BIO FINAL EXAM UNCC

A beaker contains a 10 M solution of glucose. You place a cell that contains 3 M solution of glucose inside the beaker. The cell is described as being ______ in comparison to the solution inside the beaker.

hypotonic

Muscle soreness associated with strenuous exercise is due to

inflammation in the muscles and lactic acid production

At the end of the electron transport chain in aerobic respiration, the final acceptor of the electrons is _____, which will then produce a molecule of _____.

O2, H2O

Animals store excess glucose in the _____ as a polysaccharide called _______.

liver, glycogen

Oxygen gas produced during photosynthesis originates as:

Oxygen atoms contained in water molecules.

______ are the major lipids found in cell membranes.

Phospholipids

Why do photosynthesizing plants still have mitochondria?

Plants need to make more ATP after photosynthesis.

Potassium has one electron in its fourth shell, and chloride has seven electrons in its third shell. Which of the following is most likely to be true?

Potassium will give an electron to chloride to form an ionic bond.

Crossing over occurs during _____ and it is important because it _____.

Prophase I, generates genetic diversity

Member of what kingdom or domain are single cells of considerable internal complexity?

Protist

You have identified an unusual eukaryotic organism that is unicellular and ingests its food. It must belong in which Biological Kingdom?

Protista

An aspiring scientist, Robert, in a biology class wanted to conduct a study on the effects of cigarette smoke on the web-building ability of spiders. Which of the following statements is an incorrect use of terms pertaining to the scientific method?

Robert wanted to see if his theory was true that cigarette smoke might influence web-building spiders.

What is the main function of the nucleolus?

where ribosomes are produced

A cell is exposed to a substance that prevents it from dividing. The cell becomes larger and larger. This situation

will eventually be problematic since the surface area to volume ratio is decreasing

Glycolysis occurs in the ____, the Krebs cycle occurs in the _____, and the electron transport chain occurs is the _____.

cytoplasm, mitochondria, mitochondrial inner membrane

Telomeres are involved with

determining how many times a cell can divide

Prokaryotic cells that divide asexually

divide by binary fission, producing cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell

Which of the following partial sequences represents the hierarchy of biological organization from the most to the least complex level?

ecosystem, community, population, organism, cell, organelle

Which step of cellular respiration produces the most ATP?

electron transport chain

What are the main products of alcoholic fermentation?

ethanol; carbon dioxide

An atom that holds an electrical charge is called a(n)

ion

What happens to the oxygen you are breathing out right now?

It becomes water.

Which of the following is true of type I diabetes?

It is an autoimmune disease that attacks insulin-producing cells.

What is the correct statement concerning cellulose?

It is made of many glucose molecules.

What is the main function of the enzyme rubisco?

It removes CO2 from the air and attaches it to an organic molecule.

Why is glycolysis described as having an energy investment phase and a payoff phase?

It requires ATP to begin the reaction, but generates an overall net gain of ATP.

Imagine that you are looking at a cell in the microscope. When you examine the cell, you see that the nucleus is not present and that the chromosomes are condensed and lined up in the center of the cell. What are the possible stages of division in which this cell might be?

Metaphase

Which of the following terms is least like the others?

Monosaccharide

Which of the following products of the photo reactions of photosynthesis are later employed in the synthesis reactions (Calvin cycle)?

NADPH and ATP

Which of the following terms is not correctly matched with a correct example?

a desert cactus and the sand it lives in-- community

What is a PSA screening?

a health screening for prostate cancer

Which of the following is true about the scientific method?

a hypothesis is an educated guess as to the solution to a scientific dilemma

What must pyruvate be converted to before it can enter the Krebs cycle?

acetyl CoA

Which one of the following is the smallest unit of matter that has all the properties of an element?

atom

When blood glucose levels rise, the pancreas secretes insulin to lower blood glucose. When blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon to increase blood glucose levels. This is an example of

homeostasis

When hydrogen atoms are added onto an unsaturated fat, to create a trans fat, we call the process:

hydrogenation

Which of the following foods have a low glycemic index (GI)?

oatmeal

Which of the following is the best definition of a homologous chromosome?

one of two chromosomes of the same type inherited from a father or mother

Which molecule is regenerated constantly during the Kreb's cycle?

oxaloacetate

Sickle-cell anemia is caused by a change in the amino acid sequence of the protein, hemoglobin. This mutation affects hemoglobin structure at what level?

primary

The correct sequence of stages of mitosis is ______.

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

According to the FDA guidelines, your diet should contain the least amount of these on a daily basis...

proteins

Which of the following are found in both plant and animal cells?

ribosomes, mitochondria, cell membrane

The "rough" in the rough endoplasmic reticulum refers to the presence of _____ which ______.

ribosomes; produce proteins

Artificial sugars often taste even sweeter than real sugars because chemists have been able to alter the _____ of the molecules to better coincide with the taste receptors on the tongue.

shape

Which of the following is an incorrect match?

smooth endoplasmic reticulum- storage of water

The light reactions of photosynthesis convert _____ energy to ____ energy.

solar, chemical

Testosterone and estrogen are hormones involved in the regulation of primary and secondary sexual characteristics. What specific type of lipid are they?

sterols

Where does the Calvin Cycle take place?

stroma of the chloroplast

Glucose, C6H12O6, is best described as a(n)

sugar

Which of the following is a product of photosynthesis?

sugar

Sue has a problem with digesting certain nutrients. Her digestive cells seem to be making the appropriate enzymes (proteins) needed for hydrolysis of nutrients, but they are being stored in the cells as opposed to being directed out of the cells (and into the digestive tract) where they are needed. What organelle is not working properly to explain Sue's problem?

the Golgi apparatus

What is the main purpose of cellular respiration?

to produce ATP

Which type of fat is the worst for your heath?

trans

Covalent bonds are bonds in which

two atoms share electrons

Digestion of sucrose results in:

two sugar monomers

Photosystem II is also known as the _____ photosystem, while Photosystem I is also known as the _____.

water splitting, NADPH producing

When two solutions that differ in solute concentration are placed on either side of a semi-permeable membrane and osmosis is allowed to occur, which of the following will be observed?

water will move from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration

Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration rely on electron carrier molecules to provide electrons to ultimately help produce ATP. In photosynthesis the source of electrons is from _____ and in cellular respiration the source of electrons is from _____.

water, glucose

A pound of fat contains 3500 calories. How long would it take to lose a pound of fat if you cut your calories back by 500 calories per day?

1 week

How many times will the Krebs cycle turn from one molecule of glucose?

2

A product with 10 g of protein contains how many calories?

40

A human cell undergoes mitosis. The resulting daughter cells have _____ chromosomes each.

46

If the atomic number is 8 and the atom has a charge of +1, the number of electrons present is

7

A substance that has an excess concentration of H+ in the solution is a(n)

Acid

How does DNA differ from RNA?

All of the above

Biologists from the University of Florida collected local adult cane toads (Bufo marinas) from more than 20 different locations to study strange deformities caused by toxins. In this study, what is the genus of the study animal?

Bufo

What is one disadvantage of CAM photosynthesis?

By completely closing stomata during the day, CAM plants reduce the amount of carbon dioxide they can take in.

Why is the hydrogen gradient required for making ATP?

By establishing a concentration gradient, hydrogen ions are forced to pass through ATP synthase which cause ADP phosphorylation.

The most common type of photosynthesis is known as

C3

In hot, dry climates, _____ photosynthesis separates carbon dioxide capture and the Calvin cycle in different cells, while ______ photosynthesis separates carbon dioxide capture and the carbon cycle during day and night.

C4; CAM

Blood sugar levels are regulated by the hormone insulin, which is made by the pancreas. If there is a problem with insulin...

Cells quickly become starved of glucose.

What kind of reaction is this?

Dehydration

Atherosclerosis is associated with

Fats with no double bonds

Which of the following sequences best describes the flow of electrons through aerobic cellular respiration?

Food, NADH/FADH2, electron transport chain, O2

Which of the following are all monosaccharides?

Glucose, fructose, and galactose

A geneticist allows a cell to replicate in the presence of radioactive nucleotides. Which of the following would occur?

The DNA in each of the daughter cells would be radioactive.

Why is water considered a polar molecule?

The oxygen end of the molecule has a slight negative charge, and the hydrogen end has a slight positive charge.

Which of these organisms does not perform cellular respiration?

They all perform cellular respiration.

In aerobic cellular respiration, what is the big picture significance of the first three steps of the process?

They allow for electrons and hydrogen ions to be collected for use in the electron transport chain.

True or false: Plant and animal cells contain mitochondria.

True

Despite their diversity, proteins are all composed of the same building blocks known as:

amino acids

The general structure of an amino acid includes:

an amino group, a unique side chain, and a carboxyl group

Osmosis always moves water from:

an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration

The cardiac procedure where doctors thread a catheter into a blocked blood vessel and inflate a small balloon to compress plaque is called a(n):

angioplasty

Which of the following is not a "big 4" element that makes up most of your body?

calcium

Living organisms are different from non-living objects because they

can grow and reproduce, maintain homeostasis, respond to stimuli

Energy needs in humans are supplied by:

carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins

Which of the following is part of the synthesis reactions?

carbon fixation

Which of these structures would never be found in an animal cell?

cell wall

Scientists created an enzyme that will break down any carbohydrate. If given to humans, they could use which of the following as a new food source?

cellulose

The endosymbiotic theory explains the presence of ______ and ______ in eukaryotic cells.

chloroplasts, mitochondria

DNA replication is facilitated by the fact that the base on one strand of the double helix always has the same partner on the other strand. This feature of DNA is called

complementary

Which of the following acts as a secret passageway for small molecules between animal cells?

gap junctions

ATP synthase plays a role in

generating ATP

Which of the following molecules cannot be made by your (animal) cells?

glucose

A cell contains 5% glucose, 20% starch, and 10% protein. The solution surrounding the cell contains 15% glucose, 5% starch, and 5% protein. ______ will move by diffusion _____ the cell, while water will move _____ the cell due to the effects of osmosis.

glucose; into; into

Which of the following metabolic pathways is the same in both anaerobic and aerobic process of sugar breakdown?

glycolysis

Which of the following phases of mitosis is not matched with one of the activities that occurs during that phase:

metaphase; chromatids are seperated

How do chemical isotopes differ from each other?

neutron number