BIO EXAM 1 & 2 INFO
It is important that a cell is stopped from dividing if it has any mutations in its DNA. Which checkpoint will stop the cell from dividing if an error in DNA replication is detected?
G2 Checkpoint
What relationship exists between genes and chromosomes?
Genes are carried on chromosomes.
Which genotypes show a cross between parents for two genes?
QqRr x qqRR
Eye color and skin color in Humans are determined by the interaction of multiple genes and also vary by environment. These are a clear example of _________
Quantitative traits
Which of the following phrases succinctly described the difference between an excused absence and an unexcused absence?
Required versus Desired. Absences due to events that are required are excused; Absences due to things you want to do but are not required are unexcused. Make up assignments are available for exams and labs with an excused absence. No makeup option is available for non-excused absences
When would a pair of alleles be heterozygous?
The alleles are different.
According to the diagram, protons are pumped by transmembrane proteins into the __________________ and they can pass back to the _________ through the ion channel portion of ATP synthase
intermembrane space, matrix
In which phase of the cell cycle are cells most often found as this is the phase they are preforming their job or function?
interphase
Observations showed that people with relatively high stress levels get a relatively high number of colds. What word describes this relationship?
correlation
Which types of chromosomes exchange genetic material in prophase I
crossing over of homologous chromosomes
A hypothesis must be __________.
falsifiable
During which process do haploid gametes fuse together forming a diploid cell?
fertilization
Which food would contain all essential amino acids?
fish
Carbohydrates are the entry in to life's energy food chain because plants can use energy from the _________ to create carbohydrates used for energy by other life forms.
sun
The enzyme ATP ______ produces ATP from ADP.
synthase
According to the scientific method, after you formulate a hypothesis and make a prediction, you should __________.
test the prediction -After making a prediction, experiments should be designed to test the prediction and gather data.
During which phase of the cell cycle do most organelles duplicate?
the G1 phase of interphase
What does the dotted red line that cuts through the highest point of the curve signify?
the average (mean) height of men in the class -In a normal distribution curve, the value corresponding to the peak almost always indicates the mean value
What does sampling error refer to?
the differences between a group of experimental subjects and the population as a whole
What part of lipids make it a particularly good energy source?
the hydrocarbon tails, hydrogen and carbon have similar electronegativities
The monomer for all proteins is amino acids,. There are 20 different amino acid. Which part of the amino acid monomer accounts for the differences between the 20 amino acids?
the side group or R group
Many enzymes include the root _____ as part of their name
-ase
The root _____ means origin of or birth of.
-genesis
means subunit
-mer
Most sugars end in _____.
-ose
means to love
-philic
means aversion to or fear of.
-phobic
The root _______ comes from zygote, or fertilized egg.
-zygous
Assume everything is the same as it was in our in-class egg experiment, except the eggs had been soaking in 25% sucrose prior to class. Just before class the eggs were weighed and then placed in 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% sucrose solution. Which egg will gain the most weight after an hour in their new solution.
10% sucrose solution
How many different short tandem repeats (STRs) are used by scientists to efficiently analyze DNA profiles?
13
According to the Punnett square diagram, how many different genotypes are possible for this cross?
3
Complete the formula for cellular respiration. glucose + 6O2 → ______ + ______ + ATP
6 H2O; 6 CO2 -Water and carbon dioxide are products from cell respiration.
Which is an example of peer review?
A scientist reviews a scientific paper written by another scientist before it is published. -Peer review is done by peer scientists, who have understanding of the field and experience with the scientific process.
Energy packets that cells use to do work
ATP
What high energy molecule is converted from food energy in the mitochondria and used to power cellular reactions?
ATP
Which statement best describes the molecule ATP?
ATP can be used to perform many types of cellular work -ATP carries stored chemical energy that can be used to perform cellular work. See Section 4.2.
A Mendelian Pea trait for flower position is axial (A) is dominant to terminal flower (a) the recessive trait. Which of the following is the correct Punnett Square for a pea egg donor heterozygous for flower position and a pea sperm donor for flower position homozygous recessive?
AaaAaaaaAaaa
If two molecules tend to stick together, this could be due to __________.
All of the answer choices re correct -covalent bond hydrogen bonds ionic bonds
Why does your textbook refer to Carbon as the tinkertoy connector of life?
All of the choices are correct Each carbon is able to form bonds with up to four different elements. can form single or double bonds Each carbon is able to form up to four bonds
Why are hypotheses never accepted as proven by scientists?
Alternative hypotheses might provide a better explanation.
What type of chromosomes found in human cells comprise 22 pairs and do not have genes with primary roles in secondary sex characteristics.
Autosomes
During electron transport, energy from _____ is used to pump hydrogen ions into the _____.
NADH and FADH2 ... mitochondria's intermembrane space
Which of these gametes contains one or more recombinant chromosomes?
B and C
Why do chromosomes resemble the letter X when viewed during metaphase?
Because there are two sister chromatids joined at a point in the middle (the centromere).
When is an experiment considered to be double-blind?
Both participants and researchers are unaware of group member identities.
What type of reasoning is used to make a hypothesis based on previously established observations?
inductive reasoning
A migraine drug is tested on two groups of participants. A nurse administers the migraine pill to one group and a placebo pill to the other. What must be true for the study to be double-blind?
Both the nurse and the subjects do not know which participants are in the control group or the group that takes the migraine drug.
Gas we exhale
CO2
When atoms of a molecule carry a neutral charge they are referred to as non-polar. Which of the following molecules would be non-polar. Hint: Oxygen has the highest electronegativity of atoms commonly found in life. Nitrogen has the next highest electronegativity Carbon and Hydrogen have low electronegativity. Carbon and Hydrogen have nearly equal electronegativity
Carbon bound to Hydrogen Carbon bound to Carbon Oxygen bound to Oxygen -Molecules composed of atoms with identical orvery similar electronegativity will form neutral or nonpolar molecules reminder electronegativity O>N> C≈ H
When atoms of a molecule carry a neutral charge they are referred to as non-polar. Which of the following molecules would be non-polar. Hint: Oxygen has the highest electronegativity of atoms commonly found in life. Nitrogen has the next highest electronegativity Carbon and Hydrogen have low electronegativity. Carbon and Hydrogen have nearly equal electronegativity
Carbon bound to Hydrogen Oxygen bound to Oxygen Carbon bound to Carbon
How does crossing over increase genetic diversity?
Crossing over exchanges genes between homologous chromosome pairs
The enzyme that catalyzes the DNA replication reaction is_____
DNA polymerase
Which occurs during S phase of Interphase
DNA replication -The S in S phase stands for synthesis, because new DNA is synthesized.
Which is not a monomer
Disaccharide
Which is not a monomer?
Disaccharide -yes this is TWO monomers bound together di = two saccharide is a sugar
Which is not one of the characteristics of living organisms?
Do not change over time -Populations of living organisms evolve and change over time.
Which statement is an example of anecdotal evidence?
Dr. Jackson's personal statement about the effectiveness of his cure for bowel disorders
What water source is on average healthier for you?
Duluth tap water
You may have heard people say they have a fast metabolism or that they have a slow metabolism. Which of the following are correct statements about the rate of metabolism?
Energy producing metabolic reactions are all catalyzed by enzymes therefore the rate of metabolism is strongly tied to the speed and efficiency of your metabolic enzymes to catalyze reactions
Which statement describes enzymes?
Enzymes can be recycled and used over and over again.
Why does the following figure show the enzyme changing its shape?
Enzymes change shape to stress the substrate bonds. -correct: enzymes hold the substrates in a manner that stresses bonds that need to be broken, and also orients the substrates together for bonds to form
Which statement about enzymes is true?
Enzymes do not change the reactions in which they are involved. -Enzymes act as biological catalysts, but they themselves are not changed by the chemical reaction and, therefore, can be reused.
How does a cell know how to make an enzyme
Enzymes like all proteins are coded for by genes and
To stay healthy your body needs all 20 amino acids to build all the proteins in your body. Nine of the amino acids are referred to as essential amino acids. What does essential amino acids mean?
Essential amino acids must be consumed your body cannot make them
Lactobacillus bulgaricus, a species of bacteria used for the production of yogurt, use which of the following to produce lactic acid?
Fermentation -Bacteria used to produce yogurt use lactate fermentation to break down sugars in milk.
By diffusion across the semi-permeable membrane, solute would move __________.
From A, the area of high concentration to B -Diffusion is the movement of molecules from where they are in high concentration to where they are in low concentration.
Which checkpoint will stop a cell from dividing if it doesn't have enough energy to duplicate all the organelles.
G1
The cell cycle is the process by which Eukaryotic cells divide and single-celled Eukaryote cells reproduce asexually. What is the correct order of events in the cell cycle?
G1, S, G2, mitosis, cytokinesis
beer production
Glycolysis and ethanol fermentation, which are pictured above, are used in beer production.
In a study designed to test the effectiveness of a new malaria vaccine, participants in group A are given the vaccine, and participants in group B are given an injection of saline. Which of the following is the control group?
Group B -Group B contains participants that are similar to the experimental participants except that they are not exposed to the experimental treatment.
Water
H20
Which statement describes human haploid cells?
Haploid cells are produced within the gonads.
Which is a conclusion that can be made based on the data in the figure below?
High stress level has a positive correlation with high cold frequency.
What are the possible genotypes of the offspring if a mother is homozygous for blood type A and the father is heterozygous for blood type B?
IAIB and IAi
Use what you know about DNA profiling to determine which statements are true. Select all that apply.
Identical twins will have identical DNA profiles. DNA molecules migrate toward the positive electrode at the bottom of the gel.
Consider this hypothesis: "Drinking Echinacea tea reduces the duration and severity of colds." Which statement is the best prediction based on this hypothesis?
If cold sufferers drink Echinacea tea, then they will feel better sooner
During electron transport, energy from _____ is used to pump hydrogen ions that in turn will be used in oxydative phophorylation to produce _____.
NADH and FADH2 ... ATP
What is the major function a molecule of DNA plays in a cell.
It carries the genetic information necessary to create a copy of the cell
Carbon is often referred t as the backbone of life. Your textbook calls it the chemical TinkertoyTM connector. Why?
It forms diverse shapes with other elements
Why is oxygen considered highly electronegative?
It pulls electrons towards itself
Life's metabolic process often rely on solubility of polymers in water. Which of the macromolecules is not soluble in water and therefore is used for creating the compartments of life.
Lipids -correct, lipids are hydrophobic due to the low electronegativity of carbon and hydrogen that make up lipids. The hydrophobicity drives all the phospholipids together spontaneously to for a membrane.
When only a small sample of DNA is available PCR is used to amplify the DNA. What does amplify in this sense mean?
Make many copies of a specific region of DNA
Enzyme can only typically catalyze a single type of reaction. How can the hundreds of thousands of reaction that occur in your body every day occur?
Most enzymes are proteins whose structure dictates its function. Their catalyst function can be altered by rearranging the 20 types of amino acids in 2020 different orders and creating even more protein structures by changing the number of each amino acids in the polypeptide.
How do mutations affect genetic diversity in a population?
Mutations produce different versions of genes called alleles.
Which molecule results from the process of fermentation?
NAD+
The interaction of multiple genes and interaction with the environment during development in humans. The resulting variation forms the black bell-shaped curve plotted in the figure above. What is the common name for this type of curve?
Normal distribution
Gas we inhale
O2
What are the "poles" in water, a polar molecule?
Oxygen is the negative pole and each hydrogen is a positive pole
What are the "poles" in water, a polar molecule?
Oxygen is the negative pole and each hydrogen is a positive pole -Because oxygen has a higher electronegtivity than hydrogen when water forms from bonding of one oxygen to two hydrogen atoms, H2O each hydrogen's single electron spends more time around the oxygen than around the two hydrogen atoms giving that part of the water molecule a negative charge and leaving hydrogen parts of the molecule with a positive charge
Which statement would be appropriate scientific hypothesis?
People protected from chilly temperatures catch fewer colds.
According to the graph, what is the relationship between stress and the likelihood of infection by a cold virus?
People with a stress index of 11-12 are more likely to catch a cold.
What is the key to recognizing codominance?
Phenotypes for both alleles are equally expressed.
Which example represents a genotype?
Ppff
How do the chromosomes in prokaryotes differ from eukaryotic chromosomes?
Prokaryotes have a single, circular chromosome. Most Eukaryotes have multiple linear chromosomes
Figure 8.14 shows a dihybrid cross between parents both heterozygous for two Mendelian traits: seed shape round (R) or wrinkled (r) and color yellow (Y) or green (y). It is important to remember genes are not inherited singly but together. We can follow one, two, three or more genes with a punnett square matrix of course once you follow more than three genes at a time the matrix gets exponentially larger.
RyRyryryRYRyRYRyRYryRYryRYRYRyRYRyRYryRYryRYRyRyRyRyRyryRyryRyRyRyRyRyRyryRyryRy
A judge at the local Science Fair notice two 8th grade posters asking the same question: Which of the four cardinal directions will Monarch Butterflies prefer. Both hypothesized that the butterflies were most likely to fly south with the null hypothesis that the butterflies would show no preference. Student 1 rejected the Null hypothesis as 11 out of 20 butterflies flew west. Student 2 accepted the null hypothesis as 2 butterflies flew South, 2 flew North, 3 flew East and 3 flew West. What is the most likely reason for the opposite results.
Sampling error due to sample size. There are millions of monarch butterflies migrating south each year. Neither student tested enough butterflies to get a true sample of the butterfly population.
What is the main reason Calvin's experiment, detailed in the cartoon, doesn't qualify as a scientific experiment?
Science test pattern in the natural world. Imaginary monsters are not part of the natural world and do not qualify.
Which substance or process requires energy to move molecules across cell membranes?
Small hydrophobic molecules, such as oxygen
Which molecules would easily pass through a plasma membrane?
Small hydrophobic molecules, such as oxygen -Small hydrophobic, uncharged molecules such as oxygen or carbon dioxide can easily pass through the lipid bilayer. See Section 3.3.
A strong correlation exists between stress and susceptibility to colds. What does this mean?
Stress might or might not affect susceptibility to colds.
Which of the following is a good example to help you understand what specificity of enzyme catalysts means?
The breakdown of lactose into galactose and glucose can only be catalyzed by lactase.
Which statement about the graph is true?
The difference between the control group and the experimental group is statistically significant. -There is relatively small standard error and a big difference in the measured variable.
Why are model organisms used to test hypotheses?
The hypotheses are potentially too dangerous to perform on human subjects.
What might be the next step if the results from one test of a new drug are found to be statistically significant?
The hypothesis should be tested again.
What inference can be made about low variance in a trait showing continuous variation?
The majority of individuals will be very close to the mean.
active site
The region of the enzyme where the substrate binds is called the enzyme's active site.
Which item suggests that scientific information on a website may be unreliable?
The site is set up to allow you to buy the product being described.
In a squirrel feeding trial in her backyard for a Science Fair project, Linda found a statistically significant result of p < 0.05 preference for acorns over osage orange seed balls. Which of the following represents another correct way to express her results?
There is a probability of less than 0.05% that the preference shown for acorns was due to chance .
A young couple wants to have a child but know that the mother is a carrier for a potentially dangerous mutation of trait T called T2 coded by a gene on the X chromosome. The genetic counsel draws up a punnett square of all the possible genotypes of the children. The mother looks at the results and says so if it is a girl she will be healthy. If it is a boy there is a 50% chance he will be healthy.
True
An atom with a neutral charge will have a negative charge if it attracts electrons of another element to spend more time around it.
True
True or False: Traits such as skin color and height are quantitative traits with many genes that interact with the environment.
True
Which experimental design will have the smallest sampling error in an experiment that 1) tests likelihood of obesity in teenagers and 2) has both a control group and an experimental group?
Two groups of randomly selected teenagers
In a species of rose, flower color can be red (RR), pink (Rr), or white (rr). What are the possible phenotypes of the offspring from a cross between a red plant and a pink plant?
Two red and two pink
What percentage of alleles will be shared by certain siblings due to the law of independent assortment?
Two typical siblings will have about 50% of their alleles in common.
What is the official form of communication at UMD between Professors and Students?
UMD email, e.g. [email protected]
What is the best source of macro- and micronutrients?
Whole foods
what is the best source of micronutrients?
Whole foods
Hemophilia is a recessive disorder inherited as a sex-linked trait. XH is the normal allele, and Xh is the recessive allele. A healthy couple has a son who has hemophilia. Which punnett square correctly shows the parental and offspring genotype possibilities?
XHXhXHXHXHXHYXHYXhY
In humans, Males are homozygous for genes that are located on the X chromosome since males only have one X chromosome and one ________.
Y chromosome
Lets assume cottontail rabbit length is controlled by 5 genes. If you plotted number of Rabbits on the y- axis and rabbit length on the x-axis. You measure 1000 cottontail rabbits in and around Duluth. you would expect to see ____________
a bell-shaped curve called a normal distribution of rabbit length observed
Which components form the structure of the plasma membrane?
a double layer of phospholipids with embedded proteins
In statistics, what is a sample?
a small subgroup of a population to be studied
What is a saturated fat?
a tightly packed, solid structure with no double bonds because it is fully hydrogenated
Which characteristic would zombies need to develop to be considered alive?
ability to perform homeostasis and heal wounds
Substrate molecules bind to the enzyme's __________ site.
active -The region of the enzyme where the substrate binds is called the enzyme's active site. The shape of the active site is specific for the substrate.
Your cells sometimes need to use ATP to pump solute against their concentration gradient in a process termed __________.
active transport
Your cells sometimes need to use ATP to pump solute against their concentration gradient in a process termed __________.
active transport -Active transport is transport that uses proteins, powered by ATP, to move substances up a concentration gradient.
What type of chemical energy powers your brain cells?
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
During which process would ethanol and carbon dioxide be released from the cell?
alcohol fermentation
Which of the following describe a function of cell membranes?
all answers are correct -control movement within cell Maintain homeostasis Control movement in and out of the cell Compartmentalize chemical reactions
Which of the following are basic attributes of life
all of the choices are correct -reproduce (& pass genetic information) process energy (metabolism) composed of cells
You find you are struggling in this class which of the following are appropriate options to pursue?
all of these options may be appropriate
In cattle, coat color is an example of codominance, with red color (R1R1), white color (R2R2), and roan color (R1R2). A cross between a white cow and a red bull will result in __________.
all roan offspring
Which of the following is an example how membranes are dynamic
all the choices are correct -can increase membrane permeability by usin phospholipids with unsaturated tails with many double bonds to change membrane permeability can change the type of phospholipid to increase the strength of the barrier can use phospholipids with longer tails to increase hydrophobicity
protein
amino acid
Which of the following represents the synthesis of monomers to protein polymers
amino acid monomers are bonded to each other by peptide bonds to form polypeptides
Proteins are composed of many _________ bonded together
amino acids
What is the monomer for proteins
amino acids
Why should you be concerned about the trans-fatty acids common in fast foods?
an increased risk of heart disease and diabetes
The root ______ means an absence of.
an-
Organisms that do not need oxygen to survive are said to be
anaerobic
The smallest unit that has the properties of an element is a(n) __________.
atom
What is the resting energy requirement of a person who is awake but not active?
basal metabolic rate
Under favorable environmental conditions, how do most prokaryotes reproduce?
binary fission
The majority of ATP generated is a cell occurs
by ATP synthase using the proton gradient generated by the electron transport chain
How can sampling error be reduced?
by increasing the sample size
The majority of ATP generated is a cell occurs
by the electron transport chain and ATP synthase
Which element is the basis for the macromolecules found in living things?
carbon
The basic unit of life is the ________
cell
You may have heard of cholesterol before only in the context that it is bad for you as it is linked to high blood pressure and stroke. However it has very important positive functions such as ________
cell membrane support e.g. lipid rafts
Carbohydrates can be used for _______
cell structure, for example cellulose plant fiber energy, for example glucose
Regulates cytoplasm composition, reates internal pressure, and stores cell compounds
central vacoule
After a chromosome is duplicated the two sister chromosomes are held together with a ________________
centromere -The centromere holds the two parts of the duplicated chromosome together.
Inside which specialized organelle does photosynthesis occur?
chloroplast
Makes food by converting light energy into chemical energy
chloroplast
Which macromolecule is a lipid?
cholesterol
The blood type genotype IAIB is an example of __________.
codominance
What term describes nucleotides in opposing strands of DNA that bind to each other?
complementary
The root _____ means two.
di-
The root _______ means two.
di-
genetic crosses between two parents involving two traits
dihybrid cross
A human skin cell is ________, whereas a human sperm cell is ________.
diploid, haploid
In a Mendelian trait one of two phenotypes are possible. This genotype would always produce its phenotype regardless of the genotype of its homologous pair
dominant
Which experimental factor can be manipulated?
independent variable
In the image ions are not able to move across the membrane. What is one method of moving ions across the membrane?
embed ion channels into membrane to allow passive transport down ion concentration gradient and active transport when moving against ion concentration gradient
Importing large molecules into the cell by pinching the plasma membrane inward to form a vesicles is called __________.
endocytosis
Importing large molecules into the cell with the help of vesicles is called __________.
endocytosis -Endocytosis occurs when a substance is brought into the cell by a vesicle, pinching the plasma membrane inward.
You need to design an experiment to measure the basal metabolic rate of a marathon runner. In order to accurately do this you will measure her __________.
energy use while awake but not moving -The basal metabolic rate represents the energy use of a wakeful person.
What proteins speed up chemical reactions in cells?
enzymes
The root_____ means on top of or in addition to.
epi
Specific instructions on how to construct each protein are carried on ________.
genes -Genes are the units of heredity, and chromosomes contain many genes.
Why is DNA referred to as the blueprint of life?
genes are made of DNA and it is the order of the nucleotides that carries the information of the gene
Fuel
glucose
The root _____ means sugar.
glycol-
The cleaving of a six-carbon sugar into two three-carbon sugars is called
glycolysis
stages of cellular respiration
glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electric transport chain
Modifies and packages proteins
golgi apparatus
A _______ is an organ, such as the testis or ovary, that produces gametes.
gonad
The root________means seed or generation.
gonado-
According to the diagram, which organisms are most closely related on the tree of life?
green algae and plants
lipid
has no monomer
The root _______ means blood
hemo-
The root _______different or other
hetero-
Diploid individuals carry an allele pair for each genes. For this type, both alleles are different
heterozygous
means like or similar
homeo-
What is the ability of living things to maintain a relatively constant internal environment?
homeostasis
What chromosomes are able to pair up in prophase I because they carry the same genes?
homologous chromosomes
Diploid individuals carry an allele pair for each genes. For this type, both alleles are the same
homozygous
A cross between two parents with different genotypes for one trait
hybrid cross
means water
hydro-
What molecule is composed only of chains and rings of hydrogens and carbons?
hydrocarbons
_____________ bonds hold two water molecules together. These types of bonds can only form between polar or charged molecules.
hydrogen
_____________ bonds hold two water molecules together. These types of bonds can only form between polar or charged molecules. The millions of hydrogen bonds in water make water a very stable substance that makes life possible.
hydrogen
Which process does not involve molecules moving across cell membranes?
hydrogenation
Molecules that have a positive and negative pole are __________
hydrophilic
What characteristic applies to the interior of a phospholipid bilayer indicated in figure below?
hydrophobic due to the lipid hydrocarbon tail of the phospholipid
The subconscious framework that affects our feelings about other people based only o what we physically observe is call _____________ _____________. It is developed over our lifetime and continues even though statistically rigorous scientific test have shown there is no reliable correlation between appearance and behavior.
implicit bias
What pattern of inheritance occurs when a light blue-colored flower results from a cross between a dark blue-colored flower and a white-colored flower?
incomplete dominance
What pattern of inheritance results when the phenotype of a heterozygote is intermediate between both homozygotes?
incomplete dominance
Random alignment of homologous chromosomes in metaphase I results in gametes with equal proportions of RT, Rt, rT, and rt produced by a parental genotype of RrTt? What is the genetic term for this process?
independent assortment
Which of the following are essential fatty acids?
lipids that cannot be manufactured by the body so must be consumed
means large
macro-
What are nutrients that the human body requires in large quantities?
macronutrients
If you imagine activation energy as a hill that you have to climb before the reaction can proceed, then enzymes will __________.
make the hill smaller -Enzymes reduce the activation energy required for the reaction to proceed and therefore "make the hill smaller."
The root _______means to make smaller.
meio-
An _______ is a female reproductive cell.
meiosis
________is the production of four small gametes from one progenitor cell.
meiosis
Organelles are
membrane bound compartments within the cell that perform specialized tasks
During which phase of mitosis are the replicated chromosomes lined up in the middle of the cell in order to ensure each daughter cell gets one copy of every type of chromosome?
metaphase
The site for most of the ATP generated in the cell
mitochondria
Convets chemical fuel intopackets of chemical energy (ATP) that can power the cell
mitochonrion
Which types of molecules can easily dissolve in water? or stated another way, will go into solution in water?
molecules that have a net negative or net positive charge hydrophilic molecules with a positive and negative pole
The root _____ means one.
mono-
carbohydrates
monosaccharides
In scientific studies related to the heritability of criminality, which people would show the highest correlation between their criminality levels?
monozygotic twins
Many primates, humans include have a gene with three alleles that result in our three blood types A, B and O. This is an example of_________
multi-allelism
A polygenic trait is one for which __________.
multiple genes affect one trait
What process is the basis for genetic variation by producing new alleles?
mutation
After reading the following "news" flash should you be convinced to avoid eating green jelly beans?
no, another way to state the result is that there is a 5% probability that the results are due to a sampling error
nucleic acids
nucleotides
The root means egg.
oo-
The theory of evolution ____
or descent with modification, explains how a single common ancestor could give rise to the multitude of species on earth
What are the internal membrane-bound compartments found in eukaryotic cells called?
organelles
Diffusion of water molecules across a plasma membrane is termed _________
osmosis
The molecule that accepts electrons at the end of the electron transport chain is __________.
oxygen -The electrons travel through the electron transport chain, and in the end they combine with oxygen to produce water. The importance of oxygen should not be underestimated. Until this highly electronegative element was freely available at high enough concentrations in earth's amosphere the ETC and oxydative phosphorylation could not have evolved
Which process involves the movement of molecules or atoms down a concentration gradient across plasma membranes?
passive transport
If you were designing a scientific study, what would be a reliable source of background information?
peer-reviewed primary sources -These sources have been checked by other scientists and would include relevant data.
f you were designing a scientific study, what would be a reliable source of background information?
peer-reviewed primary sources -These sources have been checked by other scientists and would include relevant data.
What would be the most trustworthy source of scientific information?
peer-reviewed research publications
The root _______means appearing.
pheno-
Which type of lipid is the major component of all cell membranes?
phospholipids
Strong protective structure made from cellulose fibrils
plant cell wall
The root _______ means many
pleio-
The ability of a single gene to cause multiple effects on an individual's phenotype is called __________.
pleiotropy
The root ____ means sets of chromosomes.
ploid
The root _____means many.
poly-
Which of the following is an information macromolecule
polymers of nucleic acids
what type of electric charge do protons carry?
positive
Cell membranes create an external barrier around the cell and inner cell membranes divide the cell into other compartments. What part of the phospholipid macromolecule structure creates the barrier function of cell membranes?
primarily the hydrophobic tails
Which of the following are basic attributes of life
process energy (metabolism) composed of cells all of the choices are correct reproduce (& pass genetic information)
Mitosis is the nuclear division of the cell cycle. What is the correct order of events in mitosis?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Which type of macromolecule is present in enzymes
protein
Most enzymes are _____.
proteins
What type of molecules, embedded in phospholipid bilayers, transport hydrophilic molecules into or out of the cell?
proteins
means false or fraudulent
psuedo-
A table that lists all the types of eggs or sperm for one or more genes each parent can produce and predicts the possible offspring that could result from the cross
punnett square
In a Mendelian trait one of two phenotypes are possible. This genotype would only produce its phenotype when homologous pair are homozygous for the trait
recessive
What are the "workbenches" where cell proteins are assembled?
ribosomes
Which feature is found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
ribosomes
What phrase is defined as an explanation for a set of related observations based on well-supported hypotheses from numerous, independent lines of research?
scientific theory
What type of scientific information would include a news report?
secondary source
What process results in half of the gametes receiving the Tallele and the other half receiving the t allele from a parental genotype of Tt?
segregation
There is one pair of chromosomes that unlike all other homologous pairs of chromosomes, do not share the majority of genes.
sex chromosomes
If you place a human red blood cell in a solution with a higher concentration of solute than that of the cell, the cell will __________.
shrink -Water will move to the more concentrated solution by osmosis, and the cell will lose water and shrivel or shrink.
A duplicated chromosome consists of two ___________.
sister chromatids -Sister chromatids are the two copies of the duplicated chromosomes that stay attached at the centromere until that structure is unmade at an appropriate point in cell division.
The root ______ means body.
soma-
Body cells, in contrast to gametes, are also called _______ cells.
somatic
Most of your body consists of ____________ that undergo mitosis during cell division.
somatic cells
If you were looking at scientific data and wanted to decide if the results were significant, the most immediate tool to help you decide would be __________.
statistics -Statistics help to show if the difference between control and treatment groups is due to more than just random chance.
What is a function of antioxidants?
to decrease damage done to cells by free radicals
What is the purpose of double-blind experiments?
to minimize the effects of human bias on the results?
What is the main biochemical function of the electron transport chain?
to use energy from electrons to pump protons against their gradient to break glucose into pyruvic acid
What gene encodes a protein that will inhibit cell division?
tumor-suppressor gene
Which experimental factor can be manipulated?
variable
What mathematical measure explains the average distance an individual is from the mean on a normal distribution curve?
variance
When an experiment has a large sample size, and there is a large difference between the results in the experimental and control groups, how likely is it that the experimental results are statistically significant?
very likely
What vitamin can be synthesized by the human body
vitamin D
