Bio Exam 3

What is the sequence of the mRNA made from the gene TTACAGGTCC?

AAUGUCCAGG

A method of genome editing that uses the Cas9 enzyme to identify and cut specific nucleotides from the genome is called __________.

CRISPR-Cas9

The F1 generation results from the fertilization of __________.

F2 generation

Which of the following best describes the definition of a gene?

Genetic information that produces a product, either proteins or RNA.

Erwin Chargaff's research determined the percentage of the nitrogen bases within a strand of DNA.

His work determined that the percent of adenine is equal to the percent of thymine and the percent of cytosine is equal to the percent of guanine.

During DNA replication, the ______ strand is the one being used by DNA polymerase to produce a ______ strand of DNA.

Leading, lagging

Which researcher used X-ray crystallography to suggest that DNA is a double helix and was highly repetitive?

Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin

In the human life cycle, gametes are formed through the process of ______, and all other cells are formed through the process of ______.

Meiosis, mitosis

DNA replication is considered to be ______ because the end product consists of one old strand and one newly synthesized strand.

Semi conservative

In humans, male gametes are called ______, while female gametes are called ______.

Sperm and egg

At which point of the respiratory system would sickle-cell disease cause an impact?

The diffusion of gases across the alveoli into the capillaries

Several different researchers contributed to the study of the structure of DNA. What did Rosalind Franklin contribute?

Used x-rays to take an image of the structure if DNA

What type of cells are used to collect DNA for genetic testing?

buccal cells

Hemoglobin is not a good carrier of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is converted into ______ before it is transported to the alveoli.

carbonic acid

What is the role of the enzyme ligase in DNA replication?

join together fragments of newly synthesized DNA to form a seamless strand.

Transcription starts with RNA polymerase binding to the start of the gene called a/an __________.

the promoter

In a certain species of animal, 33% of the bases in its DNA are A. What percent of the bases are C?

17%

What is the phenotypic ratio in a monohybrid cross?

3:1

What is the phenotypic ratio in a dihybrid cross?

9:3:3:1

A single mutation causes sickle-cell disease. Which of the following statements best describes how this occurs?

A single nucleotide mutation causes a normal glutamic acid amino acid to be replaced with a valine amino acid. This causes the resulting hemoglobin protein to form incorrectly, resulting in sickle-shaped red blood cells that cannot function as intended.

Different versions of the same gene are called _____________.

Allele

Consider a strand of DNA with the sequence GAATTCGGCA. What is the sequence of the complementary strand?

CTTAAGCCGT

This occurs when homologous chromosomes come close together and a rearrangement of alleles occurs.

Crossing-over produces genetic variation during prophase I of meiosis I.

What is the name of the enzyme that fits new complementary DNA nucleotides to synthesize the new daughter strand?

DNA polymerase

Linear DNA in the human genome is packaged at several levels. Which of the following represents the levels from least packaged to most packaged?

DNA strand, nucleosomes, chromosomes

If the codon is CCA, what is the anticodon and what amino acid will be inserted?

GGC, proline

Describe the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide during gas exchange.

Oxygen diffuses out of the lungs into red blood cells and carbon dioxide diffuses out of red blood cells and into the lungs.

The hemoglobin molecule is a __________.

Protein

Sickle-cell disease results in malformed hemoglobin molecules. Which cell type contains millions of hemoglobin molecules per cell?

RED BLOOD CELLS

This means two copies of the recessive allele must be present in order for the disease to be expressed.

Sickle-cell disease is a recessive genetic disease.

The genotype still determines some aspect of skin color, but the interaction with the environment, in the form of sun exposure, can cause variations in the resulting phenotype.

Some phenotypes, including skin color, can be influenced by the environment.

Both processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis occurs through meiosis.

The outcome is the production of four sperm, in spermatogenesis, and one egg in oogenesis.

Adult humans produce haploid sex cells through meiosis. During fertilization, these cells form a diploid zygote.

The zygote divides through mitosis to form a human.

DNA strands are complementary of each other. This means if one strand has an adenine the other has a __________, and if one strand has a guanine the other has a/an __________.

Thymine, and cytosine

In gene expression, the goal of translation is to read codons and incorporate corresponding amino acids into

a growing polypeptide chain.

The role of vectors in gene therapy is to ______________.

deliver the therapeutic gene to the patient target cell.

______ are the basic unit of inheritance that can be passed on from one generation to the next.

gene

Which event (or events) occur in the anaphase I phase of meiosis I?

homologous chromosomes separate.

Hemoglobin

is composed of four globin molecules, each with their own heme group that binds to and carries oxygen.

The overall goal of gene expression is to

make a structural protein that can be used by the cell.

Melanin production is an example of a

phenotype influenced by the environment.

Crossing over occurs during ________ of _________.

prophase I of meiosis

The purpose of __cell division____ is to pass a copy of a cell's gene to cells in the next generation. The purpose of __sexual reproduction____ is to pass the parents' genes onto the next generation.

remember

Which event (or events) occur in the anaphase II phase of meiosis II?

the centromere splits, freeing the sister chromatids from each other.

Which event (or events) occur in the prophase II phase of meiosis II?

the chromosomes condense, and a new set of spindle fibers forms.

Red blood cells are responsible for __________.

the exchange of gases in our bodies.

Which of the following is the main difference between in vivo and ex vivo gene therapy?

Ex vivo gene therapy takes cells from your body, modifies them in a lab, and puts them back into the body. In vivo gene therapy uses viruses or other methods to deliver genes directly into your cells.

Sickle-cell disease is a disorder that results in malformed hemoglobin molecules. What is the result of this in terms of hemoglobin function?

Hemoglobin has a reduced ability to bind to and transport oxygen in red blood cells.

Which event (or events) occur in the metaphase I phase of meiosis I?

Homologue pairs line up at the metaphase plate.

There are two main forms of non-Mendelian inheritance. In ______, as observed in familial hypercholesterolemia, the dominant allele does not completely mask the recessive allele. In ______, as observed in AB blood type, two dominant alleles are expressed for the same phenotype.

Incomplete dominance, Codominance

Images of unreplicated chromosomes that allow researchers to organize and identify each chromosome, as well as missing or extra chromosomes are called __________.

Karyotype

Mendel crossed pea plants dominant for two different traits (tall and green pods) with pea plants recessive for those same two traits (short and yellow pods). This cross resulted in pea plants that had combinations of all four traits (tall with green pods, tall with yellow pods, short with green pods, and short with yellow pods). Which law of inheritance best describes why this happens?

Law of independent assortment

Complete the following sentence: Hemoglobin functions in ______ cells and carries ______ to all cells of the body.

Red blood cells, oxygen

Mendel's experiments led him to the conclusion that individuals have two factors for each trait, which that separate during gamete formation, resulting in gametes with one factor for each trait. In addition, fertilization results in a new individual with two factors for each trait again. He referred to this as the law of __________.

Segregation

In DNA replication, the leading strand is synthesized continuously, and the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously.

The synthesis of the lagging strand relies on the formation of Okazaki fragments.

During translation, a polypeptide chain is created using an RNA template.

The tRNA is responsible for bringing amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain.

Two parents with Type A and Type B blood have a child with Type AB blood. How is this possible?

Type A blood is codominant with Type B blood, so both alleles are expressed equally.

What happens during crossing over?

When two chromosomes — one from the mother and one from the father — line up, parts of the chromosome can be switched.

What is the role of the enzyme helicase in DNA replication?

catalyze the disruption of the hydrogen bonds that hold the two strands of double-stranded DNA together.

Which event (or events) occur in the metaphase II phase of meiosis II?

chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell.

What is the role of RNA polymerase in transcription?

copying a DNA sequence into an RNA sequence, duyring the process of transcription.

The oxygen exchange between the red blood cells and the alveoli is driven by

diffusion. This diffusion is due to the lower amount of oxygen found in the red blood cells.

Eye color is an example of a human phenotype determined by

epistatic interaction.

______ chromosomes contain similar genes but often different alleles. After DNA replication, ______ chromatids contain identical alleles combinations.

homologous, sister

The two strands of DNA are anti-parallel. One strand is ------- and the other is -----

oriented 3' to 5' and the other is oriented 5' to 3'.

The role of transcription in a cell is to

produce a mRNA molecule to deliver the genetic instructions outside the nucleus.

The sickle-shaped red blood cells can block the capillaries of organs in multiple body systems. The _____ may become enlarged and that can result in abdominal pain and decreased recycling of red blood cells. The ______ can become blocked; this can decrease urine output and cause kidney failure.

spleen, kindey

Several different researchers contributed to the study of the structure of DNA. What did Erwin Chargaff contribute?

suggested that amount of nucleotides adenine (A) and thymine (T) and guanine (G) and cytosine (C) were generally very often constant in number in a specific study of the DNA.

Which of the following statements best describes how a mutation changes the shape of a protein? If a mutation occurs during DNA replication,

the affected gene may produce a protein that is misfolded.

What was Watson and Crick's contribution to the structure of DNA?

the double-stranded molecule could both produce exact copies of itself and carry genetic instructions.

Which of the following is the overall goal of PCR?

the goal of PCR is to make enough of the target DNA region that it can be analyzed or used in some other way.

Which event (or events) occur in the prophase I phase of meiosis I?

the pairs of homologous chromosomes come together to form a tetrad or bivalent, which contains four chromatids.

Mutations can occur with a single nucleotide change. The misfolding of the hemoglobin protein results from the amino acid ________ replacing the normal _______ amino acid in the beta-globin gene.

valine (Val) amino acid, glutamine amino acid

Meiosis is different from mitosis in that meiosis results in four haploid daughter cells that are genetically diverse,

whereas mitosis results in two diploid daughter cells that are genetically identical.

Sickle-cell disease has a physiological impact on the body because it can cause anemia to develop, changes the shape of red blood cells,

which decreases the oxygen supply to the tissue and decreases the amount of oxygen picked up by red blood cells from the alveoli.

Two parents with Type A and Type B blood have a child with Type AB blood. How is this possible?

A and B are equally dominant so that when they get together they create a new blood type: AB.

What best describes the characteristics of a genetic disease.

A genetic disease is caused by a mutation in the genetic information of an individual that can be passed from one generation to the next

The information contained in genes is expressed through transcribing the DNA segment into mRNA. by translating the mRNA into a

polypeptide & by folding the polypeptide into a structural protein.

The decreased blood flow in the circulartory system can impact the immune and lymphatic systems. A decrease in function of these systems can cause an individual with sickle-cell disease to be more prone to __________ and _________ infections.

Bacterial, viral