -a layer of sporophyte tissue called *integument* envelopes and protect the megasporangium.

Gymnosperms -

gymnosperms thrive in dry environment, seed plant -gymnosperms dominated the ecosystem throughout much of he mesozoic era -not until late in the mesozoic angiosperms began replace gymnosperms in some ecosystems -angiosperm dominate most terrestrial ecosystems,but gymnosperms remain an important part of earths flora

In gymnosperms, the seed coat develops from the integument. In angiosperms, the seed coat develops from the __________.

integuments in angiosperms, the seed coat develops from the integuments. The embryo and its food supply are enclosed by a seed coat formed from the two integuments of the ovule.

In gymnosperms, the seed coat develops from the integument. In angiosperms, the seed coat develops from the __________.

integuments angiosperms have two layer integuments in angiosperms, the seed coat develops from the integuments. The embryo and its food supply are enclosed by a seed coat formed from the two integuments of the ovule.

Stamen -

john stamos the male side of a flower , -produces microspores(microspores male) that develop into pollen grains containing male gametophytes -stamen consists of a stalk called the *filament* that has a sac at the end called the *anther* where pollen is produced

conifers ( phylum coniferophyta) gymnosperm

larges gymnosperm phyla, -includes many large trees -have woody cones some with fleshy cones -most conifers are evergreen -conifer means in latin , cone, carry

Which of the following is enclosed within the pollen wall of a pollen grain?

male gametophyte A male gametophyte is enclosed within the pollen wall of a pollen grain. Sporopollenin in the pollen wall protects the male gametophyte in the pollen grain as it is transported by wind or by hitchhiking on an animal. The transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant that contains the ovules is called pollination. Following pollination, the male gametophyte develops a pollen tube that discharges sperm to fertilize the egg, which will develop into the sporophyte embryo.

pollen grain

pollen grain consists of a male gametophyte enclosed within the pollen wall. The pollen wall protects the pollen grain as it is transported by wind or by hitchhiking on an animal to the female gametophyte, also miniaturized and protected within the megasporangium of the sporophyte.

A plant is said to be cross-pollinated if __________.

pollen grains are transferred to a flower on a different plant have to be from a completely diff plant, cannot be the pollen grains from a different flower on the same plant either for cross-pollination to occur, the pollen must be from a plant of the same species. Finally, cross-pollination does not mean pollen grains are transferred from a different flower on the same plant; this is self-pollination.

In addition to seeds, what is a trait unique to seed plants?

pollen, do not confuse this with spores

The diploid generation of the plant life cycle always __________.

produces spores , diploid generation is almost always called the sporophyte meaning it produces spores

Which of the following best describes the function of fruits?

protection and dispersal of seeds

megasporangia

seed plants that produce two types of spores, meaning they are heterosporous -produce microspores ( male) and megaspores ( female) -each megasporagium has one megaspore(female), where as each microsporangium has many microspores (male)

most seedless plants are homosporous or heterosporous?

seedless plants are mostly homospourous, meaning they produce one kind of spore

The dicots are now thought to be in the paraphyletic group, and the majority of dicot species are now placed in the eudicots. Which of the following is a member of a group that was included in the dicots but is now included in the eudicots?

southern magnolia ? ok

Which of the following is not a trait characteristic of monocots? Parallel leaf venation Pollen grain with one opening One cotyledon Floral organs in multiples of three Taproot

taproot - these are present in eudicot

What significant change occurred on Earth between the Carboniferous period and the Permian period that most likely contributed to the success of the gymnosperms?

the climate became drier and warmer

carpels

the female side of a flower -makes megaspores (megaspore ( female ) and their products, female gametophytes -carple - container- in which seeds are enclosed which is a key structure that distinguishes angiosperm from gymnosperm - at the tip of the carpel is a sticky *stigma* that receives pollen - *style* leads from the stigma to a structure at the base of the carpel where the ovary is -*ovary* contains one or more ovules, which if fertilized, an ovule develops into a seed

Which example below is evidence provided by living gymnosperms of an evolutionary transition between seedless and seed plants?

the sperm of some gymnosperms have flagella despite the fact that the sperm do not require water or mobility for fertilization—is evidence of an evolutionary transition between seed and seedless. gymnosperms typically spread or reproduce in cones and are transferred by wind

The seed coat's most important function is to provide protection for the __________.

the sporophyte embryo in a seed it houses the embryo and adds protection and a supply of nutrients

pollination

the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant that contains the ovules. -

ovule

the whole structure of a megasporangium, megaspore and their integument is called an ovule - inside each ovule is a female gametophyte develops from megaspore and produces one or more eggs

The closest seedless relatives of seed plants produce one kind of spore that gives rise to a bisexual gametophyte. What does this suggest about the ancestors of seed plants?

they were homosporous ( producing of a single type of spore)

The pollen of conifers is primarily dispersed by __________.

wind

Besides the plant tissue that humans ingest, which angiosperm tissue is most directly important for human survival?

xylem