Bio Final chapter 9 and 15

The following is a list of steps involved in the process of phagocytosis. Which of the following answers indicates the steps in the correct order? - Lysosome fuses with the vesicle containing a foreign cell. -wastes from the foreign cells are removed. - Foreign cell is surrounded by the cell membrane of the phagocyte. - Lysosomal enzymes break down the foreign cell. - Foreign cell is contained within a vesicle.

-foreign cell is surrounded by the cell membrane of the phagocyte -foreign cell is contained within a vesicle -Lysosome fuses with the vesicle containing the foreign cell -Lysosomal enzymes break down the foreign cell -wastes from the foreign cell removed

Antibiotics kill bacterial cells but do not usually damage human cells by taking advantage of the difference between human and bacterial cells. These differences include?

Bacterial cells have walls, human cells do not

White blood cells that secrete histamine to induce inflammatory response when tissues become damage is called?

Basophils

HIV is classified as a retrovirus because?

Because it makes a DNA copy of its RNA once inside the host cell

What regulates the salt balance in the kidney

Both aldostesterone and ANH

What Compromises at least 20 plasma proteins that circulate in the blood and complement or assist other defense mechanisms. Normally it is proteins circulate in an inactive state. When activated by the presence of infection however they become a potent Defense force causing a cascade of reactions each protein in the system can activate many others creating a powerful domino effect

Complement system

A Manomere that makes up nearly 75% of all Immunoglobins. This is the most common class. Found in blood lambs intestines and tissue fluid, the long-lived antibody activate the complete meant system and neutralize many toxins they are the only antibodies that cross the placenta during pregnancy and pass on the mothers acquired immunity's to the fetus

IgG

Viral infected human cells often send out special proteins that serve as an early warning system to unaffected cells. In response, the unaffected cells develop antiviral proteins that protect them. The early warning protein sent out by viral infected cells are called? They also inhibit viral replication

Interferons

They filter and fluid, trapping micro organisms and abnormal cells

Lymph nodes

Tears and saliva both contain which enzyme that kills many bacteria

Lysozyme

White blood cells that are found in tissue but not blood; they serve as a cleanup function by scavenging old blood cells, Dead tissue fragments, and cellular debris. They also release chemicals that stimulate the production of more white blood cells are known as?

Macrophages

What group of organisms responsible for the maintenance of water balance in the body

Posterior pituitary, hypothalamus, kidneys

Which of the following diseases is caused by a virus? - Lyme disease - tuberculosis - rabies - toxic shock syndrome - syphilis

Rabies

Which of the following best describes the phase 1 of HIV infection

Swollen lymph nodes, chills, fever, bodyaches

An individual with an uncertain vaccine history has been brought to the emergency room after receiving severe lacerations in an accident with farm equipment. In addition to administering a tetanus toxoid vaccine, he's also given a shot of tetanus immune globulin (TIG), a form of passive immunization. why are both necessary?

The tetanus immune globulin provides immediate, short term protection, and the tetanus vaccine provides long-term protection.

When comparing viruses and bacteria which of the following statements is correct? -viruses have membrane bound organelles; bacteria do not have membrane-bound organelle's -viruses and bacteria both contain genetic material -virus and bacteria are both able to reproduce on their own -viruses are larger than bacteria Viruses are pathogens; bacteria are decomposers

Viruses and bacteria both contain genetic material

Movement of sodium across the cells of the collecting duct relies on?

Active transport

Any substance that produces an inappropriate response of the immune system is referred to as an

Allergan

What pathogen causes symptoms of disease by invading host cells or by producing Toxins that damage a host cells

Bacterial pathogens

What system does not excrete waste

Circulatory system

Which of the following are proteins in the blood, which when activated can Iyse bacterial cells, Mark other bacterial cells for distraction, and enhance inflammation?

Complement

Which one of the following is Characteristics of T lymphocytes but NOT b lymphocytes?

Direct attack of antigen bearing cells

What is typically removed from the blood by the tubular secretion process

Drugs such as marijuana and cocaine

When invaders are too big to be engulfed and digested by phagocytosis what other white blood cells take action by bombarding such things as large parasites flukes and pinworms with digestive enzymes

Eosinophils

What kind of Hormones do the kidneys excrete that regulates the production of new red blood cells

Erythropoietin

Red pulp of the spleen stores?

Excess blood

The advantage of having memory cells and specific defenses is?

For B cells, If exposed to an antigen the second time, they quickly become plasma cells

Skin is able to prevent most micro organisms from entering the body by?

Having keratin in the uppermost layer

Mast cells release

Histamines

Dimer shaped Anti-bodies in areas of the body covered by mucous membranes such as digestive, reproductive, and respiratory tract. They neutralize infectious pathogens. They're also present in mothers milk and are transmitted to the infant during breast-feeding. Found in secretions

IgA

Anti-bodies found in blood, length, and B cells. Their function is not clear, but they may play a role in activating B cells

IgD

The rarest of the immunoglobulins(0.1%). The anti-bodies are in B cells, mass cells, and basophils They activate the inflammatory response by triggering the release of histamine. They are also troublemakers behind the allergic responses.

IgE

Antibodies are classified by size, location, and function, and which one represents the most common type of Immunoglobin

IgG

Pentimere shaped anti-bodies that are first to be released during immune responses. Found in blood and lymph they activate the complement system and cause foreign cells to Agglutinate. ABO blood cell antibodies belong to this class.

IgM

In which of the following locations is a nephron found

In the cortex and the medulla

Passive immunity differs from active immunity in that passive immunity?

Involve the administration of preformed anti-bodies

A group of white blood cells that destroyed tumor cells and infected by viruses. They are not phagocytes instead they were these chemicals that break down there target cell membranes. They also secrete substances that enhance the inflammatory response

Natural killer cells

Which of the following leukocytes kills its target cells, such as cancer cells are virus-infected cells, by releasing chemicals that break down the target cell membrane?

Natural killer cells

A unit of function in the kidney is called

Nephron

Living organisms and some nonliving entities to move small to be seen with the naked eye most are harmless the ones that cause disease are called? Can include bacteria viruses fungi a few protozoa and possibly prions.

Pathogen's

The efferent arterial carries blood from the Glomerulus to the?

Peritubular capillaries

Individuals infected with HIV produce antibodies but these antibodies don't prevent the progression of the infection of which phases?

Phases two and three

Miss folded form of a normal brain cell protein is called

Prion

Which one of the following types of T cells is a critical component of the immune system because it stimulates and enhances the activity of other components of the immune system? -natural killer cells -T suppressor cells -cytotoxic T cells -T helper cell -T memory cell

T helper cell

Developing strategies were treating HIV infection and preventing aids in sub-Saharan African has been complicated by?

The inability to identify AIDS patients located in sub-Saharan Africa

The bacteria that normally live on the mucous membranes of the digestive track and vagina provide protection against infection with harmful diseases producing micro organisms in what way?

They help control population levels of more harmful organisms by competing successfully against them for food they also make the body less vulnerable to pathogens

What is located in the lower neck, behind the sternum and just above the heart and is responsible for the development of T cells?

Thymus gland

What is responsible for the development of T cells and stops growing during adolescence and shrinks as One grows into adulthood

Thymus gland

Two ammonia molecules in a molecule of carbon dioxide produced what in the urine it is mostly excreted by the urinary system

Urea

The first white blood cell are the first to respond to infection they digest and destroy bacteria and some fungi in the blood and tissues

neutrophils

The major nitrogen is waste in urine?

urea