Bio Exam 2 Extra Credit

The inability to produce the pigment melanin is called

albinism. A.

A person with no color in their skin, hair, and eyes has

a genetic disorder.

A pharmaceutical company wants to create new medications that may be administered transdermally. Based on your knowledge of what the skin can absorb, which of the following products is a good candidate for transdermal delivery?

a lipid-soluble analgesic (pain medication)

All of the following are associated with Athlete's foot except

bacteria

From deep to superficial, the order of the strata of the epidermis is

basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum

A student leaves her anatomy and physiology text at school and is forced to study from an older text in the public library. That book describes the deepest layer of the epidermis as containing actively dividing stem cells but calls that layer the stratum germinativum. The book lists the other cells in the stratum germinativum asmelanocytes, Langerhans cells and Merkel cells. The student then realizes that the stratum germinativum is the same as the stratum

basale.

A victim of an automobile accident goes into shock, which results in decreased blood flow. The victim's skin will

become pale.

You have a splinter that went deep into the skin but did not reach the stratum basale. Which one of the below would be most likely to NOT occur?

bleeding from the wound

A yellow pigment derived from plants that can impart a yellow color to the skin is

carotene.

What type of skin gland secretes earwax?

ceruminous gland

The sloughing off of older cells from the surface of the skin is called

exfoliation.

Adipose tissue in the hypodermis

serves as a storage site for fat, which can be used for energy.

Which of the following terms does NOT belong with the others?

stratum basale

Excessive shedding of this layer of the epidermis of the scalp is responsible for dandruff.

stratum corneum

The dermis is highly vascularized, accounting for the often pink/red coloration individuals with fair skin

true

The stratum basale is supplied with sensory nerves to detect pain, temperature, and touch

true

What is needed to produce vitamin D?

ultraviolet light

When the arrector pili muscles contract

"goose bumps" form on the skin.

Bob was completely bald on the top of his head by the time he was 35 years of age. Bob noticed he produced sweat on his head when he exercised. He also noticed that his scalp was no longer oily. Which of the following changes account for the observations?

-He has fewer functional hair follicles now. -He has fewer functional sebaceous glands now.

Melanin

-Is a pigment -Protects the skin from UV radiations -Is located in the epidermis -Produced by specialized epidermal cells

The epidermis

-is the outer layer of skin -consist of stratified squamous epithelial cells -contains melanocytes - lacks blood vessels

A pilus is

A hair

Which is correct concerning thick skin? (options: a. More limited in its distribution than thin, b. Has only four of the strata, c. has sebaceous glands, d. Has sweat glands)

A, d

A genetic disease characterized by the inability to produce melanin is

Albinism

The structure responsible for actually pulling on the follicle and causing "goose bumps" is the:

Arrector pili muscle

Which type of skin cancer is the most common?

Basal cell carcinoma

Along with sweat glands, what actively regulates body temperature?

Blood vessels

In the ABCD rule for melanoma, "B" stands for

Borders that are irregular

Which of the following statements is true?

Both the hair root and hair shaft contain living cells.

What will develop when the skin is subjected to excess friction or pressure

Callus

Water loss through the epidermis could cause a serious threat to health and well-being. Which of the following protects us against excessive water loss through the skin?

Cells of the stratum granulosum produce a glycolipid that is secreted into extracellular spaces.

Which of the following prevents the skin from overstretching and gives it strength?

Collagen fibers

The outer surface layer of the hair is called the

Cuticle

Which is the result of oxygen deficiency in the blood?

Cyanosis

Stretch marks develop on the abdomen of women because of stretching of the

Dermis

On coming inside from the cold, students notice that their cheeks are red. This results from

Dilation of the blood vessels in the dermis of the cheeks

The growth rate for a scalp hair is about 1/3mm per day for 2 to 5 years, and then the hair becomes _______.

Dormant

The house mite, Dermatophagoides, feeds on dead skin cells. What was once regarded as the "house dust allergy" has now been attributed to allergies to

Dust mite feces

Thinking about the main composition of fingernails, which one of the following would most help you develop strong fingernails?

Eat a well-balanced diet with adequate amounts of protein.

The layer of skin is composed of keratinocytes

Epidermis

The greatest risk factor for skin cancer is

Exposure to UV light rays

Basal and squamous cell carcinomas are benign forms of skin cancer.

False

Oxygen can diffuse through the skin

False

The epidermis is very vascular

False

The protein found in large amounts in the outermost layer of epidermal cells is collagen.

False

The subcutaneous layer, or hypodermis, is one of the two parts of the integument.

False

The thickness of the skin as a cover is consistent throughout the body.

False

When a patient is said to have 'third-degree burns,' this indicates that the patient has burns that cover approximately one-third of the body

False

When the body is cold and needs to conserve heat, the blood vessels in the dermis dilate to allow for more blood flow in that region.

False

The dermis is a strong, flexible connective tissue layer. Which of the following cell types are likely to be found in the dermis?

Fibroblasts, macrophages, and adipocytes

The epidermis only is damaged from a

First-degree burn

Melanoma can be detected early and treated with the application of a special rule. Which of the following is NOT a test used to determine if a mole is cancerous?

Freckled

The concentration of the smooth muscles called piloerector muscles (arrector pili) in human causes

Goosebumps with no apparent function

The portion of a hair shaft that protrudes above the surface of the skin is the

Hair shaft

The skin discoloration most likely to suggest physical abuse is:

Hematoma

The reddish color of the skin forming the lips is primarily due to this pigment.

Hemoglobin

Epidermal dendritic (Langerhans) cells function as part of the _______ response

Immune

Which of the following are responsible for normal skin color?

Melanin and Hemoglobin

Thick Skin

Is found in areas subject to pressure of friction such as palms

Sweat

Is produced by sudoriferous.

The house mite, Dermatophagoides, feeds on dandruff which is composed of

Keratin and sebum

Which statement correctly explains why hair appears the way it does?

Kinky hair has flat, ribbonlike hair shafts.

One type of contraceptive device is a skin patch that contains a chemical absorbed through the skin. Which of the following substances might be the type of chemical involved?

Lipid-soluble substances

Melanin is produced only by

Melanocytes

Select the most correct statement concerning skin cancer

Melanomas must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing

The distal portion of the nail is the

Nail body

Which is NOT a function of the integument? Protection Water loss prevention Temperature regulation Synthesis of vitamin D

No exceptions; all are functions of the integument

Thin skin is found

On the eyelids

The skin discoloration most likely to result from anemia (a lack of red blood cells) is

Pallor

Which of the following functions is associated with the skin?

Protection against ultraviolet radiation of the sun

A genetic disorder which is not contagious and characterized by abnormally fast epithelial cell growth is

Psoriasis

Skin color is the result of the

Quantity of melanin in the skin

This is the main fibrous layer of the dermis.

Reticular layer

The layer of the dermis most likely used to make leather is called the_____, which is very tough because of the high concentration of _____ fibers.

Reticular layer, collagen

Where on the human body is the hair thick enough to retain heat?

Scalp

Barney sat on a hot camp stove while on a camping trip. The burn was painful and blistered. His was what type of burn?

Second degree

The epidermis and part of the dermis are damaged from a

Second-degree burn

In which layer of the epidermis are cells constantly dividing?

Stratum basale

This stratum contains many layers of dead squamous cells.

Stratum corneum

Thin skin has only four epithelial strata. It lacks which of the following

Stratum lucidum

Which layer of the epidermis protects from abrasion and is found only in thick skin?

Stratum lucidum

The design of a person's epidermal ridges is determined by the manner in which the papillae rest upon the dermal ridges to produce the specific pattern known as handprints, footprints, and fingerprints. Which of the following statements is true regarding these prints or ridges?

The are genetically determined, therefore unique to each person

Despite its apparent durability, the dermis is subject to tearing. How might a person know visually that the dermis has been damaged.

The blood vessels in the dermis rupture and the blood passes through the tissue, causing bruising.

Which of the following statements concerning the epidermis is true?

The epidermis is nourished by blood vessels located in the dermis.

Sweat glands

aid in cooling the body.

All of the following concerning hair are true except one. Identify the exception

The growth rate of all types of hair is the same

The reason the hypodermis acts as a shock absorber is because

The major part of its makeup is adipose, which serves as an effective shock absorber.

Areolar tissue is found in

The papillary layer

Changes in the color of skin are often an indication of a homeostatic imbalance. Which of the following changes would suggest that a patient is suffering Addison's disease?

The skin takes on a bronze, tanned or metallic appearance

All new epidermal cells arise from

The stratum basale

What happens to cells when they move from the epidermis to the surface of the skin?

They die.

Carotene, a pigment that can contribute to skin color, is acquired in the body by eating various yellow-orange vegetables.

True

Most of the nail body appears pink because of the blood in the underlying capillaries.

True

The epidermal dendritic cells play an important role in immune response.

True

The epidermis exhibits variations among different body regions within a single individual, as well as differences between individuals

True

The most abundant protein of the epidermis is keratin, while the most abundant protein of the dermis is collagen.

True

The skin consists of different tissue types that perform specific activities and therefore is to be considered an organ.

True

This condition involves the development of white patches of the skin caused by the loss of melanocytes.

Vitiligo

Keratin is

a waterproof protein.

Among the components of the dermis are (options: a. Sweat glands, b. Hair follicles, c. collagen fibers, d. Sensory nerve endings, e. Smooth muscle tissue)

a, b, c, d, e

Generally, people have ________ number of melanocytes ______________.

about the same, no matter where they live

Mosquitoes are attracted to these two materials diffusing throughout the skin.

amino acids and steroids

Sudoriferous glands are categorized as two types. Which of the following are the two types of sweat glands?

apocrine and merocrine

Nails are hard derivatives formed from the stratum ______ of the epidermis.

corneum

From superficial to deep, the order of the strata of the epidermis is

corneum - lucidum - granulosum - spinosum - basale

A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order?

corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

Another name for the skin is ________ membrane

cutaneous

Which cells of the epidermis are part of the immune system?

dendritic cells

Which of the following is an inflammatory condition of the skin?

dermatitis.

The major function of the hair on your arm is to

detect objects with a light touch.

The integumentary system has many functions, one of which is

detection of painful stimuli.

Nutrients reach the surface of the skin (epidermis) through the process of

diffusion from blood vessels in the dermis

The layer of epithelium that covers the skin is called the

epidermis

What is synonymous with the cuticle?

eponychium

With aging, individuals tend to feel colder and usually need the thermostat in their home set higher in the winter to feel warm enough. This is probably because the elderly:

experience a decrease in the thickness of their subcutaneous fat layer

A slight sunburn is an example of a ______ burn

first-degree

The greatest immediate threat to survival of a patient with severe burns is

fluid loss

What type of burn appears white or black with no immediate pain?

fourth-degree

Flat melanized patches are called _____, while an elevated patch of melanized skin is called a _____.

freckles, mole

If a splinter penetrated the skin into the third epidermal layer of the sole of the foot, which layer of live cells would be damaged?

granulosum

Nails:

grow from their free edges.

An expanded knob at the base of the hair root is the

hair bulb.

Sensory receptors of the skin detect

heat cold pressure vibration

This is the site of fat storage in the skin.

hypodermis

A subcutaneous injection delivers medication into the

hypodermis.

Parallel curving ridges of dermis that shape the overlying epidermis into fingerprints

improve the grip of the hands.

You are unable to form dendritic (langerhans) cells. Your skin would be more susceptible to

infection

Melanin

is absent in individuals with albinism.

The skin discoloration most likely to result from liver disease is

jaundice.

What protein is found in the nails, hair, and epidermis?

keratin

The epidermis is a __________ epithelium.

keratinized stratified squamous

The function of keratin is to

make skin tough and waterproof

Cedric slipped and cut his finger. The cut bled, but did not penetrate the hypodermis. The deepest layer penetrated was the

papillary layer of the dermis

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skin?

participates in synthesis of vitamin A

Melanocytes

produce a pigment to shield keratinocytes nuclei from UV radiation

Keratinization

produces layers of cells that resist abrasion.

The function of melanin in the skin is to

protect against UV light

The length of the hair is determined by the:

rate of hair growth.

Vitamin C is essential for normal collagen synthesis. If a child suffered from a vitamin C deficiency, which layer of the skin would be most affected?

reticular layer of dermis

Skin glands do not include

salivary glands

Acne is a disorder associated with

sebaceous glands

What type of burn appears red and swollen with pain and blisters

second degree

If you accidentally cut your arm and see connective tissue, fat and muscle, which layer(s) was/were cut?

stratum corneum stratum basale dermis hypodermis

The nail proper is composed of the

stratum corneum.

Which layer of the epidermis is found in only a few area of the body?

stratum lucidum

Gaining weight too quickly and rupturing the dermis may cause these to develop

stretch marks

Which of the following cutaneous receptors is specialized for the reception of touch or light pressure

tactile cells

The dermis has two major layers; which of the following constitutes 80% of the dermis and is composed of dense irregular connective tissue?

the reticular layer

In melanized skin, the melanin accumulates mostly in

the stratum spinosum

Eskimos wear a great deal of clothing and have limited exposure to U.V. light, but do not suffer from vitamin D deficiency. A possible explanation is,

they get enough vitamin D in their diet of fish and marine mammals.

Which of the following hair colors is the result of a decrease in melanin production?

white