BIO. HW#9

In eukaryotes, all the reactions of photosynthesis occur in various membranes and compartments of the chloroplast. Identify the membranes or compartments of the chloroplast by dragging the blue labels to the blue targets. Then, identify where the light reactions and Calvin cycle occur by dragging the pink labels to the pink targets.

A- Stroma B-Thylakoid membrane C-Cytosol D- location of Calvin cycle E- Thylakoid Space F-Location of light reactions G- envelope membranes

Which statement correctly describes how cellular DNA content and ploidy levels change during meiosis I and meiosis II?

DNA content is halved in both meiosis I and meiosis II. Ploidy level changes from diploid to haploid in meiosis I, and remains haploid in meiosis II.

Match each stage of cellular respiration with the cellular location in which it occurs. Labels may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

Glycolysis - Cytosol Acetyl CoA - Mitochondrial matrix Citric acid cycle - Mitochondrial matrix Oxidative phosphorylation - inner mitochondrial membrane

From the following compounds involved in cellular respiration, choose those that are the net inputs and net outputs of glycolysis. Drag each compound to the appropriate bin. If the compound is not involved in glycolysis, drag it to the "not input or output" bin.

Net Input: ADP, NAD⁺, Glucose Net Output: ATP, NADH and Pyruvate, not input or output: O₂, CO₂, coenzyme A and acetyl CoA

In the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle), acetyl CoA is completely oxidized. From the following compounds involved in cellular respiration, choose those that are the net inputs and net outputs of the citric acid cycle.

Net Input: Acetyl CoA, NAD⁺, ADP Net Output: Coenzyme A, CO₂, NADH, ATP Not Input or Output: Pyruvate, Glucose, O₂

In the last stage of cellular respiration, oxidative phosphorylation, all of the reduced electron carriers produced in the previous stages are oxidized by oxygen via the electron transport chain. The energy from this oxidation is stored in a form that is used by most other energy-requiring reactions in cells. From the following compounds involved in cellular respiration, choose those that are the net inputs and net outputs of oxidative phosphorylation.

Net Input: NADH, ADP, O₂ Net Output: NAD⁺, ATP, and Water Not Input or Output: Pyruvate, Glucose, Acetyl CoA, Coenzyme A and CO₂.

In acetyl CoA formation, the carbon-containing compound from glycolysis is oxidized to produce acetyl CoA. From the following compounds involved in cellular respiration, choose those that are the net inputs and net outputs of acetyl CoA formation. Drag each compound to the appropriate bin. If a compound is not involved in acetyl CoA formation, drag it to the "not input or output" bin. (Note that not all of the inputs and outputs of acetyl CoA formation are included.)

Net Input: NAD⁺, coenzyme A, pyruvate Net Output: NADH, acetyl CoA, CO₂ not input or output: O₂, ADP, glucose and ATP

The light reactions require the cooperation of two photosystems to power linear electron flow from water to NADP+.

Photosystem II- ATP production, Oxidation of water to form oxygen Photosystem I- Reduction of NADP+ to form NADPH, reduction of the reaction of the center due to the Z scheme Both- light absorption

Sort the following items according to whether they are reactants or products in the anaerobic reduction of pyruvate during lactic acid fermentation.

REACTANTS- pyruvate, NADH PRODUCTS-lactate, NAD+

Suppose that the concentration of CO2 available for the Calvin cycle decreased by 50% (because the stomata closed to conserve water). Which statement correctly describes how O2 production would be affected? (Assume that the light intensity does not change.)

The rate of O2 production would decrease because the rate of ADP and NADP+ production by the Calvin cycle would decrease.

The net reaction of the Calvin cycle is the conversion of CO2 into the three-carbon sugar G3P. Along the way, reactions rearrange carbon atoms among intermediate compounds and use the ATP and NADPH produced by the light reactions. In this exercise, you will track carbon atoms through the Calvin cycle as required for the net production of one molecule of G3P.

a- 3&3 b-6&18 c-6&18 d-5&15 e-3&15 f-3&15

Quantifying the inputs of ATP and NADPH and output of Pi

a- 6 ATP, 6ADP b- 6NADPH, 6NADP+ c-6pi d-2i e-3 ADP, 3 ATP

Meiosis terminology

a- chromatin b-genes c- chromosomes d-genome e-traits f-locus g-gametes

Animal life cycles

a-2n b-2n c-meiosis d-meiosis e-n f-egg g-sperm h-n I-fertilization j-2n k-zygote l-mitosis m-2n n-meiosis o-n p-egg

Interactions among chromosomes

a-non-homologous chroosomes b-sister cromatids c-homologous chromsomes d-centromere e-nonsister chromatids f-homologous chromsomes g-sister chromatids

In most organisms, the end product of glycolysis is pyruvate. Pyruvate still contains a substantial amount of energy, which can be further extracted. Whether the organisms are operating under aerobic or anaerobic conditions determines the metabolic pathway that pyruvate undergoes to produce more ATP. In this tutorial, you will identify the end products of these metabolic pathways.

fermentation in human muscle produces -----lactate fermentation in yeast and bacteria produce--- ethanol aerobic oxidation produces--- acetyl CoA

From the following choices, identify those that are the inputs and outputs of the light reactions.

input: NADP+, ADP, water, light output: ATP, NADPH, O2 not input or output: G3P, CO2, glucose

From the following choices, identify those that are the inputs and outputs of the Calvin cycle.

input: NADPH, ATP, CO2 output: ADP, NADP+, G3P not input or output: light, O2, glucose