BIO Chapter 6 (W/ L.C.)
The energy production per glucose molecule through the citric acid cycle is _____.
2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2
How many kilocalories are captured in ATP from 1.5 moles of glucose?
420 kcal
Through respiration, humans breathe in O2 and breathe out CO2. However, what would happen if we did not breathe in O2?
We would not make enough ATP to meet our energy requirements
Carbon monoxide is a toxic gas because it directly _____.
blocks the transfer of electrons to the final electron acceptor
A chemist has discovered a drug that blocks phosphoglucoisomerase, an enzyme that catalyzes the second reaction in glycolysis. He wants to use the drug to treat people with bacterial infections. However, he can't do this because _____.
human cells also perform glycolysis; the drug might also poison them
Unlike the Citric Acid cycle and electron transport, glycolysis occurs _____.
in the cytoplasm
In cellular respiration, oxygen becomes ---- to water (H2O) as it gains electrons (in hydrogen atoms) that came from glucose.
reduced
(LC) Fat molecules store 9 kcal/g. There are about 454 g in a pound of fat so that means that one pound of fat stores about 4,000 kcal of energy. Based on the information on energy consumption, which of the following would "burn off" around a pound of fat, assuming your normal activities consumed calories equal to the rate of your calorie intake? Consider the following: Running 8-9 mph burns 960 calories, dancing for 1 hour fast burns 510, bicycling at 10 mph burns 490, swimming at 2 mph burns 408, walking at 3 mph burn 245.
running 40 miles
Which of the following molecules is broken down in cellular respiration, providing fuel for the cell? glucose ATP Water O2
Glucose
Cellular Respiration Inputs
Glucose and O2
eating provides fuel and building blocks for your body--->_____--->Fuel molecules are broken down further in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle--->_____
...After food is broken down in the digestive system, it is transported to cells via the circulatory system...ATP is produced with the help of the electron transport chain
(LC) The figure to the right represents an overview of the different processes of cellular respiration. Which of the following correctly identifies the order of the different processes?
1. Glycolysis, 2. citric acid cycle, 3. electron transport chain
(LC 8) You are an elite athlete running a marathon and are consuming carbohydrates steadily but sparingly. You are running aerobically, maintaining a steady supply of oxygen in your blood. Which of the following statements is true? A. High levels of AMP in your muscles allosterically activate phosphofructokinase. B. High levels of ATP in your muscles negatively regulates phosphofructokinase. C. Citrate levels will be high, and will exert negative feedback on phosphofructokinase. None of the above are true
A. High levels of AMP in your muscles allosterically activate phosphofructokinase. In this scenario, oxygen is sufficient, glucose levels are not in excess, and ATP is required to fuelskeletal and cardiac muscle. As ATP is be used by the muscle, AMP will be present, activating phosphofructokinase. Since glucose is not present in excessive concentrations, citrate levels should be low. Low levels of citrate will not result in negative feedback on phosphofructokinase.
(LC 10) Cyanide exposure has occurred! Cyanide binds to and inhibits protein 5, rendering it inactive and preventing electron transfer to oxygen. Which of the following would likely be true? A. NADH would accumulate, and the Citric Acid Cycle would slow down B. NAD+ would accumulate and the Citric Acid Cycle would speed up. C. NAD+/NADH levels and the citric acid cycle would not be affected.
A. NADH would accumulate, and the Citric Acid Cycle would slow down
The energy released from the redox reactions in the electron transport chain is used by the cell to make ---.
ATP
(LC) Some prokaryotic and all eukaryotic cells use oxygen to harvest energy from food molecules? In what form is that energy available to power cell work?
ATP molecules
(LC 9) Cyanide exposure has occurred! Cyanide binds to and inhibits protein 5, rendering it inactive and preventing electron transfer to oxygen. Which of the following would likely be true? A. Electron flow will stop, and ATP production will immediately cease. B. Electron flow will continue from another protein to oxygen, and ATP production would continue due to the proton gradient. C. Electron flow will stop and ATP production will continue until the proton gradient is eliminated.
C. Electron flow will stop and ATP production will continue until the proton gradient is eliminated.
Cellular Respiration Outputs
CO2, H2O, and ATP
(LC 13 idk if this is on test) ADP accumulates, ATP depletes. NADH depletes, NAD+ accumulates. The strength of the proton gradient decreases. Acetyl CoA accumulates, oxaloacetate depletes. Indicate on the diagram where in the pathway of cellular respiration this mutant cell has a block.
Citric Acid Cycle
(LC 11) The following conditions were detected in a mutant cell: The cell is running out of ATP, while ADP is building up to very high levels. NADH is building up to very high levels, while the level of NAD+ is becoming very low. The amount of protons in the intermembrane space and in the matrix is becoming more equal (the strength of the proton gradient is decreasing/weakening). Indicate the stage of the cellular respiration process that is not functioning properly in this mutant cell.
Electron Transport
(LC 7) what is reduced in cellular respiration?
NAD+
In cellular respiration, organic molecules become oxidized as ---- picks up electrons and H+ and becomes reduced to NADH.
NAD+
The electron transport chain is, in essence, a series of redox reactions that conclude cellular respiration. During these redox reactions, _____.
NAD+ is reduced, which then oxidizes an electron acceptor in the electron transport chain
What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?
Oxygen accepts high-energy electrons after they are stripped from glucose.
(LC 5) The figure represents an overview of the different entry pathways to cellular respiration when different macromolecules are digested for energy production. Why are none of the digestive products entering the electron transport chain directly?
The electron transport chain only receives electrons carried by reduced electron carrier molecules such as NADH. (KNOW NADH AND IT ISN'T NAD+)
What is the fate of the electrons that are stripped from glucose during cellular respiration?
They are used to form water.
In an experiment, mice were fed glucose (C6H12O6) containing a small amount of radioactive oxygen. The mice were closely monitored, and in a few minutes radioactive oxygen atoms showed up in _____.
carbon dioxide
Which part(s) of cellular respiration take(s) place in the mitochondria?
citric acid cycle and electron transport chain
A single glucose molecule produces about 38 molecules of ATP through the process of cellular respiration. However, this only represents approximately 38% of the chemical energy present in this molecule. The rest of the energy from glucose is _____.
converted to heat
The transfer of ----- from one molecule to another is an oxidation-reduction reaction, or redox reaction.
electrons
Which of the following is the source of the energy that produces the chemiosmotic gradient in mitochondria? cytochrome c ATP ATP synthase electrons
electrons
Cellular respiration completely breaks down a glucose molecule through glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. However, these two processes yield only a few ATPs. The majority of the energy the cell derives from glucose is _____.
found in NADH and FADH2
Glycolysis is the multi-step breakdown of _____. Several different _____ play a role in this process.
glucose ... enzymes
Primarily, cellular respiration serves to _____.
make ATP to power the cell's activities
The electron transport chain is a series of electron carrier molecules. In eukaryotes, where can this structure be found?
mitochondria
(LC) Where does the Kreb's cycle take place?
mitochondrial matrix
In cellular respiration, glucose becomes ---- to carbon dioxide (CO2) as it loses electrons (in hydrogen atoms).
oxidized
NADH delivers electrons to an electron transport chain, which passes the electrons through carrier molecules in a series of redox reactions to the final electron acceptor,----.
oxygen
Cellular respiration requires fuel (glucose) and oxygen gas. The main process that produces these inputs is _____.
photosynthesis
Bacteria have no membrane-enclosed organelles. However, some still generate ATP through cellular respiration. Where is the electron transport chain found in these organisms?
plasma membrane
(LC 12) The following conditions were found in a mutant cell: ADP accumulates, ATP depletes. NAD+ accumulates, NADH depletes. The strength of the proton gradient decreases. Pyruvate accumulates, acetyl CoA depletes. Indicate where in the pathway of cellular respiration this mutant cell has a block.
pyruvate oxidation (NOT ELECTRON TRANSPORT OR CITRIC ACID CYCLE)
Cellular respiration accomplishes two major processes: (1) it breaks glucose down into smaller molecules, and (2) it harvests the chemical energy released and stores it in ATP molecules. By the end of _____, the breakdown of glucose is complete; most ATP molecules are produced during _____.
the Citric Acid cycle ... electron transport
Which part(s) of cellular respiration require(s) oxygen gas?
the Citric Acid cycle and the electron transport chain, but not glycolysis
Rotenone is a poison that blocks the electron transport chain. When it does so, glycolysis and the citric acid cycle eventually halt as well. This is because _____.
they run out of NAD+ and FAD
NADH and FADH 2 are important in cellular respiration because they deliver high-energy electrons to the electron transport system. Electron transport produces _____ ATP molecule(s) per NADH molecule and _____ ATP molecules(s) perFADH 2 molecule.
three ... two
In electron transport, high-energy electrons "fall" to oxygen through a series of reactions. The energy released is used to _____.
transport protons into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria, where they become concentrated. They then flow back out into the the inner compartment (matrix) of the mitochodria. On the way back, protons turn ATP synthase turbines and produce ATP.
What is/are the most important output(s) of glycolysis?
two pyruvic acid and two NADH molecules
(LC6) Electron transport is disrupted by several toxicants because of change in pH. These types of chemicals are called _____ and were used to ______.
uncouplers; lose weight