Bio Final Qs

Which of the following polysaccharides are you most likely to find in the exoskeleton of a locust (grasshopper)?

Chitin

Water has its highest density when it is in its

Liquid state

In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect NADH production to be

Lower than in a healthy cell

The hydrolysis of macromolecules and organelles that are no longer needed in the cells is most likely to take place in which of the following?

Microbodies (peroxisomes) & Lysosomes

All of the following plasma membrane activities require energy from ATP hydrolysis, except

Osmosis

Trees are sometimes called the "lungs" of the planet. The oxygen they release comes from

Photosystem 2

Which of the following factors contribute significantly to increasing cell membrane fluidity at room temperature?

Presence of double bonds in the fatty acyl chains

Mitochondria contain DNA

True

Based on your knowledge of the definition of pH, you would expect the intermembrane space in mitochondria to be

acidic

The cytoskeleton is composed of which of the following (in order, from small to large size):

Actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

The chemiosmotic gradient that is established in the intermembrane space of mitochondria allows the activation of which of the following?

ATP synthase

In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect oxygen consumption by the cell to be

Lower than in a healthy cell

Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions by

Lowering the activation energy necessary to start the reaction

How many covalent bonds can a carbon atom form?

4

Which of the following molecules most closely resembles ATP?

A nucleotide

The plasma membrane is best described as:

A double membrane of phospholipids arranged in a fluid-mosaic of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

The main difference between active and passive transport across a cell membrane is

- Active transport requires energy while passive transport does not - Active transport involves the movement of molecules against their concentration gradient

Which of the following reaction categories would be most likely to have the lowest ΔG value?

- Catalyzed Exergonic Reaction - Uncatalyzed Exergonic Reaction

in general, how do chloroplasts differ from mitochondria?

- Chloroplasts take in H2O and CO2 to produce sugars, whereas mitochondria take in sugars to produce ATP. - The ATP produced by mitochondria is used throughout the cell, whereas the ATP produced by chloroplasts stays inside them.

Which of the following is true regarding your mitochondrial DNA?

- It is almost identical to your mother's mitochondrial DNA - It is virtually identical in all the cells of your body

Which of the following is correct about the cyclic electron flow that takes place during photosynthesis

- It is required because the Calvin cycle uses more ATP than NADPH - It may happen in C3, C4, and CAM plants

Which of the following best describes the process of fermentation in your muscle cells?

- It mostly takes place when cells do not receive enough oxygen - It leads to the production of lactic acid - It allows glycolysis to proceed in oxygen-poor environment by oxidizing NADH into NAD+

Which of the following is/are true about nucleosomes?

- Nucleosomes are arranged in a zig-zag pattern to make a 30nm DNA fiber - Nucleosomes contribute greatly to DNA compaction - Nucleosomes may be found in euchromatin or heterochromatin - Nucleosomes are found in eukaryotes

Which of the following factors would have the ability to denature a protease commonly found in your stomach (at a pH of approximately 2.0)?

- Placing the enzyme in a neutral pH environment (pH = 7.0) - Placing the enzyme in an environment containing the wrong salt concentration - Placing the enzyme in the oven (around 350 degrees C)

The average intracellular voltage of most cells in the human body varies between which two values?

-5 to -100 millivolts

On average, prokaryotes are approximately

10 times smaller than eukaryotes

When anaerobic metabolism (fermentation) takes place in mammalian muscle cells, which of the following are produced?

2 ATPs and lactic acid

Sister chromatids move toward the opposite poles of a dividing cell during

Anaphase of meiosis II

Urea is one of the first (if not THE first) organic compound to be synthesized in a dish. Our cells produce urea to get rid of nitrogenous wastes. Based on your knowledge of macromolecules, you would expect nitrogenous wastes to come from the metabolism of

Both proteins and nucleic acids contain nitrogen

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved primarily in which of the following?

Calcium storage, detoxification, and steroid synthesis

The bonds that hold hydrogen and oxygen within a water molecule are called

Covalent bonds

The hydrolysis of ATP into ADP is typically coupled with exergonic reactions

FALSE

During the "firing" of a neuron, sodium moves along (down) its concentration gradient, from the extracellular environment into the cell. This is an example of

Facilitated diffusion

Imagine a scenario where ions (sodium or chloride, for instance) are segregated across a membrane that contains leak channels for these ions. Once the system reaches an equilibrium at which you can no longer observe a net ionic movement, you would expect the concentration of ions on both sides of the membrane to be equal.

False

Lactic acid and CO2 are products of aerobic respiration in mammalian muscle cells

False

Photorespiration may be observed in C4 plants

False

Which of the following is/are a monosaccharide?

Fructose

Typically, in a healthy cell, the longest phase of the cell cycle is the

G1 phase

A Gram positive bacterium would

Have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan

lactose is

Lactose is composed of galactose and glucose

Does glycolysis require oxygen?

NO

in cellular respiration, which of the following are products of glycolysis?

Pyruvate, ATP, and NADH

Proportionally to the animal's volume, the surface area of a bear is smaller/larger (circle the correct answer) than that of a mouse

SMALLER (cell size decreases, SA:V decreases)

DNA follows a pattern of replication known as

Semi-conservative

The making of ATP during glycolysis (phosphorylation of ADP) is best described as

Substrate-level phosphorylation

In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect pyruvate production to be

The same as in a healthy cell

The liver is heavily involved in detoxifying the blood. Based on this statement, which of the following characteristic would you expect to best describe hepatocytes (= liver cells)?

Very large smooth endoplasmic reticulum

The metabolic process in which fatty acids are converted into acetyl CoA is called

beta oxidation

Many simple proteins fold spontaneously by simply interacting with the aqueous environment in which they are synthesized. However, some more complex folding may be achieved by inserting a peptide sequence into a "folding structure" called a

chaperone

During cellular respiration, glycolysis takes place in which of the following?

cytoplasm

When carbohydrates and lipids are not available for cellular respiration, cells can still obtain energy from lipids through a process known as

deamination

During some smooth muscle cell contractions, calcium ions pass from one cell to another through gap junctions. This is an example of

direct signaling

Some prokaryotes have the ability to survive extreme conditions of heat or drought by developing a thick wall around their genome and a small portion of the cytoplasm. The dormant structures that are created are called

endospores

Nucleosomes are composed of DNA and proteins known as

histones

Secondary protein structure

hydrogen bonding within peptide backbone (ex: α-helix)

these molecules are

structural/constitutional isomers

There are __________ standard amino acids found in eukaryotes

20

Which of the following factors would have the ability to denature an enzyme that is commonly found in prokaryotes that live in the hot springs of Yellowstone (pH= 2.0 and Temp = 40 degrees Celcius)?

Both a neutral pH and an oven temperature of 350 degrees C could denature the enzyme

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are required for which of the following processes?

Cell cycle regulation (check point regulation)

The membrane that forms at the end of telophase to separate daughter cells at the end of mitosis in plants is known as

Cell plate

The protein complexes that hold sister chromatids at their center are known as

Cohesins

Which of the following cell connections allows the movement of small ions such as calcium from one cell to another?

Gap junctions

Sucrose (table sugar) is a disaccharide composed of

Glucose and fructose

Which of the following polysaccharides are likely to be used for structural purposed (instead of energy storage)?

Glycogen (polysaccharide for E storage of animals)

Proportionally to its volume, a basketball has _____ surface area than a marble

Less

In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect CO2 production to be

Lower than in a healthy cell

In what phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell?

Metaphase I

In plant cells, most of the ATP to be used by the cell is produced by which of the following?

Mitochondria

The oxidation of macromolecules that are no longer needed in the cells is most likely to take place in which of the following?

Peroxisomes

The process through which eukaryotes absorb ("eat") solid particles is called

Phagocytosis

Which of the following is NOT a reason for mitotic cell division?

Pollen production in flowers

Which of the following justifies the need for a cyclic electron flow in the thylakoid membrane

The Calvin cycle uses more ATP (18) than NADH (12)

What is the purpose of stomata on the underside of leaves, in green plants?

They allow the movement of CO2 in and O2 out of leaves

ADP and ATP act respectively as activator and inhibitor of glycolysis.

True

Photorespiration can best be explained by which of the following?

When temperatures get high, plants close their stomata, and the increased level of O2 in the mesophyll causes rubisco to work as an oxygenase instead of a carboxylase

The fermentation process that leads to the production of ethanol is most likely to takes place in

Yeast

Primary protein structure

linear sequence of amino acids

Which of the following structures would least likely be found as part of a bacterium?

- nucleus (MORE so) - cell membrane

In your skin cells, the difference in ATP production between conditions when oxygen is available and conditions when it's not available is approximately...

18-fold

In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor) for an extended period of time, how many ATPs would you expect to be produced per molecule of glucose?

2

In order for NAD+ to be reduced into NADH, NAD+ requires the addition of...

2 electrons and 1 proton

Tertiary protein structure

3-dimensional shape of polypeptide chain

In photosynthesis, NADPH donates electrons to the Calvin cycle. In this REDOX reaction, NADPH may be called

A reducing agent

The proton-motive force generated during oxidative phosphorylation is used to drive the activation of which of the following?

ATP synthase

The main products of the citric acid cycle (also called Krebs cycle) are

ATP, NADH, and FADH2

The process of glycolysis cannot take place in prokaryotes because it requires the presence of mitochondria

False

Proteins are broken down into individual amino acids during a process known as

Hydrolysis

Hydroxylamine lowers catalase activity by fitting within its active site. This suggest that

Hydroxylamine is a competitive inhibitor of catalase

A freshwater fish would not survive when placed in sea water. This is partly because the sea water is __________ to the cells of the freshwater fish, and the fish would constantly __________ water.

Hypertonic - lose

In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect lactate production to be

Lower than in a healthy cell

Which of the following structures allows cells to "read" the extracellular matrix and be influenced by it?

Integrins

If you wanted to produce a 5-10% alcoholic beverage, which of the following ingredients would NOT be a requirement?

Neither bacteria nor oxygen would be required

DNA and RNA nucleotides have a sugar component

True

Imagine a scenario where plant W is exposed to White light, plant B is exposed to Blue light, plant G is exposed to Green light, and plant R is exposed to Red light. How would you rank these plants in terms of photosynthetic activity, ranging from high to low?

W B R G

Quaternary protein structure

assembly of subunits into functional protein

The process in which the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an enzyme upstream in the same pathway (thereby slowing down the whole pathway) is called

feedback inhibition

You would expect the transmembrane domain of an integral protein to be...

hydrophobic

The 2 main stages of photosynthesis, in chloroplasts are

light-dependent reactions and Calvin cycle

In fishes, O2 and CO2 move freely across the cell membrane of gill cells, down their concentration gradients, and without the requirement of any carrier protein or any input of external energy. This is an example of

passive diffusion

Which of the following best describes an endergonic reaction?

ΔG > 0, and the reaction requires the addition of free energy