bio chapters 7 and 11

Which of the following is evidence for evolution in action?

All are evidence for evolution

Which of the following are considered fossils?

All of the above are considered fossils

The eastern meadowlark and the western meadowlark are two bird species that look very similar to each other. Why do biologists not consider them the same species?

All of the above are correct.

What is the leading hypothesis for what might have brought about the extinction of the dinosaurs?

An asteroid impact

What type of supportive evidence for evolution has been obtained from comparing the forelimbs of different mammals?

Anatomical

________ are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

Arteries

Cauliflower, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, and kohlrabi are all the same species of plant. What is responsible for the differences in these vegetables?

Artificial selection

What is an exception to the standard biological species concept used to define a species?

Asexual species cannot be distinguished using this concept.

What is the name for the study of the geographic distribution of species?

Biogeography

What events can lead to offspring having a unique arrangement of their parents' genes?

Both crossing over and independent assortment

Which of the following best defines microevolution?

Changes in genes within a population over time

Which of the following lists correctly identify some of the external defenses that your body uses to prevent infection?

Cilia, mucous membranes, and stomach acid

Which classification grouping includes the greatest number of species?

Domain

Which grouping includes all of the protists?

Domain Eukarya

Human embryos have a developmental stage during which they have a tail and pharyngeal pouches (those pouches develop into gills in fish). How can we explain these characteristics of human embryos?

Human embryos share a common ancestor who had gills.

How might global warming result in most grizzly bears having fur that is less dense in the future?

In any population of bears, some individuals have thick fur, some have thin fur, and some are in between. As temperatures increase with the passage of time, the survival of bears with thin fur will increase, and the number of bears in the population with thick fur will decrease.

Before Darwin published his work, Lamarck and others had suggested mechanisms for evolution. By what means did Darwin propose species evolved over time?

Natural selection

Of the following evolutionary forces, which consistently pushes populations toward a better "fit" with their environments?

Natural selection

Can you inherit physical traits that your parents acquired during their lifetime?

No

You take a job as a research assistant at one of the richest fossil fields ever to be discovered. On your first day, you discover a new species, Neko borgus, that bears similarities to the modern, domesticated cat. You now begin the task of grouping your many fossils. Can you determine which examples are from the same species by using the biological species concept?

No, because you cannot determine the potential for interbreeding between samples.

Which process of evolution does not change the total number of species?

Nonbranching evolution

What is radiometric dating?

The process of determining the age of a fossil from radioactive isotopes

Which two observations led Darwin to conclude that there is competition for survival?

Overproduction of organisms and limited food resources Submit

All prokaryotes are in the domain ________.

Prokaryotes are in different domains.

The domain Eukarya is divided into kingdoms. Which of these kingdoms includes members that are highly diverse and do not fit neatly into a single classification scheme?

Protists

What field of science has as its goal to classify all living things into a hierarchical system of relatedness that runs from most broad to most narrow?

Taxonomy

Before the publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species, what was the prevailing public consensus regarding species evolution?

That species were permanent and unchanging

According to this phylogenetic tree, which bear is most closely related to the American black bear?

The Asiatic black bear

Which model of evolution is closest to what was originally suggested by Charles Darwin?

The graduated model matches best the reasoning of Charles Darwin

What is the smallest unit that can evolve?

The population

Despite an abundance of habitat, why will it be difficult for the human species to recover?

The reduced genetic diversity will make it difficult for the population to adapt to new diseases or other environmental changes.

In many ways, a mule is a superior animal to the horse or donkey. Mules are often stronger and can jump higher than either of their parents. Why, then, are mules considered to be a "weak hybrid"?

They are sterile.

What prompted Darwin to publish his book decades after he began writing it?

Wallace, a colleague, was about to publish a similar manuscript.

A requirement of cladistics is that a grouping must include ________.

a common ancestor and all its descendants

Humans have ________ in which the bones are associated with the soft tissues and are found inside the body.

an endoskeleton

Two hormones that counteract one another's actions in a feedback circuit are said to be ________ hormones

antagonistic

Comparing the body structures of organisms to find evidence of a shared evolutionary history is called ________.

comparative anatomy

Natural selection is best described as ________.

differential (unequal) survival and reproduction

Organisms with prokaryotic cells are separated into two _________, Bacteria and Archaea.

domains

The ________ trimester is the most sensitive time in fetal development, because this is when most organs are formed.

first

The modern evolutionary synthesis of the 1930s and 1940s melded together Darwin's findings with ________.

genetics

The ability of animals to maintain a relatively constant internal environment despite changes in the external environment is known as ________.

homeostasis

Crossing a male horse and a female donkey produces a mule. Mules, which are sterile, are an example of ________.

hybrid weakness

The ________ is the organ system primarily responsible for protecting your body from infectious diseases.

immune system

The biological species concept applies only to breeding populations ________.

in nature

According to the biological species concept, a species is composed of ________.

individuals capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring

Natural selection acts on ________, and ________ evolve.

individuals; populations

When air pressure in the lungs is less than air pressure in the atmosphere, ________ occurs.

inhalation

A weed that exhibits resistance to an herbicide ________.

inherited the gene that made it resistant to the herbicide

The oldest fossils are typically found in the sediments ________.

located deep under the surface

The term sympatric speciation is best defined as ________.

speciation that occurs in the absence of geographic separation

The correct order, from least to most inclusive, of the classification categories is ________.

species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain

The term allopatric speciation is best defined as ________.

speculation that occurs as a result of geographic separation

Individuals with variations that make them best suited to their environment are, on average, more likely to ________.

survive and reproduce

Due to differences in mating times, two sub-populations of frogs form into separate species, even though they occupy the same pond. This overall process is known as ________.

sympatric speciation

Huge, irregularly shaped masses of the earth's crust are known as ________.

tectonic plates

If two organisms of different species share more similar DNA sequences with each other than with other species, we can conclude that ________.

these two species are very closely related

Homeostasis is disrupted when an endocrine gland produces ________ hormone product.

too much or too little

The _______ system provides osmoregulation in your body.

urinary

A fertilized egg is called ________.

zygote

When did life first appear on the planet?

3.5 billion years ago

What is genetic drift?

A change in allele frequency due to chance

Which of the following is a consequence of natural selection?

Evolution

Some of the "branches" of a phylogenetic tree do not extend to the end. What do these lines represent?

Extinct species

What term describes the failure of one species' sperm to fertilize the egg of a different species?

Gametic incompatibility

Habitat loss has driven the population of the Florida panther (Puma concolor cougar) to extremely low numbers. Which mechanism of microevolution is likely at play in this species?

Genetic drift: the bottleneck effect

Of those listed below, which category of classification is the most narrow?

Genus

Which of the following most often leads to allopatric speciation?

Habitat isolation

What contribution did Charles Lyell make?

He provided the first evidence that the Earth is much older than was previously thought.

What does fitness mean when speaking in terms of evolution?

How many offspring an individual produces

How did Darwin's ideas on evolution conflict with contemporary religious dogma?

In contrast to biblical teaching, Darwin argued that the earth was very old, and that species are constantly changing.

What defines a population in evolution?

Interbreeding members of the same species that share a common space

In older classification schemes, the group called Reptilia was defined as consisting of lizards, turtles, and snakes. Birds were separated into the group called Aves. Why is Aves not a clade?

It does not include the reptiles

Which of the following is the most inclusive category?

Kingdom

________ proposed that species evolved by the inheritance of characteristics acquired by their parents.

Lamarck

________ are a type of fibrous connective tissue that holds bones together at joints.

Ligaments

________ proposed that geological processes are gradual and ongoing.

Lyell

Which process is responsible for the formation of new species?

Macroevolution

The first dinosaurs appeared during the ________.

Mesozoic era

What is the difference between microevolution and macroevolution?

Microevolution refers to change within a population or species; macroevolution refers to change above the species level that can produce new species

Which process causes the appearance of new alleles in a population?

Mutation

The biological species concept cannot be applied to ________.

bacteria

_________ are the most diverse and widespread prokaryotes.

bacteria

In the modern system for classifying life used by many biologists, the three domains are ________.

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

Two individuals from different populations attempt to mate but are unable to successfully coordinate the mating dance. This is an example of a ________ reproductive barrier.

behavioral isolation

The approach that consists in comparing DNA sequences to find evidence of a shared evolutionary history is called ________.

bioinformatics

Essential nutrients are those nutrients that the ________.

body cannot make for itself

Certain traits will have been lost from the gene pool forever. This loss of diversity in a reduced population is called ________.

bottleneck effect

The ________ nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord, whereas the ________ nervous system is composed of the nerves carry information into and out of the spinal cord and brain.

central; peripheral

Evolution can be best defined as ________.

change in the gene pool of a population

A diet that lacks sufficient calories or essential nutrients results in ________.

malnutrition

Which of the following is true about the scientific name of the giant panda Ailuropoda melanoleuca?

melanoleuca refers to the species.

Most homeostatic systems rely on ________ feedback.

negative

The ________ are the functional units of the kidney that filter the blood and form the urine.

nephrons

In the Grand Canyon, fossils in rock layers at the bottom of the canyon are __________ than those in layers closer to the top.

older

Blood contains water, cells, and other molecules. The liquid component of blood is called ________.

plasma

The slow drifting of sections of the earth's crust, sometimes separating, other times colliding, is known as ________.

plate tectonics

The rapid diversification of species seen in the fossil record followed by long periods of stasis is part of the ________ model of evolution.

punctuated equilibrium

Hormones can travel through the blood and not affect all tissues; only cells possessing ________ sites for that particular hormone are affected, and these cells are called ________ cells.

receptor; target

Prior to Darwin, ideas about how organisms came into being were mostly based on ________.

religious beliefs