bio final: hw 8,9,10

What information can not be obtained from the sequence of a gene? Whether the gene is methylated. Effects of mutation on gene function. Relationship between two species. Amino acid sequence of the protein.

Whether the gene is methylated.

*LOOK AT PICTURE FIRST B

Which of these is a tRNA?

The RNA segments joined to one another by spliceosomes are _____. caps exons snRNPs tails introns

exons

True or false. A tRNA with an anticodon complementary to the stop codon catalyzes the reaction by which translation is terminated.

false

True or false? A codon is a group of three bases that can specify more than one amino acid.

false

True or false? One possible way to alter chromatin structure such that genes could be transcribed would be to make histone proteins more positively charged.

false

True or false? Regulatory and basal transcription factors regulate transcription by binding to the promoter.

false

True or false? The Taq enzyme is a type of DNA polymerase that allows researchers to separate the DNA strands during the annealing step of the PCR cycle without destroying the polymerase.

false

What triggers the translation of bicoid mRNA? formation of the right-left axis of the developing embryo fertilization of the egg apoptosis capacitation of sperm formation of the anterior-posterior axis of the developing embryo

fertilization of the egg

During RNA processing a(n) _____ is added to the 5' end of the RNA. 3' untranslated region a long string of adenine nucleotides 5' untranslated region coding segment modified guanine nucleotide

modified guanine nucleotide

In gel electrophoresis DNA molecules migrate from _____ to _____ ends of the gel. acidic ... basic negative ... positive basic ... acidic long ... short positive ... negative

negative ... positive

In the presence of a regulatory protein the lac operon is _____. transcribed not transcribed transcribed at a faster than usual rate is turned on either transcribed or not transcribed

not transcribed

The bicoid gene is transcribed by _____. a sperm cell the zygote the acrosome nurse cells embryonic cells

nurse cells

What name is given to the process in which a strand of DNA is used as a template for the manufacture of a strand of pre-mRNA? RNA processing gene expression polypeptide formation transcription translation

transcription

What name is given to the process in which the information encoded in a strand of mRNA is used to construct a protein? RNA processing gene expression polypeptide formation transcription translation

translation

True or false? Comparison of the sequences of the same gene across species can give some insight into the existence of a common ancestor with that gene.

true

*LOOK AT PICTURE FIRST* E

Which of these DNA molecules is the shortest? A B C D E

*LOOK AT PICTURE FIRST* C and D

Which of these directly bind(s) to the promoter? A B C D C and D

*LOOK AT PICTURE FIRST* A

Which of these indicates an enhancer region? A B C D C and D

*LOOK AT PICTURE FIRST* D

Which of these is a regulatory gene? A B C D E

Which nucleic acid is translated to make a protein? mRNA rRNA DNA tRNA

mRNA

The tRNA anticodon, GAC, is complementary to the mRNA codon with the sequence _____. CAG CTG GAC CUG TCG

CUG

How many DNA molecules would there be after four rounds of PCR if the initial reaction mixture contained two molecules? 8 16 64 32

32

The direction of synthesis of an RNA transcript is _____. 1' —> 5' 5' —> 3' 1' —> 3' 3' —> 5' 2' —> 4'

5' —> 3'

Which of the following statements about mutations is false? Addition and deletion mutations disrupt the primary structure of proteins. A knock-out mutation results in a total absence of the mutated protein. An addition mutation results in an added base in the DNA sequence. A deletion mutation results in the loss of a base in the DNA sequence.

A knock-out mutation results in a total absence of the mutated protein.

What is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)? A method to propagate a gene in bacteria. A method to join two fragments of DNA together. A method to determine the sequence of bases in a gene. A method to amplify a fragment of DNA.

A method to amplify a fragment of DNA.

Transcription begins at a promoter. What is a promoter? A site in DNA that recruits the RNA Polymerase A site found on the RNA polymerase Part of the RNA molecule itselfThe same as a start codon

A site in DNA that recruits the RNA Polymerase

At which site do new aminoacyl tRNAs enter the ribosome during elongation? E-site B-site A-site P-site

A-site

Which of the following regulatory elements is not composed of DNA sequences? Silencers Enhancers Promoter-proximal elements Activators

Activators

_____ bind(s) to DNA enhancer regions. RNA polymerase Promoters Introns Activators Exons

Activators

If a mutated DNA sequence produces a protein that differs in one central amino acid from the normal protein, which of the following kinds of mutations could have occurred? None. A deletion mutation. An addition mutation An addition mutation and a deletion mutation.

An addition mutation and a deletion mutation.

During which step in the PCR cycle do primers form bonds with a single-stranded template? All of these steps. Denaturation. Annealing. Extension.

Annealing.

What determines which base is to be added to an RNA strand during transcription? The previous base The order of the chemical groups in the backbone of the RNA molecule Base pairing between the DNA template strand and the RNA nucleotides Base pairing between the two DNA strands

Base pairing between the DNA template strand and the RNA nucleotides

Which of the following terms best describes the relationship between the newly synthesized RNA molecule and the DNA template strand? Complementary Covalently bound Permanently base-paired Identical

Complementary

*LOOK AT PICTURE FIRST** 1,405

DNA fragment B consists of _____ base pairs. 564 1,268 1,405 2,027 2,322

What enzyme forms covalent bonds between restriction fragments? DNA primase DNA helicase single-strand binding protein DNA polymerase DNA ligase

DNA ligase

If a DNA sequence is altered from TAGCTGA to TAGTGA, what kind of mutation has occurred? None. Addition. Deletion. Both addition and deletion.

Deletion.

Which of the following regulatory DNA sequences might be located thousands of nucleotides away from the transcription start site of a gene? TATA box Enhancer Promoter-proximal element Promoter

Enhancer

During which step in the PCR cycle are nucleotides used? Extension. Annealing. All of these steps. Denaturation.

Extension.

Which of these correctly illustrates the pairing of DNA and RNA nucleotides? GTTACG CAATCG GTTACG CAAUGC GTTACG GTTACG GTTACG ACCGTA GTTACG UAACAU

GTTACG CAAUGC

*LOOK AT PICTURE FIRST** 6,557

In this example the marker DNA includes fragments that have 23,130, 9,416, 6,557, 4,361, 2,322, 2,027, and 564 base pairs. Approximately how many base pairs are in the DNA fragment indicated by the letter A? 564 2,027 2,322 6,557 9,416

*LOOK AT PICTURE FIRST** between 6,557 and 4,361 base pairs

In this example the marker DNA includes fragments that have 23,130, 9,416, 6,557, 4,361, 2,322, 2,027, and 564 base pairs. Approximately how many base pairs are in the DNA fragment indicated by the letter B? between 23,130 and 9,416 base pairs between 9,416 and 6,557 base pairs between 6,557 and 4,361 base pairs between 4,361 and 2,322 base pairs between 2,322 and 2,027 base pairs

Which of the following terms describes the DNA-protein complexes that look like beads on a string? 30-nanometer fiber Chromatin Histones Nucleosome

Nucleosome

Which mutation(s) would not change the remainder of the reading frame of a gene sequence that follows the mutation(s)? One addition mutation. One deletion mutation. One addition and two deletion mutations. One addition and one deletion mutation.

One addition and one deletion mutation.

DNA does not store the information to synthesize which of the following? DNA Organelles Messenger RNA Proteins

Organelles

The initiator tRNA attaches at the ribosome's _____ site. A translocation E P Q

P

Which of the following processes is an example of a post-translational modification? Peptide bond formation Elongation Initiation Phosphorylation

Phosphorylation

Which of the following events in transcription initiation likely occurs last? RNA polymerase binds to the promoter of the gene. TBP is recruited to the promoter. Basal transcription factors form a basal transcription complex. Regulatory transcription factors bind to enhancers.

RNA polymerase binds to the promoter of the gene.

What is the function of a spliceosome? protein activation translation protein degradation regulating the transport of mRNA to the cytoplasm RNA processing

RNA processing

What name is given to the process in which pre-mRNA is edited into mRNA? RNA processing gene expression polypeptide formation transcription translation

RNA processing

Where does translation take place? Golgi apparatus Nucleus Ribosome Endoplasmic reticulum

Ribosome

Which of the following steps occurs last in the initiation phase of translation? The small subunit of the ribosome binds to the 5' cap on the mRNA. A peptide bond is formed between two adjacent amino acids. An aminoacyl tRNA binds to the start codon. The large ribosomal subunit joins the complex.

The large ribosomal subunit joins the complex.

Which of the following statements best describes the promoter of a protein-coding gene? The promoter is part of the RNA molecule itself. The promoter is a site at which only RNA polymerase will bind. The promoter is a nontranscribed region of a gene. The promoter is a site found on RNA polymerase.

The promoter is a nontranscribed region of a gene.

What is the process called that converts the genetic information stored in DNA to an RNA copy? Translation Translocation Transcription Replication

Transcription

If the sequence ATGCATGTCAATTGA were mutated such that a base were inserted after the first G and the third T were deleted, how many amino acids would be changed in the mutant protein? None. Two. One. Three.

Two.

During RNA processing a(n) _____ is added to the 3' end of the RNA. 3' untranslated region a long string of adenine nucleotides 5' untranslated region coding segment modified guanine nucleotide

a long string of adenine nucleotides

The region of a Drosophila embryo with a low concentration of bicoid protein will develop into the _____. abdomen male flowers thorax head female flowers

abdomen

Polypeptides are assembled from _____. hexoses glycerol nucleotides proteins amino acids

amino acids

What enzyme catalyzes the attachment of an amino acid to tRNA? aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase rubisco dextrinase argininosuccinate lyase nuclease

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

In order to insert a human gene into a plasmid, both must _____ have identical DNA sequences originate from the same type of cell code for the same gene product be cut by the same restriction enzyme be the same length

be cut by the same restriction enzyme

Translation occurs in the _____. cytoplasm lysosome nucleus Golgi apparatus nucleoplasm

cytoplasm

What process produces the gradient of bicoid protein in a fertilized egg? exocytosis phagocytosis diffusion pinocytosis receptor-mediated endocytosis

diffusion

The bicoid gene is a type of _____ gene. segmentation pair-rule segment-polarity egg-polarity gap

egg-polarity

The region of a Drosophila embryo with the highest concentration of bicoid protein will develop into the _____. head ovaries vulva homeobox abdomen

head

RNA processing converts the RNA transcript into _____. a protein DNA a eukaryotic cell mRNA a polypeptide

mRNA

Enzyme complexes that break down protein are called _____. lipases ubiquitins amylase proteasomes nucleases

proteasomes

Protein-phosphorylating enzymes' role in the regulation of gene expression involves _____. protein activation translation protein degradation regulating the transport of mRNA to the cytoplasm RNA processing

protein activation

The nuclear membrane's role in the regulation of gene expression involves _____. protein activation translation protein degradation regulating the transport of mRNA to the cytoplasm RNA processing

regulating the transport of mRNA to the cytoplasm

Which of these is NOT a component of the lac operon? lactose-utilization genes only promoter only regulatory gene only operator only promoter and operator

regulatory gene only

Spliceosomes are composed of _____. small RNAs and proteins polymerases and ligases introns and exons the RNA transcript and protein

small RNAs and proteins

The unpaired nucleotides produced by the action of restriction enzymes are referred to as _____. sticky ends base sequences single strands restriction fragments ligases

sticky ends

The bicoid gene product is directly responsible for _____ in a developing Drosophila embryo. the establishment of the right-left axis vulval development flower development the establishment of the anterior-posterior axis apoptosis

the establishment of the anterior-posterior axis

Bicoid mRNA is translated in _____. Sertoli cells the fertilized egg sperm cells chimera cells nurse cells

the fertilized egg

Regulatory proteins bind to _____. the operator the lactose-utilization genes the regulatory gene RNA polymerase transcription factors

the operator

A high concentration of bicoid protein at the opposite ends of a developing Drosophila embryo would result in the development of a _____. two-headed fly fly with a head growing out of its abdomen fly with two abdomens hermaphrodite fly with legs growing out of its head

two-headed fly

*LOOK AT PICTURE FIRST RNA

In the diagram below, the gray unit represents _____. RNA DNA transcription factors RNA polymerase the promoter

*LOOK AT PICTURE FIRST the promoter

In the diagram below, the green unit represents _____. RNA DNA transcription factors RNA polymerase the promoter

*LOOK AT PICTURE FIRST DNA

In the diagram below, the two blue strands represent _____. RNA DNA transcription factors RNA polymerase the promoter

What happens to RNA polymerase II after it has completed transcription of a gene? It joins with another RNA polymerase to carry out transcription. It begins transcribing the next gene on the chromosome. It is degraded. It is free to bind to another promoter and begin transcription.

It is free to bind to another promoter and begin transcription.

The operon model of the regulation of gene expression in bacteria was proposed by _____. Watson and Crick Franklin Darwin Jacob and Monod Mendel

Jacob and Monod

What is meant by translocation? The two ribosomal subunits are joined in a complex. The polypeptide chain grows by one amino acid. The completed polypeptide is released from the ribosome. The ribosome slides one codon down the mRNA.

The ribosome slides one codon down the mRNA.

*SEE PHOTO FIRST* -ACGT

The sticky end of the DNA restriction fragment shown here will pair with a DNA restriction fragment with the sticky end _____. -ACGT -AAAA -ACGU -GTAC -TGCA

*LOOK AT PICTURE FIRST initiation (of translation)

What is the name of the process shown in the diagram? initiation (of transcription) RNA processing initiation (of translation) elongation termination (of translation)

*LOOK AT PICTURE FIRST* A

Which of these regions is most likely to develop into the Drosophilia's head? A B C D E