Bio Chapter 45, 46, 47

Which latitude typically receives more rainfall than any other latitude?

0 degrees

How many "cells" of circulating air are found around the Earth?

6

Imagine that a researcher has discovered a leaf fossil from the Cambrian Period that is 500 million years old. He notices that the leaf had very few stomata compared to present-day leaves. What does this tell the researcher about atmospheric CO2 levels during the Cambrian Period?

Atmospheric CO2 levels were higher during the Cambrian Period than today.

A researcher is measuring Earth's atmospheric CO2 levels, gathering data on CO2 levels in northern and then southern hemispheres. What do you expect that she will find?

Because atmospheric CO2 measurements represent global amounts, measurements in the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere will be approximately the same.

Which of the statements is true regarding CO2?

CO2 is a greenhouse gas. CO2 plays a vital role in maintaining Earth's temperature. CO2 can be produced by natural and man-made processes. CO2 is released as a product of respiration.

The majority of carbon stored in abiotic reservoirs is in the form of:

CaCO3

Why does the number of species on an island level off at S (equilibrium)?

Extinction rates increase as more species colonize an island. Colonization rates eventually decrease. Resources become scarce as more species colonize an island. Predation increases as more species colonize an island.

Why are the amber fossils from Hispaniola so important to our understanding of evolution in tropical rainforests?

Fossils in amber are able to provide information on organism and ecology. Fossils in amber are preserved intact. Rainforests fossils are rare; amber fossils have preserved organisms that otherwise researchers would not have known were present.

In the example of the giant kelp forests on the Pacific coast, a rise in the otter population would have what effect on the kelp populations?

Kelp populations would increase due to a decrease in sea urchins.

Which of the answer choices is a form of nitrogen that can be utilized by plants?

NO3-

Which of the compounds is a form of nitrogen that can be utilized by plants?

NO3-

A woman observes a hawk perched in the branches of a pine tree. Suddenly, the hawk swoops down and catches a chipmunk that has been eating sunflower seeds at the woman's bird feeder. The hawk returns to its nest, which is in a nearby oak tree. Through this scenario, what can you tell about the niches of the organisms involved?

Oak trees or pine trees can serve as suitable shelter for hawks Chipmunks feed on seeds in their environments. Chipmunks serve as food sources for hawks. Hawks prey on chipmunks.

Imagine that scientists have discovered a new planet that is apparently devoid of life but has ice caps located at the poles. These ice caps reveal that the planet's atmospheric O2 levels sharply increased about 1,000,000 years ago but then quickly dropped 50,000 years ago. What could account for these changes in atmospheric O2 levels?

Photosynthetic organisms evolved on the planet 100,000 years ago but went extinct 50,000 years ago

Which of the statements explains how an oxygen-rich atmosphere became possible on Earth?

Rates of oxygen consumption are lower than rates of photosynthesis.

A gardener treats his plants with pesticides, killing all the aphids that are on the plants. Once the aphids die, what likely happens to the mutualistic bacteria inhabiting their digestive tracts?

The bacteria would likely die without their mutualistic aphids, as this is an example of an obligate relationship.

If all terrestrial autotrophs were removed from the planet, how would this alter the rate of carbon cycling on Earth?

The rate of carbon cycling would decrease because the link between primary consumers and primary producers would be eliminated.

Why are there no pronounced seasons at the equator?

The sun hits the equator more directly than any other latitude throughout the whole year

Tropical rainforests have high species richness, but low density. In deciduous forests the pattern is the opposite. Which of the statements is not a plausible explanation for this pattern?

There are fewer species in temperate regions because the number of trees per hectare is lower than in tropical rainforests.

What would happen if the Earth were not tilted on its axis?

There would be no seasons.

Why are most deserts found at 30 degrees latitude?

This is where warm dry air falls from cells originating at the equator.

Trout and amoebas are both heterotrophs and can inhabit similar environments, such as a freshwater pond. However, these organisms are very different when it comes to their shape and size. Why?

Trout and amoebas evolved to utilize different sources of C6H12O6 (or other organic compounds)

The Mojave Desert lies to the east of the coastal and Sierra Nevada mountains in California. Deserts in Chile lie to the west of the Andes Mountains. Both the California and the Andes mountains run along the west coast of their respective continents. What contributes to one desert being located on the east side of its neighboring mountain range, while the other is located on the west side of its neighboring mountain range?

Winds move from east to west along the Andes in the southern hemisphere.

Recall that instead of expending energy fleeing or hiding from coyotes, foxes will instead settle in "coyote-poor" environments. This is NOT:

an example of intraspecific competition.

In the Sierra Nevada mountains of California, there are many populations of the checkerspot butterfly Euphydryas editha. Females of each population lay their eggs on different regions of their host plants. The young hatch as caterpillars, and they live on the host plant and eat its leaves. Consider two of the populations, population A and population B. The host plant used by population A grows over a single season, with new leaves, which are the most nutritious, appearing at the tip of the stem. The host plant of population B lives for many seasons, with new leaves appearing at the base of the stem. Where do you expect females from population B to lay their eggs?

at the base of the plant stem

Some of the characteristics used to describe biomes include precipitation and:

average temperature

A scientist studying a material has determined that 12C, 13C, and 14C occur in the material in a ratio of 1000:10:1. How did he most likely differentiate between these forms of carbon?

by the number of neutrons in 12C, 13C, and 14C

Of the processes involved in the long-term carbon cycle, which removes CO2 from the atmosphere?

chemical weathering

When both participants in a species' interaction develop adaptations in direct response to one another, this could progress into all of the following except

coevolution

Which type of interaction is NOT antagonistic?

commensalism

Benefits associated with symbiotic relationships might include all of the following except

competitive exclusion.

Deserts can be found at 30 degrees north and south of the equator. If you visited the deserts in both regions you would see that the dominant plants look very similar. This is most likely the result of:

convergent evolution

The observation that atmospheric CO2 levels were typically low during glacial periods in Earth's history is an example of:

correlation

In terrestrial ecosystems, nitrogen is returned to the atmosphere by

denitrifying bacteria

Which of the groups of biomes is listed in order of greatest to lowest potential evapotranspiration to precipitation ratio?

desert, deciduous forest, rain forest

A(n) _____ is a community of organisms and the physical environment it occupies.

ecosystem

Examining the relationship between primary producers, primary consumers, and secondary consumers is one way to track the flow of _____ through a system.

energy contained in organic compounds

In marine ecosystems, phosphorus is added to the ecosystem primarily from:

erosion of rocks on land

An increased rate of photosynthesis is the most likely explanation as to why atmospheric CO2 levels appear lowest during glacial periods of Earth's history.

false

Decline of a predator population in an area affects only the prey population on which it feeds.

false

Many facultative mutualisms probably began as obligate relationships.

false

Most phosphorus on the planet is found in living organisms

false

Species diversity is generally greatest at the Earth's poles.

false

The diverse array of Anolis lizards in Hispaniola is the result of several different species of lizards originally colonizing the island. Very little diversification occurred after these colonists arrived at Hispaniola.

false

Nutrient cycling through ecosystems can be depicted using a(n):

food web

A _____ depicts the flow of carbon through an ecosystem, whereas a _____ depicts the transfer of energy.

food web; trophic pyramid

Imagine that a scientist takes a group of Anolis lizards and introduces them into an enclosure at a research facility in continental South America. He notes that the lizards thrive in this new environment. The fact that Anolis lizards could survive in habitats outside of the Caribbean is a reflection of their ____ niche; their _____ niche is determined by their ability to disperse to other areas as well as predation and resource availability.

fundamental; realized

A species' fundamental niche:

has the necessary resources and conditions for survival.

A species that has a disproportionately large effect on a community is called a(n) _____ species.

keystone

Warm air is _____ dense than cold air, and warm air holds _____ moisture than cold air.

less; more

Which of these relationships best depicts the amount of carbon stored in the atmosphere, sedimentary rocks, living organisms, and soil?

living organisms < the atmosphere < soil < sedimentary rocks

The _____ cycle deals with geological processes and carbon reservoirs, some of which have been built up or take place over a period of millennia. In contrast, the _____ cycle involves biological processes that are carried out on a daily and/or seasonal basis.

long-term carbon; short-term carbon

A researcher compares the species diversity of two different islands located equal distances from the mainland. One island is much smaller than the other. The researcher finds that the S value (number of species at equilibrium) for the smaller island is ___________ the S value for the larger island. When she examines the extinction rates for both islands, she finds that the extinction rate on the small island is ____________ the extinction rate for the large island.

lower than; higher than

The evolution of flowers and sweet-tasting fruits in response to animal pollinators and dispersers are examples of _____ relationships. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

mutualistic

Which of these is most likely to lead to resource partitioning?

niche overlap

A mutualism in which the survival of one or both participants is dependent on the other is:

obligate.

Which of the answer choices are not geological processes that drive the long-term carbon cycle?

photosynthesis and respiration

Measuring its costs and benefits in terms of energy spent and/or gained, which interaction definitely involves one individual gaining and one individual losing?

predation

Microorganisms are important to the carbon cycle because without them:

primary producers would be limited by nitrogen availability. there would be no chemoautotrophs organic carbon in oxygen-free environments could not be cycled.

Organisms that take up inorganic nutrients and convert them to organic molecules such as carbohydrates and proteins are called:

primary producers.

In general, a species' _____ niche will be smaller than its _____ niche due to interactions with other organisms in the community.

realized; fundamental

Overlap of niches can be minimized through:

resource partitioning

Which of the answer choices is expected to reduce competition among individuals of different species?

resource partitioning

Which of the answer choices is a reservoir of carbon?

soil, oceans, the atmosphere, organisms

Overlap of niches can be minimized through:

species evolving adaptations through selective pressure on competitive ability.

Which of these biomes has a plant composition that is most similar to the temperate coniferous forest?

taiga

Which of the groups of biomes is listed in order of least to greatest species diversity?

taiga, savannah, rain forest

Temperature differences on Earth are caused primarily by:

the amount of solar energy received per unit area at each latitude.

Which of these might be expected to increase as a result of predation?

the availability of resources

Sunlight hits the Earth most directly:

the equator rather than at either of the poles.

Competition can occur over resources such as space, mates, and nesting sites, not just over food.

true

Species adapted for higher latitudes tend to have larger ranges than those adapted to the tropics.

true

Symbiotic relationships are subject to natural selection.

true

The long-term and short-term carbon cycles are connected by the fact that some of the carbon contained in C6H12O6 (or other organic molecules) in plants is incorporated into sedimentary rocks or oil; carbon in sedimentary rock and oil is not immediately cycled back to the atmosphere.

true

Various species of Anolis lizards are able to coexist in Hispaniola because they function in different niches (for example, feed on different organisms or hunt in different areas).

true

Your body, your house, and your pets are all considered carbon reservoirs.

true

Of the processes involved in the long-term carbon cycle, which introduces CO2 back into the atmosphere?

volcanism

Photosynthesis and respiration affect atmospheric CO2 levels on a _____ timescale, whereas volcanic eruptions affect atmospheric CO2 levels on a _____ timescale.

yearly; century