Bio final
What is the primary role of lactic acid fermentation?
(Regenerate NAD+) To provide as source of NAD+ to be used for glycolysis
Two pure breeding plants are crossed. One has purple flowers and the other has white flowers. The first generation is composed of only purple flowers. When the first generation is self pollinated, there is a 3 to 1 ratio of purple to white flowers in the second generation. Two flowers in the second generation are crossed. Both are purple, but one is homozygous for the color and the other is heterozygous. What percentage of their offspring will be purple?
100% The genotypes for the two plants in question can be written as PP for the homozygous dominant plant, and Pp for the heterozygous plant. Remember that a white flower can only be created if it receives two recessive alleles, one from each parent. The homozygous dominant plant can only contribute a dominant allele, so every offspring will have a dominant allele. As a result, every flower will be purple when these two plants are crossed
Net gain of ATP after glycolysis
2 ATP
The trait "tall" is dominant (T) while "short" is recessive (t). If two parents are both heterozygous for the trait and have a child, what is the probability that the child would be phenotypically short?
25% Genotype can ratio for monohybrid cross is 3:1.
The pH of human blood is slightly basic. Which of the following is most likely to be the pH of human blood?
7.3-7.4
Interphase
90% of the cell cycle, G1, S,G2. Mainly growth and duplication of dna
The inability of two populations to interbreed after being separated by a barrier for a long period of time
Allopatric speciation. They can't mate because of mutations and natural selection that has happened for so long that they no longer can mate
Splitting of sister chromatids is what stage of mitosis?
Anaphase
Sister chromatids separate in which stage of meiosis?
Anaphase II
Which is an example of convergent evolution?
Both seals and birds can dive underwater in search of food..
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are known as sugars or saccharides. Virtually all carbohydrates end in the suffix "-ose," making them easy to identify. Ribose is a five-carbon sugar found in RNA. Some other common carbohydrates include deoxyribose, glucose, cellulose, and lactose. Sucrose is the technical name of table sugar, which is also a carbohydrate.
Which structures are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Cell membrane, DNA, ribosomes
Which carbohydrate cannot be digested by humans?
Cellulose
During the G1 phase of the cell cycle, in which form will Eukaryotic DNA be found?
Chromatin
A nitrogenous base that occurs in DNA in equal quantities with guanine
Cytosine Chargaffs rule C=G A=T
Where in the cell does glycolysis take place?
Cytosol, cytoplasm
What occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle?
DNA is replicated, resulting in two identical sister chromatids attached at the centromere
Sugar that occurs in DNA but not in RNA
Deoxyribose
Birds of the same species were blown from the mainland to a nearby island in a storm. While living on the island, natural selection acts in favor of the birds with smaller beaks, as birds with large and medium sized beaks have a harder time gathering food. This process is an example of which of the following choices?
Directional selection. Occurs when nature favors one extreme.
A type of selection favors individuals with traits on either end of the phenotypic spectrum, such as moths with very light and very dark coloration. This is an example of _____ selection.
Disruptive selection (more disruptive with both extremes) Directional selection (only favors 1 extreme)
DNA exists in the form of __________ strands of DNA coiled about each other.
Double stranded helix
A cell uses which of the following to accelerate chemical reactions enabling its metabolic machinery to operate?
Enzymes
Enzymes are
Enzymes are catalysts. Almost all enzymes are proteins. Enzymes operate most efficiently at optimum pH. Enzymes lower activation energy and speed up reactions End in "Ase"
Meiosis produces __________ daughter cells.
Four unidentical haploid
The functional unit of heredity is the _____________.
Gene
Which three events most accurately describes what occurs in meiosis I?
Homologous chromosomes pair, cross over, then separate
Which of the following is true regarding the nucleus? I. It contains a phospholipid bilayer II. The nucleolus is the site of ribosome synthesis III. It contains nuclear pores through which mRNA and DNA can exit to the cytosol
I. And II. III. Is false because DNA can't exit cell
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
I. Saturated fatty acids do not contain double bonds, unsaturated fatty acids contain at least one double bond
According to Darwin, the results of natural selection are best described by which of the following choices?
I. Unity of life II. Diversity of life III. Match between organism and their environment
Which of the following describes the process by which RNA polymerase II binds to the promoter of a target gene and recruits transcription machinery
Initiation
Out of all phases in the cell cycle, most cells spend the majority of their life in __________.
Interphase
What is the purpose of tRNA in translation?
It carries an amino acid to the ribosome in order to be added to the growing polypeptide
represents the largest group of biological classification?
Kingdom
Which cellular organelle contains enzymes that are considered digestive?
Lysosomes (digestive enzymes)
When sexual reproduction occurs in multicellular organisms, a process takes place before cells fuse whereby a cell is left with half of its chromosomes, enabling the creation of a cell with a charactteristic chromosome number. What is this process called?
Meiosis
The stage of mitosis during which sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell is __________.
Metaphase
When the chromosomes line up in mitosis this is known as which phase?
Metaphase
Homologous chromosomes line up along the cell's equator in which stage
Metaphase I
Organs repair themselves through a process of?
Mitosis
The phrase "survival of the fittest" is an alternate phrase expressing which of the following principles?
Natural selection
The theory that the most well-adapted individuals in one generation tend to be the ones that leave the most offspring is called __________.
Natural selection
favorable genetic trait can increase in frequency in a population?
Natural selection. Nature selects for the best adapted organism with the favored traits of the particular environment which helps the organism live and mate
Which of the following is one of Charles Darwin's theories about evolution and natural selection, known as descent with modification?
New species that appear in the fossil record are actually descendants of older species
What is responsible for the movement of proteins, RNA, and other specific molecules into and out of the nucleus?
Nuclear pores
Which of the following structures is not found in prokaryotic cells?
Nucleus, nuclear envelope
Not a population characteristic....
Phenotype. Phenotype is a characteristic of an individual organism, not a population.
Nuclear envelope is made also of a
Phospholipid bilayer
Light initiates different types of cellular reactions. Which of the following responses to light converts the energy from light into a gain of potential energy
Photosynthesis
ATP is produced during which of the following processes?
Photosynthesis, fermentation, and aerobic respiration.
What is the main difference between DNA in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes have circular DNA, and eukaryotes have linear chromosomes
What stage of mitosis when Chromatins condense into chromosomes
Prophase
Homologous chromosomes pair up in which stage of meiosis?
Prophase I
During which phase of meiosis does DNA begin to condense?
Prophase I (chromatin is condensed into chromosomes) Chromosome: condensely packed dna and protein molecules from chromatin
What is the first stage of meiosis during which a cell is considered haploid?
Prophase II
The nucleus synthesizes all of the following except __________. Possible Answers: rRNA proteins mRNA tRNA
Proteins
Which product of glycolysis will enter the citric acid cycle?
Puruvate
DNA functions in the transfer of information from nucleus to cytoplasm by way of _______________.
Ribonucleic acid
Which event takes place during anaphase II?
Sister chromatids are separated
In a particular population of island finches, smaller than average individuals suffer from reduced fitness because they cannot consume the larger seeds that appear in abundance in their habitat. Likewise, larger than average individuals of the same species suffer from reduce fitness due to increased predation from raptors on the island. What type of selection would result from this scenario?
Stabilizing selection
What happens in telophase of mitosis...
Telophase occurs when two daughter nuclei form in the two new cells at the conclusion of mitosis.
Rett syndrome is a sex-linked dominant disease found on the X-chromosome. If the offspring of a certain cross have a 50% chance of receiving the disease, regardless of gender, which of the following statements is true?
The mother is heterozygous for the disease
The independent variable is...
The thing you are changing/manipulating
Dependent variable is....
The thing you are measuring/watching
Nitrogenous base that occurs in RNA but not in DNA
Uracil
Which of the following is produced by cellular respiration?
Water and Carbon Dioxide
In normal sexual reproduction, two mature germ cells fuse to form a _____________.
Zygote
Meiosis is the process by which a ___________ cell is formed from a ___________ cell.
haploid . . . diploid
Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules. This means that they __________.
have both polar and nonpolar sections
Convergent is when
independent evolution of similar features Convergent evolution creates analogous structures that have similar form or function but were not present in the last common ancestor
Nucleolus...
is a part of the nucleus responsible for assembling ribosomes
As rain mixes with chemicals such as sulfur dioxide in the air, acid rain is produced. This may result in
lowering the pH in ponds, thus limiting the survival of many organisms
What is the correct order of the stages of mitosis?
prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Histones
protein molecules around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin
A cell membrane is ______________?
semi-permeable; allows certain things to go through but not all