Bio Exam 3 chapters 7 & 11

When did life first appear on the planet?

3.5 billion years ago

Which of the following statements about bones is false? A) Bones are dry and dead, made up of calcium and connective fibers with a few blood vessels running through them. B) Arthritis occurs when the cartilage between bones wears down. C) Bones are living organs with multiple tissue types and multiple cell types. D) Blood cells are produced in the bone marrow.

A)

Which of the following is a type of connective tissue? A) Blood B) Skeletal muscle C) Epithelium D) Nervous tissue

A) Blood

The main role of the large intestine is to ________.

Absorb Water

The long, hollow tube of your digestive system is called what?

Alimentary canal

What is the condition called when your body's immune system overreacts to an otherwise harmless foreign particle like pollen?

Allergy

Which of the following forms of contraception is removable?

An Intrauterine device

The various breeds of dogs that we have today all originated from wolves. The selection of specific traits by humans is known as _________.

Artificial selection

What is an exception to the standard biological species concept used to define a species?

Asexual species cannot be distinguished using this concept.

Which type of white blood cells produces defensive proteins called antibodies?

B cells

Together, the villi and microvilli of the small intestine work to _____. A) Decrease surface area and slow down absorption B) Increase surface area to maximize absorption C) Release digestive enzymes D) Move a bolus through the alimentary canal

B) increase surface area to maximize absorption

Place the following levels of biological organization into the proper order from smallest to largest: tissues, cells, organ systems, organs, and organism.

Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, and Organisms.

The spinal cord is part of the ________ nervous system.

Central

What events can lead to offspring having a unique arrangement of their parents' genes?

Crossing over & independent assortment

Which of the following is a type of essential nutrient? A) Minerals B) Organic Vitamins C) Essential Amino Acids D) All of these are essential nutrients

D) All of these are essential nutrients

Which of the following is evidence for evolution? A) Mosquitoes becoming resistant to pesticides. B) Cells with common features and chemically similar DNA. C) Bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics over time. D) All of these are evidence of evolution.

D) all of these

Which grouping includes all of the protists?

Domain Eukarya

True or false: An allergic response occurs on the first exposure to an allergen.

False

True or false: Hearing relies on detecting a chemical stimulus.

False

True or false: Cells usually work alone. If false, make it a true statement

False, Cells are usually found in groups called tissues.

True or false: The role of the digestive system is to exchange gases with the environment. If false, make it correct.

False, The role of the digestive system is to break down and extract the nutrients from the food we consume.

True or false: The human body's internal environment is constantly fluctuating in response to fluctuating conditions outside. If false, make it a true statement.

False, the human body's internal environment is relatively constant with respect to the outside environment.

When is an unborn child called a fetus?

From the 9th week of pregnancy to birth

Maintaining a steady-state internal environment, despite a changing external environment, is called ________.

Homeostasis

There are many organs and glands of the endocrine system, but which one is the master controller?

Hypothalamus

In a manufacturing assembly line, products get larger and more complete as they pass along. Briefly explain how this compares to your digestive system.

In your digestive system, the "assembly line" works in reverse such that the products are mechanically and chemically digested into smaller components, working in constant motion.

Describe how the endocrine system controls and targets other cells in the body using hormones and chemical signals.

Inflammatory response

List the four stages of food processing in order from beginning to end: absorption, ingestion, elimination, and digestion.

Ingestion, Digestion, absorption, elimination

What defines a population in evolution?

Interbreeding members of the same species

Homeostasis literally translates to "steady state." Explain why this is an accurate term for what it describes.

It is an accurate term because homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain a relatively constant internal environment.

Which is not a major protein found in muscles?

Keratin

Digestion begins as soon as food hits your mouth. Briefly explain the two kinds of digestion that occur there.

Mechanical and Chemical digestion occur in the mouth. Mechanical is accomplished through the grinding of food by the teeth, and chemical occurs from the enzyme amylase that is found in saliva.

Sound is "heard" when sound waves cause structures inside your ears to physically vibrate. A signal is then sent to your brain where it is interpreted as sound. What type of receptor in the ear is responsible for the sense of hearing?

Mechanoreceptors

Place the following organs in order with respect to their location along your digestive tract: pharynx, anus, stomach, mouth, and small intestine.

Mouth, Pharynx, stomach, small intestine, and anus.

Before Darwin published his work, Lamarck and others had suggested mechanisms for evolution. By what means did Darwin propose species evolved over time?

Natural Selection

What is the type of regulation that controls homeostasis?

Negative Feedback

What is the part of the kidney where urine is formed?

Nephron

List the four animal tissue types.

Nervous, Muscle, Epithelial, and connective

What carries a signal from one neuron to the next?

Neurotransmitters

Which process of evolution does not change the total number of species?

Non-branching evolution

What is the rhythmic contractions of the digestive tract that moves food to your stomach?

Peristalsis

Identify the primary role of the lymphatic system.

Produce and store large numbers of white blood cells.

What is the primary function of nervous tissue?

Receive stimuli and send the impulse to the spinal cord and brain, then send back to the nerves.

Which of the following actually shortens during contraction?

Sarcomere

Connective tissue is the most variable of the tissue types. Which one of the following is not categorized as connective tissue?

Skin

Before the publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species, what was the prevailing public consensus regarding species evolution?

Species were permanent and unchanging

One of the most fundamental relationships in biology is between_____and_______.

Structure and Function

Anatomy is to_______as physiology is to________.

Structure, Function

What are hormones?

They are chemicals transported in the blood and affect targeted cells throughout the body.

A(n) is a group of cells with similar structures and functions.

Tissue

What is the role of the villi of the small intestine?

To absorb small nutrient molecules from the digestive tract

What is the purpose of dialysis treatments?

To detoxify dangerous chemicals in the bloodstream when the kidneys aren't working.

True or false: At each new level of biological organization, there are functions that did not exist at the previous level.

True

True or false: At each new level of biological organization, there are functions that did not exist at the previous level. If false, make it a true statement.

True

True or false: Even though the protein in a drumstick is nearly the same as the protein in your leg, your body still breaks the protein down into small molecules. If false, make it a true statement.

True

True or false: LH and FSH spike around day 13 of the female reproductive cycle.

True

How is the immune system initially primed?

Upon exposure to a foreign antigen.

What is the name of the tubes that run from the kidneys to the bladder?

Ureters

Which of the following structures is responsible for expelling urine?

Urethra

Which medication prevents viral infections by priming the immune system against a specific virus?

Vaccine

Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted disease caused by a ________.

Virus

No other cell in your body has the structure of a neuron. Based on your knowledge of form and function, what can you infer from this?

You can infer that no other cell in the body has the exact function of a neuron.

What would happen if the sensory neurons in your hand could not transmit a signal?

You could move your fingers but you could not feel anything with them.

Most students do not realize what they are actually eating when they consume a New York strip steak. What tissue type are they primarily consuming?

You would be mostly consuming skeletal muscle tissue.

Form refers to ________, and function refers to ________.

anatomical structure, Physiological actions

What type of disorder is AIDS?

immunodeficiency

Where does the fertilization of the egg occur?

oviduct

The release of an egg from an ovary is called ________.

ovulation

Tissues are made up of ________ that work together to perform a function.

similar cells

Which muscle tissue is NOT striated?

smooth