Bio Exam 4

Trials of the universal influenza vaccine, H1ssF_3928, began in

2019

For naming purposes, which form of influenza would be characterized by the types of H and N spikes found on its surface?

A

Which of the following characteristics of life are present in viruses?

Ability to evolve over time

Which of the following is a challenge in developing an annual influenza vaccine?

All of the answer choices are challenges in creating an annual influenza vaccine

Antigenic shift

All of the answer choices are correct

One of the four mechanisms of the innate immune defenses is the inflammatory response. Its role is to

All the answer choices are correct.

Which of the following statements is true about the production of the influenza vaccine?

All three methods describe different approaches used to make flu vaccines

Cytotoxic T cell activation by cell-mediated immunity results in the ______ and apoptosis of infected cells.

Production of memory T cells

What is the role of interleukin in the immune response?

Regulate the general immune responses

Which structure on the influenza virus provides attachment to the surface of the targeted host cell?

The H Spikes

In the influenza strain name HongKong/45/2019 (H3N2)-like virus, this was the ______ strain isolated in 2019 in this region.

forty-fifth

How many worldwide influenza monitioring stations are involved in sending data that are used to develop the next annual influenza vaccine?

100

The influenza proteins that target host cells have a complex, ______ shape.

three-dimensional

The scientific definition of evolution refers to changes in a ______ over time.

population

Which of the following statements explains the relationship between mutations and natural selection?

- A mutation in the genetic material may or may not have an effect on the protein. - A mutation may result in the death of an organism or cell. - A mutation may result in a variation of a trait that may be more advantageous.

In most organisms, the flow of information is from

DNA, RNA, then protein.

Which of these best describes a virus?

A nonliving complex of RNA or DNA protected by a protein coat

Which of the following best describes how the flu virus may impact the respiratory system?

All of the answer choices are correct

During previous flu seasons, small variations in the influenza virus resulted in the immune system's inability to fully recognize and respond to flu exposure. As a result, vaccine effectiveness could be as low as 30%. This is an example of __________.

Antigenic drift

When two different forms of a virus infect the same cell, the host cell may manufacture viral particles from both viruses to reassemble them into a new form of virus. This process is called __________.

Antigenic shift

A certain species of butterfly varies in color from white to dark blue. The birds found in the same area feed on the white or lightly colored butterflies, leaving butterflies that are darkly colored. This is an example of what type of selection?

Directional Selection

Which of the following types of cells would a flu virus most likely target as the means of entry into the body?

Epithelial cells living the respiratory system

If you were observing embryonic structures of a tortoise, a chick, and a human, which of the following would not be a similiar structure?

Five finger digits

What is the first reaction of the body due to the influenza virus disrupting the normal function of the epithelial cells in the respiratory system?

Fluid accumulation in the lungs

Which of the following statements about the component of the flu vaccine and its intended function is true?

Formaldehyde is used to inactivate toxins from the virus or bacteria that may have been present during production

As influenza A progresses through the respiratory tract, the ______ of the virus identify host epithelial cells and attach to the cell surface.

H Spikes

What is the role of histamine in the immune responses?

Increase permeability of the capillaries for fluid release into the infected area

The ______ glycoproteins are presented by all nucleated cells and an identification tag. The ______ glycoproteins are only presented by cells to provide the link between nonspecific immune responses.

MHC-1, MHC-1

Antiviral medicines target specific stages of the viral life cycle. Which of the following is not a stage of the life cycle that is targeted?

Maturation

The enzyme ______ does not have a high degree of fidelity, and therefore more mutations can be introduced in the genetic material of RNA viruses.

RNA polymerase

Wallace shared his ideas with Darwin, which led to the book, On the Origin of Species. Wallace contributed his biogeographical studies of the __________.

South Pacific Islands

Which of the following best distinguishes viral genetic material from the genetic material of a living organism?

The viral genome is either DNA or RNA and encodes for fewer proteins. Correct Answers Your Answers PREVNEXT

Which of the following events would result in the formation of an influenza virus that would threaten humans?

Viral genetic material exchanged between different populations

New influenza vaccines are being developed that may lessen the effect of the rapid evolution of the viral strains. One way is to develop a universal influenza vaccine that uses ______ as an antigen.

a protein in the viral capsid

The activities of macrophages

are part of the nonspecific response against disease and stimulate phagocytic neutrophils

One method of constructing an influenza vaccine is to use an influenza strain that has been modified by removing proteins that contribute to its virulence. This process is called __________.

attenuation

The contents of genes in viruses are ______ that of living organisms.

less than

The chickenpox virus can remain latent in host cells by integrating its DNA into the host cell genome. This virus uses the ______ cycle as its main life cycle pathway.

lysogenic

When the influenza virus enters into an epithelial cell within the respiratory tract, the infected cell responds by

posting antigens on its cell surface, acting as a flag for the cytotoxic T cells to destroy it.

Birds and insects both have wings, but we do not consider this similarity as evidence of relatedness because

the wings are not homologous structures with a common ancestral origin Correct Answers Your Answers PREVNEXT