Bio Final

CRISPR / CAS 9 causes a

double stranded break in the DNA to be edited

What are SNPs?

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms

What is the tardigrade an example of?

extreme resistance

Vitamin D-resistant rickets is an X-linked dominant bone disorder. A man with this form of rickets marries a normal woman. What is the percent likelihood that the couple's son is expected to have vitamin D-resistant rickets?

0%

A person with a disorder resulting from trisomy of chromosome 21 has:

45 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes

. A mouse that has the genotypeAaMMzz will have the same phenotype as a mouse with the genotype:

AAMmzz

According to the fossil record, the genus Homo first arose in:

Africa

Which of the following traits do humans share with all other species in the order Primates?

All of these choices

"Lucy" who belongs to the group __________, was a bipedal hominin with a brain smaller than that of humans.

Australopithecus

A gene that is altered on the 14 th chromosome is found in 50% of the offspring after an affected father and an unaffected mother successfully breed. This type of inheritance can be described as:

Autosomal, dominant

Mass extinctions:

Can be responsible for an adaptive radiation where new species develop to occupy newly opened niche environments

The Burgess Shale deposits:

Contain fossils exhibiting modern body plans of animals

In automated DNA sequencing based on the Sanger method which is/are True?

DNA polymerase is needed for elongation

Jimmy Smith's parentshave normal hearing. However, Jimmy has an inherited allele for deafness and has an impaired hearing. Deafness is a recessive trait that is associated with an abnormal allele d. The allele at this locus, associated with normal hearing is D. Jimmy's parents could have which of the following genotypes?

Dd and Dd

A small RNA that serves as a "gopher" to bring amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome during translation is called gRNA.

False

After reindeer were introduced and exceeded the carrying capacity on St. Mathews Island they were able to survive by diversifying the food resources they ate.

False

Archaea have the simplest known genomes because they are the most ancient microorganisms

False

Emerging infectious diseases are no longer a growing health concern due to vaccines and advanced medical technologies.

False

Hydrogen is considered an important greenhouse gas.

False

Interspecific competition is between two organisms of the same species. (True/ False)

False

Introns can serve as export signals of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where introns are then spliced out before the mRNA is translated.

False

Predators have learned to associate desirable prey with bright colors.

False

Prevention of an invasive species introduction costs more than management of the species once introduced.

False

Proto-oncogenes can be "transformed" into oncogenes by elimination of their start signals for translation.

False

Protocell fossils were found in Australia.

False

Stromatolites are deposits of plant material found near the primordial ocean.

False

The 3-D conformation of DNA and RNA is quite similar because they both are composed of a sugar, phosphate group and nitrogenous base.

False

The Cancer Genome Atlas project lead to the realization that there is one type of cancer per type of tumor.

False

The angiogenesis inhibitor helps reduce the growth of cancer cells by inhibiting the expression of oncogenes.

False

The bottleneck effect selects for organisms with the most favorable alleles.

False

The discovery of Tiktaalik was so important because it was the missing ancestral link between fish and birds.

False

The field of Synthetic Biology focusses on genetic engineering with a less refined approach

False

The principle of competitive exclusion states that competition for the same resources excludes species from having different life styles.

False

The productivity hypothesis infers that increased biodiversity exists near the equator because there is a more stable climate

False

The same criteria are currently used to define both animal and bacterial species.

False

Ultimately a parasite will kill its host.

False

When a somatic cell divides into two daughter cells that have the same number of chromosomes we call this process meiosis.

False

If one strand of DNA is CGGATC, the corresponding DNA strand would be:

GCCTAG

Which best describes Homo habilis?

Handy man- first to make and use stone tools

Which best describes the Permian Mass Extinction Event?

Highest mass extinction death rate

In the Supreme Court Case Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics it was found that:

Human genes are found in nature and unpatentable

A disabled form of H.I.V. re-engineered to carry cancer fighting genes and mixed with a patients T-cells is a type of:

Immunotherapy

The K-T boundary is geologically identifiable because scientists found evidence of a massive asteroid impact in the form of depositions of:

Iridium

Which of the following is not a quality of binocular vision

Large field of view

What concept did the video on the Christmas Island crabs emphasize?

More offspring will be produced than can possibly survive

Biodiversity generally is greater at

More stable environments relative to dynamic environments

The most recent evidence examining the relationship between modern humans and Neanderthals comes from analysis of:

Neanderthal genes in European lineage H. sapiens.

Does nondisjunction during meiosis result in the production of gametes with normal chromosome numbers?

None of the answers are true

What is 80% of the non-coding DNA transcribed to?

RNA

'RNAi' stands for which of the following?

RNA interference

Male bower birds build large, elaborate structures up to six feet high that they decorate with flowers, colored pebbles, and shiny objects. During the breeding season they use these structures as stages to display and court females. What process could drive the evolution of these remarkable bowers?

Sexual selection

In the North Pacific Ocean, two groups of the same species of killer whales (Orcinus orca) appear to be forming two different species based on what they eat. One group eats fish while the other eats mammals such as seals. Scientists can tell what they eat based on their teeth because whales that feed on fish have significantly different wear patterns. Which of the following best describes the type of speciation event that is occurring in the whales?

Sympatric speciation

The following map shows the more recent increase in average temperature in ºC for 2005-2015 relative to 1951-1980. Note the color scale as it relates to temperature increase.Based on these data, what biomes do you think are most affected by rising global temperature change.

Taiga and Tundra

The figures are histograms of the distribution of Geospirza fortis beak widths observed by Rosemary & Peter Grant in 1976 and in 1978 on Daphne Major Island. Which of the following statements either can be inferred or is supported by the data presented?

The G. fortis on this island is evolving toward having larger beak sizes

A population of grasshoppers in the Kansas prairie has two color phenotypes, green and brown. Typically, the prairie receives enough water to maintain healthy, green grass. Assume a bird that eats grasshoppers moves into the prairie. How will this affect natural selection of the grasshoppers?

The brown phenotype should be more easily seen by the predator and decrease in frequency.

The forelimbs of humans, cats, and bats have a number of detailed similarities in their construction. What best explains these similarities?

The forelimbs are similar because all of these organisms inherited the basic forelimb design from a common ancestor.

The North American Pronghorn far outraces any predators remaining on the North American continent. If maintaining this speed means bearing fewer offspring, which of the following is the most likely to happen given enough time?

This species will slow down

"RNAi" is a mechanism for combating virus infections in plants.

True

A "ring species" is an example of parapatric speciation.

True

An epigeneticchange in gene expression can be an inherited change that does not involve any change in the nucleotide sequence of the gene.

True

Based on mitochondrial DNA analyses the "Out of Africa" hypothesis about where modern humans came from is currently favored.

True

Beta hemoglobin is a conserved protein that is useful for comparing the lineage of species.

True

Biomarker discovery can lead to prognostic tools for doctors.

True

Cancers derive from single cells

True

DNA is always synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction.

True

Negative feedback is a process in which the output of a system eventually diminishes it's input.

True

Net Primary Productivity (NPP) in oceans is higher in the continental margins than open ocean areas.

True

Reduced allele variation results in an increased chance of extinction.

True

The Founder Effect is the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population.

True

The currently available fossil record documents gradual evolutionary changes that can link one group of organisms to another.

True

The earliest primates were arboreal and small in size.

True

The main benefits from mutualism are trophic, defensive and dispersive.

True

This person independently converged on the idea of evolution by natural selection:

Wallace

In the context of prokaryotic gene expression, which of the following is the most appropriate definition of an operator?

a non-coding, regulatory DNA sequence that is bound by a repressor protein

The Gaia Hypothesis represents the planet as

a self-regulating organism

The emergence of many diverse species from a common ancestor is called:

adaptive radiation

A reduction in the sea otter population affected the Pacific Coast ecosystem by:

all answers are false

Which of the following is NOTa greenhouse

all are greenhouse gasses

Aquatic invasive species have been associated with

all of the answers are correct

The prickly pear cactus

all of the answers are correct

BRCA1 and BRCA2 are genes:

all of the answers are false

The advances in personalized medicine correlate with advances in technology including

all of the answers are true

The growth of a community of phytoplankton will vary during their annual growth cycle. What explains the irregularity seen in their growth pattern?

all of the answers are true

In Australia, the Cane Toad

all statements are false

Which statement about viruses is TRUE?

all viruses are surrounded by a capsid

Clinomics aims to:

analyze data to guide health care decisions

During the Cambrian explosion approximately 535 to 525 million years ago:

animals rapidly diversified in the oceans

Archaea:

are one of the three domains of life

Latitudinal gradients impact species diversity in the following way(s):

at higher latitudes there is lower species diversity

Induced Pluripotent Stem cells:

can be derived from adult skin cells by switching on just a few genes

The term "pluripotent" is defined as cells that:

can develop into almost any tissue type

Which of the following is FALSE about cancer

cancer genes function through one or two signaling pathways

Svante Arrhenius proposed that ice ages were caused by atmospheric changes in

carbon dioxide

When one organism benefits from a relationship while the other organism is neither harmed nor helped this is called?

commensalism

Biotic factors that affect biomes include

competition for resources

Studies of different species of birds that live in forests have shown that to avoid competition, the birds will use the limiting resource in a slightly different way (e.g. foraging at different heights of the trees). This is known as:

competitive exclusion

In eukaryotes, DNA packaging seems to affect gene expression primarily by:

controlling access to DNA

Roses native to India are grown at a plant-breeding center in Arizona, where those with the thickest leaves survive and reproduce best in the drier climate. This evolutionary adaptation of roses to their new environment is due to _____.

directional selection

A rabbit population consists of animals that are either very dark on top or very light on top. The color pattern is not related to sex. No rabbit shows intermediate coloration (medium darkness). This pattern might result from:

disruptive selection

In general, an approximation supporting the principle of island biogeography is that biodiversity ________ as surface area __________.

doubles .... increases ten-fold

Two populations of organisms belong to the same biological species when they

encounter each other, mate, and produce viable, fertile offspring under natural conditions.

The vegetation in northern Canada is similar to what one finds in Siberia. This is most likely due to

equivalent rainfall and temperature

What is eutrophication?

excessive nutrients in water causing excess algal growth

If lactose is passively imported into a bacterial cell this will result in

expression of the lactose operon by inactivating the lac repressor molecule

Which of the following options lists major events in the history of life on Earth in the proper order, from earliest to most recent?

first prokaryotes; photosynthesis; then eukaryotes; colonization of land by plants and fungi

The interconnected feeding pattern of organisms is called a

food web

Which of the following are main categories of evidence that scientists use to study evolution?

fossils and anatomical and molecular/biochemical

A small population of tortoises has been isolated on a small, remote island in the Galapagos for over 10,000 generations. While the population's characteristics are still similar to the ancestral mainland species, male sperm exhibit a variety of abnormalities and female fertility is much lower than on the mainland. What process may have been acting on this island's population?

genetic drift

Which of the following options list the taxonomic categories in the correct order from most specific to most general?

genus, family, order, class, phylum

When there seems to be no contemporary selective forces that can explain the traits of recent organisms, such as the New Zealand Moa, evolutionary biologists often invoke the idea of:

ghost of predation past

COVID-19

has resulted in a pandemic

X-linked inheritance patterns:

have genes that segregate based on X-chromosome segregation

In the News- A cat parasite ( T. gondii) affecting humans was linked to

higher rates of students majoring in business

The endosymbiotic theory explains

how mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from free-living cells

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

hox genes control the normal development of an animal

The field of Pharmacogenomics is used to:

identify how our genes affect the way our bodies respond to medications

Pseudogenes are:

inactivated, nonfunctional gene copies

If the temperature rises two (2) degrees above pre-industrial levels, which of the following is not predicted to occur?

increases in the amount of freshwater

Breast Cancer:

is often associated with specific mutations in genes

Coevolution:

is the evolution of two populations of different species in response to selection pressures that individuals from the two populations place on each other.

What is the name of a "species" that is highly connected to the entire food web and whose loss may result in ecosystem collapse?

keystone species

A change in a biome from a large undisturbed area to an area that is substantially fragmented can

lead to a decrease in species diversity

The enzyme that binds two segments of DNA together, including binding Okazaki fragments during DNA replication is:

ligase

Dead zones are

low oxygen zones

As one moves from high latitudes toward more equatorial regions, biodiversity increases. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of equatorial regions and would NOT support this observation?

lower speciation rates

Intermediate disturbance hypothesis is that

moderate disturbances have beneficial effects on biodiversity

A major discovery concerning the human genome announced by the ENCODE Project was:

most of the DNA bases in the human genome do not code for proteins but instead code for thousands of small RNA molecules that regulate gene activity

In coevolution with moths and bats:

moths developed ears or ability to detect sonar and avoid predation by bats

The modern view of nature is that

nature is never at an equilibrium

The image below shows:

none of the answers are true

What does the Sanger sequencing method take advantage of?

nucleotides missing a hydroxyl on the 3' end

A mutualist relationship where each species benefits from the association, but can't survive independently of its partner(s) is

obligate

There are a number of unique ways that predators detect their prey. The hammerhead shark detects prey using _____________ and the Star-nosed mole detects prey using____________.

panoramic vision; nose feelers

The dodder wraps itself around another plant and gets its energy from the other plant. This relationship is characterized as

parasitic

A dog and a tick is an example of which relationship?

parasitism

An organism that grows on a newly cooled lava flow is called

pioneer species

Lynx and pelt sales were important in discovering

population dynamics in predator prey relationships

Removal and exclusion experiments indicate

predators have a major impact on prey survival and abundance

The surprise from the Human Genome Project was that:

protein-encoding genes make up <2% of our genome

Prostate cancer is treated with hormone therapy by

reducing production of testosterone

The zebra mussel is an invasive species that

restructures aquatic food webs

In the example of keystone species in the Kelp ecosystem, discussed in class, which species was the keystone species?

sea otters

A current leading hypothesis about the first system of inheritance in the earliest life forms involved:

self-replicating RNA molecules aided by ribozymes

Birds with average-sized wings survived a severe storm more successfully than other birds in the same population with longer or shorter wings. This illustrates:

stabilizing selection

Organisms living near hydrothermal vents get their energy from

sulfur compounds

Speciation without geographic isolation is called ________ speciation.

sympatric

Emergence is a property:

that is purportedly responsible for the formation of life

Colorblindness is more common in males than in females because:

the allele for colorblindness is located on the X chromosome

What is species richness

the number of species in an ecosystem

Which of the following is false regarding the lac operon in E. coli?

the operon is switched off in the presence of lactose in the growth medium

Which best describes Ida (Darwinius masillae)?

the possible missing link between primate/hominid evolution

According to scientific consensus the primary cause of recent global warming is:

the production of greenhouse gases by humans

Within one chromosome during mitosis, what is the relationship between the sequence of bases in DNA of one sister chromatid compared to another?

the sequences are identical

The reason that pea hens mate with peacocks with large tails and many eye spots is that:

the size and spot density are indicative of peacock fitness shown as an increased survival rate of chicks.

Behavior modifications of a snail ( Succinea) due to parasite infections are important because:

the snail flaunts itself to birds that eat the snail and become hosts for development of the parasite

What was "Darwin's Dilemma" with evolution?

there was a lack of fossil evidence of ancestors to the Cambrian explosion

Which statement about stem cells is false?

they need to be derived from embryos

Which of the following is not a major threat to biodiversity

tidal waves

Gross Primary Production (GPP) is the

total amount of energy fixed by all autotrophs(plants) per unit area & time

How did scientists change the behavior of the male polygamous Montane Vole to become monogamous?

transferred to the male polygamous vole a gene for a hormone that caused monogamy

These genes normally function to prevent uncontrolled cell division, but when mutated they lose this regulatory function and can promote cell proliferation that allows tumors to grow:

tumor suppressing genes

Which of the following is the first distinctively hominid trait to appear in the fossil record?

upright walking (bipedalism)

How does the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite locate planets?

watch and keep track of the light of a star

What compounds and conditions did Stanley Miller need to perform his 1953 experiment to simulate an early atmosphere?

water vapor, H2, CH4, NH3 and Lightning

The Sixth Extinction refers to

what could occur in present time

It is well known that the fox and hare exist in a predator-prey relationship. The data in the graph can be best interpreted as follows:

when the fox population suddenly decreased because of a parasite, the hare population dramatically increased

Autosomal disorders cannot be caused by:

x-linked disorders

Infectious diseases that can be specifically transmitted from other vertebrate animals to humans are called:

zoonoses