Bio exam 2

the covid-19 vaccine elicits an immune response by presenting the body with.

a killed version of the virus or antigens specific to the virus.

which of these best describes a virus?

a nonliving complex of RNA or DNA protected by a protein coat

identify the organisms that would be considered genetically modified. check all that apply.

a plum that has been given a new gene that protects it from a virus. a tomato that ripens more slowly because a gene was removed.

all viruses are made up of two components. these components are.

a protein capsid and genetic material, in the form of either RNA or DNA.

True or False. If a researcher wants to remove a small section of nucleotides and insert a new set of nucleotides in order to alter the end product produced by that gene, the best option would be to use mutagenesis.

False

memory b cells are developed after a primary response. these memory cells are activated during a secondary response to.

all of the answer choices are correct.

which of the following best describes how the flu virus may impact the respiratory system?

all of the answer choices are correct.

what is the first step scientists would use when using A. tumefaciens in cloning to create a GMO?

the plasmid is cut and the new gene is ligated into it.

True or False. The closer two organisms are related the more time there has been for mutations to occur in the genetic information.

False

during previous flu seasons, small variations in the influenza virus resulted in the immune system's inability to fully recognize and respond to flu exposure. as a result, vaccine effectiveness could be as low as 30%. This is an example of ____________.

antigenic drift.

in the influenza strain named hongkong/45/2019 (H3N2)-like virus, this was the _____________ strain isolated in 2019 in this region.

forty-fifth.

since the success of flavr-savr tomatoes, there has been a.

growing trend to produce more GMOs in agriculture.

the world health organization defines a GMO organism as one that has had its genetic information altered.

in a way that would not occur in nature.

the chickenpox virus can remain latent in host cells by integrating its DNA into the host cell genome. this virus uses the ____________ cycle as its main life cycle pathway.

lysogenic.

the function of DNA is to

store information for producing all the molecules required by cells for life.

which of the following disorders are in response to the immune system's inability to differentiate self from non-self?

lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.

select all of the answers below that accurately describe enzymes.

enzymes are generally composed of protein. enzymes are also called catalysts. the part of an enzyme that interacts with the substrate is known as the active site.

which of the following types of cells would a coronavirus most likely target as the means of entry into the body?

epithelial cells lining the respiratory system.

True or False. In the process of cloning, a plasmid is modified with a new gene and then put into a recipient cell to make new proteins.

True

what is the correct sequence of events in viral reproduction?

attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation, and release.

adaptive immunity differs from the innate immune system in its ability to respond to specific pathogen antigens. The antigens trigger.

both antibody-meditated immunity and cell-meditated immunity.

Select three of the components that were proposed by Darwin for natural selection to occur.

populations experience differential reproductive success. variations within a population is heritable. populations experience competition for resources.

the testing and release of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), in particular GM plants, is tightly regulated internationally to prevent any negative effects on the environment or human health. which of the following statements support researchers' use of cisgenic organisms?

the genome of a cisgenic plant, like the genome of a traditionally bred plant, is not altered with DNA from a different species.

birds and insects both have wings, but we do not consider this similarity as evidence of relatedness because.

the wings are not homologous structures with a common ancestral origin.

From the list provided select the two circumstances necessary for evolution to occur.

there must be variation for a trait within a population. advantages traits must be passed onto the next generation.

how does the body recognize "self" cells compared to "nonself" cells ?

"self" cells are marked by glycoproteins called major-histocompatibility complexes (MHCs).

if an influenza strain mutation results in the production of different H spikes, this could be life threatening because.

H spikes are used as antigens to identify the virus by the immune system.

from the list below, select all impacts of global warming. and global climate change.

increase and/or decrease in temperature patterns. increase and/or decrease in rain patterns. change in distribution of animals and plants.

Several GMO plants have resistant traits. what is the resistant trait of corn?

insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, and drought tolerance.