Bio exam 1 study guide

fungi are like animals in that they ____ but are like plants because ________.

get nutrients from other organisms and their cells have a cell wall

of the following traits, which is unique to animals?

getting energy by ingesting and internally ingesting other organisms

two problems that plants faced in the move to land include _______ and ______.

gravity and desiccation

the first land plants appeared ______ million years ago.

475

the angiosperms evolved ________ million years ago.

135

to which phylum does this animal belong, and what is a common characteristic of animals in that phylum?

Cnidaria; tentacles with stinging cells

Scientific theories represent casual guesses about the natural world. T or F

False

in the tree of life, a species that has gone extinct is "lower" or "primitive" compared to extant species. T or F

False

______ is an intellectual activity and pathway to better understanding our world.

Science

of the following , which is not an adaptation that is used to help classify animals into monophyletic groupings?

a body made up of a single cell multiple cells

the ancestor to land plants is hypothesized to be ________.

a green alga

what is a hypothesis?

a proposed explanation for an observed phenomenon

The vaccine for mumps, measles, and rubella (MMR) was once wrongly linked to autism based on _______.

a single poorly-designed study

bribery and trickery with their flowers are way in. which angiosperms attract animals to _______.

achieve pollination

______ live a double life, referring to two life stages: one lived in water and one on land.

amphibians

rapid production of seeds allows ______ to grow as annual plants, which other plants cannot do.

angiosperms

the most successful of all plants species is the ______.

angiosperms

estimated at a billion billion individuals on earth, ______ are the most abundant of all animals

arthropods

of the following characteristics, which are those that define plants?

autotrophic, sessile, multicellular, terrestrial

fossil evidence of humans indicates that an increase in brain size was coupled with a decrease in teeth size. This evidence suggests that humans ______.

began to use tools instead of teeth in food preparation

a blind experimental design is one that withholds information in order to reduce ________.

bias

unlike cnidarians, worms develop with a body plan characterized by _________, which adapts them for forward movement.

bilateral symmetry

a key characteristics that separates humans from other apes is ________.

bipedalism

which mollusk is characterized by its shell of two halves?

bivalve

coral _____ occurs when warm temperatures cause the corrals to expel their symbiotic ________ so that the coral appears white.

bleaching / zoozanthellae

i which plant group is the gametophyte much larger than the sporophyte?

bryophytes

in which of the plant groups is water necessary for sperm to "swim" to find an egg to fertilize?

bryophytes, ferns and horsetails

photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert energy from the sun and store it in ______.

carbohydrates

bogs are ecologically important because they accumulates peat, which traps ______.

carbon

in the mollusks, which have tentacles used for walking, swimming and capturing prey?

cephalopods

of the arthropods, which group includes horseshoe crabs, spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites?

chelicerates

of the primates, which one is most closely related to humans, differing in DNA sequences by just 1%?

chimpanzees

corals, sea anemones, and jellyfishes all are classified as _______ because of the presence of tentacles with stinging cells

cnidarians

the _____ is a stinging cell that cnidarians use to capture prey.

cnidocyte

of the arthropods, the _______have five pairs of appendages that extend from the head and many pairs of legs.

crustaceans

in gymnosperms, the reproductive structures the produced gametes are _____.

cones

of the gymnosperms, which are the most wide ranging and make up the majority of species in the group?

conifers

the solution to desiccation for plants is the evolution of the ______, a shiny, waxy layer covering their surface.

cuticle

ecologically, fungi are important in that they _____.

decompose organic material

in angiosperms, a function of fruit is to ______.

disperse seeds

of the worms, which ones have enormous economic values to agriculture because they improve soil?

earthworms

which group shows radial symmetry but is grouped with animals that show bilateral symmetry?

echinoderms

which phylum is characterized by a hard skeleton of spiny plates and move using a system of tube feet?

echinoderms

in angiosperms, the _______ is the product of ______ and functions to provide nourishment for the developing embryo.

endosperm and double fertilization

Of the following, which is outside the realm of scientific thinking?

ethical questions of cloning

in mollusks, the radula is used for ______.

feeding

the evolution of _______ set the stage for an explosive diversification of the vertebrates.

fins and jaws

the common ancestor of all animals is likely to have been a ______.

flagellated protist

of the worms, which one has a digestive system with just one opening?

flatworms

the adaptation that distinguishes angiosperms from all other plants is the ______, which houses the plants reproductive structures.

flowers

a hypothesis for the evolution of feathers is that they were first used ______.

for behavioral displays (mating and aggression)

the movement to land required four major evolutionary adaptations. Which characteristic first evolved in lobe-finned fishes?

four legs

according to the evolutionary tree, which statement is true?

fungi are more closely related to animals than they are plants

in plants, the diploid sporophyte makes _____.

haploid spores

in which bipedal group does evidence suggest a large increase in brain size?

homo (2-1 million years ago)

human evolution began in and was limited to Africa until migration of ______ nthrough eastern Europe and Asia about 1.8 million years ago.

homo erectus

which is the first homo species to live on earth alone, without a related specieds of humans?

homo sapiens

most fungi are multicellular, and most of their body is composed of ______ belowground or in a decaying tree of log.

hyphae amassed as mycelium

which statement is a reasonable, testable prediction?

if echinacea is an effective form of cold prevention, then individuals who take it will have fewer colds than those who do not.

some insects have a life cycle in which eggs hatch to nymphs that resemble a smaller version of the adult stage. This pattern of growth and development is called ________.

incomplete metamorphosis

in the arthropods, wings appeared as an adaptation in which group first?

insects

nearly all protostomes are _____, meaning they lack a backbone.

invertebrates

of all the species making up the animal kingdom, more than 95% are classified as ______, meaning they lack a backbone.

invertebrates

the chordates include invertebrates and vertebrate species. From the list below, which is an invertebrate chordate?

lancelet

in insects, development proceeds by complete metamorphosis, the advantage of which is that _________.

larvae and adult have different food sources

the life cycle of a sponge includes a mobile _______, or juvenile, stage.

larval, or larva or larvae

the primary photosynthetic organ of a plant is the _______.

leaf

though diverse, all arthropods have _______.

legs with joints, an exoskeleton, and segmented bodies

growers make "lucky bamboo" plants, which have stems that grow in spirals, by forcing the plants to grow towards ______.

light/ sunlight

fossil evidence of H. neanderthalensis includes bones that had been broken and healed, suggesting that neanderthals ________.

lived in organized groups that allowed serious injuries to heal

ray-finned fishes have a swim bladder, a has-filled organ that keeps the fish from sinking. This bladder is thought to be homologous to _______ in land-dwelling vertebrates.

lungs

mollusks make up a diverse phylum, but these animals are untied by which one of the following traits that is unique to the phylum?

mantle

which mammal group reproduces by laying eggs?

monotermes

of the following, which are bryophytes?

mosses, liverworts, hornworts

a constraint of the arthropod exoskeleton is that it ______.

must be shed in order for growth

fungi associate with plant roots and form structure called ______.

mycorrhizae

all vertebrates have which of the following characteristics?

notochords, a head made up of skull, brain, and sensory organs, gill slits, and vertebrae

of the following, which is one of the four traits that characterize all chordates, the phylum that includes fish, reptiles, and primates?

notochords, dorsal, hollow nerve cord, post-anal tail, and gill slits

the advantages of a seed over a spore is that the seed is _______.

packaged with a store of nutrients to fuel initial growth

in seed plants, the male gametophyte is ______, which uses wind instead of water to meet an egg.

pollen

the process by which a pollen grain releases sperm is called _____.

pollination

corals are a _______ form of cnidarians that form _______ ecosystems of the oceans.

polyp / reef

of the following which is not characteristic of scientific thinking?

pseudoscience

of the following, which is true about gymnosperms and angiosperms?

reproductive structures are housed in flowers in angiosperms and in cones in gymnosperms and Angiosperms rely for pollination while gymnosperms use wind.

birds are _______ and _______, with feathers perhaps acting as insulation

reptiles..... endothermic

vascular plants were the first to grow tall with the evolution of a _______ system to anchor plants in the group.

root

of the "worms", _________ are more closely related to the arthropods than they are to other "worms" phyla.

roundworms

in gymnosperms and angiosperms, the _____ is a diploid embryo packaged with its own supply of water and nutrients within a protective coat.

seed

a primary difference between the bodies roundworms and annelids is that of _______

segmentation

in the life cycle of plants, ______ are single haploid cells that grow into adult haploid plants

spores

In statistics, the ______ reveals the amount of variation in a set of measurements.

standard deviation

the unique strategy of sexual reproduction in plants that allows them to reproduce on land is referred to as _______.

the alternation of generations

in the echinoderms, which stage of development shows bilateral symmetry?

the larval stage is bilaterally symmetrical.

one trait that is unique to mammals is ________.

the presence of hair.

In an experiment, a medical researcher tests the effectiveness of a vaccine against a virus by vaccinating some people and giving others an inactive vaccine. Which is the treatment in this example?

the vaccine

even though parasitic plants don't photosynthesize, they are considered to be plants because _______.

their ancestors had chlorophyll

sponges are currently thought to be the oldest phylum of all animals, in part because they lack _______, which all other animals have.

tissues

of the following, which is not a plant defense?

trapping and digesting insects

primates evolved from small _____ mammals approximately 55 million years ago.

tree- dwelling