Bio Chapter 8

granum

A stack of thylakoids in a chloroplast

chloroplast

organelle in which photosynthesis takes place

heterotrophs

6CO6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

Calvin cycle reactors

ATP and NADH; CO2; GA3P; ADO and NAD+

chlorophyll b

An accessory photosynthetic pigment that absorbs blue and red-orange light and consequently has a yellowish-green tint

electrons on specific chlorophyll molecules are excited by light; Chlorophyll molecules release electrons that travel down an electron transport chain; hydrogen ions are pumped into the interior of the thylakoid; H+ ions pass through an enzyme as the move out of the thylakoid; ATP and NADPH are produced;

Arrange the events of light dependent reactions in the correct order: Chlorophyll molecules release electrons that travel down an electron transport chain; H+ ions pass through an enzyme as the move out of the thylakoid; electrons on specific chlorophyll molecules are excited by light; ATP and NADPH are produced; hydrogen ions are pumped into the interior of the thylakoid.

Autotrophs: producers; many use photosynthesis to produce organic compounds; use inorganic materials to produce energy; make their own food.

Classify each description, as applying to either autotrophs: producers; many used photosynthesis to produce organic compounds; consumers, use inorganic materials to produce energy; depend on other organisms for energy; make their own food; obtain their food by consuming other organisms.

consumers; unable to produce organic compounds from inorganic materials; obtain their food by consuming other organisms; depend on other organisms for energy.

Classify each description, as applying to either heterotrophs: producers; unable to produce organic compounds from inorganic materials; many used photosynthesis to produce organic compounds; consumers, use inorganic materials to produce energy; depend on other organisms for energy; make their own food; obtain their food by consuming other organisms.

occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells; required sunlight to proceed; synthesizes carbohydrates to store energy.

Classify the characteristics exclusive to Photosynthesis: occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells; generated energy using a proton gradient releases carbon dioxide; generated ATP; occurs in plants; requires sunlight to proceed; occurs in both plant and animal cells; requires and electron transport chain; synthesizes carbohydrates to store energy;

releases carbon dioxide; occurs in both plants and animal cells

Classify the characteristics exclusive to cellular respiration: occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells; generated energy using a proton gradient releases carbon dioxide; generated ATP; occurs in plants; requires sunlight to proceed; occurs in both plant and animal cells; requires and electron transport chain; synthesizes carbohydrates to store energy;

generates ATP; generates energy using a proton gradient; occurs in plants; required an electron transport chain

Classify the characteristics shared by cellular respiration and Photosynthesis: occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells; generated energy using a proton gradient releases carbon dioxide; generated ATP; occurs in plants; requires sunlight to proceed; occurs in both plant and animal cells; requires and electron transport chain; synthesizes carbohydrates to store energy;

In photosynthesis, energy is captured from light, whereas in cellular respiration energy is transferred from storage molecules to ATP

Consider what happens to energy in photosynthesis. How does this different from what happens to energy in cellular respiration? Photosynthesis releases energy from storage molecules, whereas cellular respiration puts energy from light into these molecules; In photosynthesis, energy is captured from light, whereas in cellular respiration energy is transferred from storage molecules to ATP; Energy is stored in both processes, but photosynthesis only happens in plants and cellular respiration only happens in animals; Plants create energy using carbon dioxide and water in photosynthesis, whereas they gather extra energy from light during cellular respiration.

H+ ions are used to help produce the energy carriers, ATP and NADPH A concentration gradient forms as excited electrons help move H+ ions electrons on special chlorophyll molecules gain energy from light.

Determine all of the events that occur during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. Energy from ATP and NADPH is incorporated into carbohydrate molecules H+ ions are used to help produce the energy carriers, ATP and NADPH A concentration gradient forms as excited electrons help move H+ ions electrons on special chlorophyll molecules gain energy from light.

carbon fixation

During one of the the three phases of the Calvin Cycle, the carbon atoms from three CO2 molecules are incorporated into three five-carbon sugar molecules called ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP). This reaction forms and unstable six-carbon intermediate which immediately splits into two three carbon sugar molecules called 3-phosphoglyceric acid (3PGA) In which phase of the Calvin cycle does this occur? Light-dependent reactions; regenerations; carbon fixation; reduction

light dependence reactors

H2O; O2; ADP and NADP+; Pi and H+; ATP and NADH

CO2; NADPH

Select the Molecules brought in and used by the Calvin System: CO2; A few of the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P); most of the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P); NADP+; ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP); NADPH;

NADP+; A few of the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)

Select the molecules produced during the Calvin cycle that leave the cycle: CO2; A few of the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P); most of the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P); NADP+; ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP); NADPH;

most of the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P); ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)

Select the molecules used and regenerated within the Calvin cycle that leave the cycle: CO2; A few of the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P); most of the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P); NADP+; ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP); NADPH;

The energized electrons are used to form NADPH after leaving this photosystem; electrons from the electron transport chain are used replace electrons lost from chlorophyll molecules;

Select which statements characterize photosystem I: The hydrogen atoms from water molecules are split, producing H+ and replacement electrons for chlorophyll molecules; The energized electrons are used to form NADPH after leaving this photosystem; The hydrogen atoms from water molecules are split, producing H+ and replacement electrons for chlorophyll molecules; Light energy is used to excite an electron on specialized chlorophyll molecules; electrons from the electron transport chain are used replace electrons lost from chlorophyll molecules;

The hydrogen atoms from water molecules are split, producing H+ and replacement electrons for chlorophyll molecules; The hydrogen atoms from water molecules are split, producing H+ and replacement electrons for chlorophyll molecules

Select which statements characterize photosystem II: The hydrogen atoms from water molecules are split, producing H+ and replacement electrons for chlorophyll molecules; The energized electrons are used to form NADPH after leaving this photosystem; The hydrogen atoms from water molecules are split, producing H+ and replacement electrons for chlorophyll molecules; Light energy is used to excite an electron on specialized chlorophyll molecules; electrons from the electron transport chain are used replace electrons lost from chlorophyll molecules;

Light energy is used to excite an electron on specialized chlorophyll molecules;

Select which statements characterize the similarities between the two photosystems: The hydrogen atoms from water molecules are split, producing H+ and replacement electrons for chlorophyll molecules; The energized electrons are used to form NADPH after leaving this photosystem; The hydrogen atoms from water molecules are split, producing H+ and replacement electrons for chlorophyll molecules; Light energy is used to excite an electron on specialized chlorophyll molecules; electrons from the electron transport chain are used replace electrons lost from chlorophyll molecules;

violet blue

What color of light does carotenoids absorb more than others? violet-blue orange-red green-yellow

violet-blue; orange-red

What color of light does chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b absorb more than others? violet-blue orange-red green-yellow

high-energy NADPH and ATP

What is produced during light-dependents reactions? light; CO2 molecules; water; chlorophyll; high-energy NADPH and ATP

The carbon fixation stage of the Calvin cycle would be unable to synthesize the sugar 3-PGA;

Which of the following scenarios is a direct effect on the absence of carbon dioxide during photosynthesis? The electron transport chain of the light-dependent reactions would be unable to synthesize ATP; The reduction phase of the Calvin cycles would be unable to produce and export the sugar G3P; The photosystem of the light-dependent reactions would be unable to capture energy from photons; The carbon fixation stage of the Calvin cycle would be unable to synthesize the sugar 3-PGA;

converts carbon dioxide to sugars, releasing oxygen; is a cellular process that occurs in the chloroplast of plant cells; produces sugar for the plant using energy from sunlight;

Which of these following statements describe photosynthesis? converts carbon dioxide to sugars, releasing oxygen; is a cellular process that occurs in the mitochondria of plant cells; produces sugars for the plant using only the nutrients in the soil; is a cellular process that occurs in the chloroplast of plant cells; produces sugar for the plant using energy from sunlight; uses sugars to generate cellular energy, releasing carbon dioxide

The capture light energy and remove electrons from a donor.

Which statement best describes the function of photosynthesis pigments in leaves? They sequester nutrients in the leaves of green food plants. They capture light energy and remove electrons from a donor. they allow oxygen to exit the cell through the stomata. They block light from sensitive energy-generating areas of the cell. They convert energy from sunlight to energy in simple sugars

use H2O; capture light energy using chlorophyll; synthesize ATP and NADPH; generate oxygen gas

Which statements describe light dependent reactions? Use H2O; use carbon dioxide; capture light energy using chlorophyll; synthesize ATP and NADPH; need ribulose bisphosphate; take place in the chloroplast of plants; produce sugars; generate oxygen gas;

take place in the chloroplasts of plants

Which statements describe shared characteristics between light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle? Use H2O; use carbon dioxide; capture light energy using chlorophyll; synthesize ATP and NADPH; need ribulose bisphosphate; take place in the chloroplasts of plants; produce sugars; generate oxygen gas;

uses carbon dioxide; produce sugars; need ribulose bisphosphate

Which statements describe the Calvin Cycle? Use H2O; use carbon dioxide; capture light energy using chlorophyll; synthesize ATP and NADPH; need ribulose bisphosphate; take place in the chloroplast of plants; produce sugars; generate oxygen gas;

Pigments in plant cells absorb blue and red light, but much of the green light is reflected.

Why do most plant leaves appear green? Xanthophyll pigments in plant cells reflect yellow wavelengths of light. Pigments in plant cells absorb green wavelengths from the visible spectrum of light. Pigments in plant cells absorb blue and red light, but much of the green light is reflected. Carotenoid pigments in some plant cells organelles absorb green wavelengths of light.

thylakoid

a disc-shaped membrane-bound structure inside a chloroplast where the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place using chlorophyll embedded in the membranes

thylakoid lumen

aqueous space bound by a thylakoid membrane where protons accumulate during light-driven electron transport

orange

carotenoid color

green

chlorophyll color

CO2 from outside he cell; molecules carrying energy from the light-dependent reactions

determine the Molecules brought in and used in the Calvin cycle; CO2 from outside the cell; Glucose and other organic molecules; energy-carrier molecules that have lost some energy; molecules carrying energy from the light-dependent reactions; 3-carbon molecules that store energy

glucose and other organic molecules

determine the Molecules made in the cytoplasm from the products of the Calvin cycle; CO2 from outside the cell; Glucose and other organic molecules; energy-carrier molecules that have lost some energy; molecules carrying energy from the light-dependent reactions; 3-carbon molecules that store energy

3-carbon molecules that store energy; energy-carrier molecules that have lost some energy

determine the Molecules produced in the Calvin cycle that leave the Calvin cycle; CO2 from outside the cell; Glucose and other organic molecules; energy-carrier molecules that have lost some energy; molecules carrying energy from the light-dependent reactions; 3-carbon molecules that store energy

Wavelength

distance between consecutive points of equal position (two crest or droughts) of a wave in a graphic representation

light dependent reactions

first stage of photosynthesis where certain wavelengths of the visible light are absorbed from two energy carrying molecules (ATP and NADHP)

stroma

fluid-filled space outside the grana in which light-dependent reactions take place

reduction

gain of electrons by an atom or molecule

autotrophs

self supply their own organic compounds

GA3P

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

electron transport chain

group of proteins between PSII and PSI that pass energized electrons and use the energy released by the electrons to move hydrogen ions against their concentration gradient into the thylakoid lumen

cytochromes complex

group of reversibly oxidizable and reducible proteins that forms part of the electron transport chain between PSII and PSI

photosystem I

integral pigment and protein complex in thylakoid membranes that uses light energy to transport electrons from plastocyanin to NADP+ (which becomes reduced to NADPH in the process)

photosystem II

integral protein and pigment complex in thylakoid membranes that transports electrons from water to the electron transport chain; oxygen is a product of PSII

Calvin cycle

light-independent reactions of photosynthesis that convert carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into carbohydrates using the energy and reducing power of ATP and NADPH

chemoautotrophs

make things from inorganic compounds

mesophyll

middle layer of chlorophyll-rich cells in a leaf

pigments

molecule that is capable of absorbing certain wavelengths of light and reflecting others (this accounts for color)

stoma

opening that regulates gas exchange and water evaporation between leaves and the environment, typically situated on the underside of leaves

carotenoids

photosynthesis pigment (yellow-orange-red) that functions to dispose of excess energy

carbon fixation

process of converting inorganic CO2 gas into organic compounds

absorption spectrum

range of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation absorbed by a given substance

light independent reactions

second stage of photosynthesis, through which carbon dioxide is used to build carbohydrate molecules using energy from ATP and NADHP

fixation, reduction, regeneration

steps of the Calvin cycle

chlorophyll a

the form of chlorophyll that absorbs violet-blue and red light, that consequently has a bluish-green color; the only pigment molecule that performs the photochemistry by getting excited and losing an electron to the electron transport chain

electromagnetic spectrum

the range of all possible frequencies of electromagnetic radiation

photoautotrophs

use photosynthesis from light energy to make sugar

light; water; chlorophyll

what is needed fro light-dependents reactions of photosynthesis to take place? light; CO2 molecules; water; chlorophyll; high-energy NADPH and ATP

thylakoids

what is the component of chloroplast that is the site of light-dependent reactions?

light

which of the following are energy sources of photosynthesis? 6 CO2; light; C6H12O6; 6 O2; 6H2; 6H20

C6H12O6; 6 O2

which of the following are products of photosynthesis? 6 CO2; light energy; C6H12O6; 6 O2; 6H2; 6H20

6 CO2, 6 H2O, energy

which of the following are reactants of photosynthesis? 6 CO2; light energy; C6H12O6; 6 O2; 6H2; 6H20

are openings into a plant that are surrounded by guard cells; permit carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen to escape from a plant

which of the following statements describe the characteristics of stoma in plants? are tubes composed of cells that extend from plant roots to the leaves; are openings into a plant that are surrounded by guard cells; transport sugars produced in the leaves to other parts of the plant; are cell structures that carry out photosynthesis in plants; permit carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen to escape from a plant