Bio II: Exam 2

The embryo is _______________. A. Diploid B. Haploid C. Polyploid

A. Diploid

The sporophyte generation is ______________. A. Diploid B. Haploid C. Polyploid

A. Diploid

Which structure is not directly involved in the reproduction of at least one major group of fungi? A. Mycelium B. Motile spores C. Basidium D. Asci

A. Mycelium a network of filaments that forms the body of a fungus.

Select the best description of the significance of the meristems of plants. A. Plant meristems are permanently embryonic regions within the plant body. B. Plant meristems are active only for repair of wounds or damage to plants. C. Plant meristems are present only in young plants.

A. Plant meristems are permanently embryonic regions within the plant body. In plants, unlike in most animals, growth is not limited to an embryonic or juvenile period. Growth occurs throughout the plant's life, a process known as indeterminate growth. This indeterminate growth is possible because, unlike animals, plants have perpetually undifferentiated tissues called meristems. Read about plant meristems.

The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels, is native to tropical rain forests of South America. Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as pollinators. If a female orchid bee has just left a Brazil nut tree with nectar in her stomach, and if she visits another flower on a different Brazil nut tree, what is the sequence in which the following events should occur? A. Pollen transfer, Pollen tube emerges from pollen grain, Pollen tube enters micropyle, Double fertilization B. Pollen transfer, Pollen tube enters micropyle, Pollen tube emerges from pollen grain, Double fertilization C. Pollen tube enters micropyle, Pollen tube emerges from pollen grain, Pollen transfer, Double fertilization D. Pollen tube emerges from pollen grain, Pollen transfer, Pollen tube enters micropyle, Double fertilization

A. Pollen transfer, Pollen tube emerges from pollen grain, Pollen tube enters micropyle, Double fertilization

Which of the following statements describes the relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic microorganism in a lichen? A. The fungus provides the photosynthetic microorganism a suitable environment for growth B. The photosynthetic microorganism helps the fungus retain minerals C. The fungus fixes nitrogen for the photosynthetic microorganism D. Neither organism derives any benefit from the relationship

A. The fungus provides the photosynthetic microorganism a suitable environment for growth

Which of the following statements correctly describes molds (deuteromycetes) ? A. They are the group of fungi that have, at present, no known sexual stage B. They represent the phylum in which all the fungal components of lichens are classified C. They include the imperfect fungi that lack hyphae D. They are the group that includes molds, yeasts, and lichens

A. They are the group of fungi that have, at present, no known sexual stage

Which of the following statements about decomposers is true? A. They break down waste products, leaf litter, and the bodies of dead organisms. B. They include only prokaryotic species. C. They are autotrophs. C. They are detrimental to ecosystems where they are found.

A. They break down waste products, leaf litter, and the bodies of dead organisms. Decomposers are heterotrophs, or consumers, that obtain organic molecules (carbon) and chemical energy by breaking down organic waste materials, leaf litter, and the bodies of dead organisms. When decomposers break down these substances, they return chemicals to the environment, making them available to plants and other photosynthetic organisms. Decomposers include prokaryotic and eukaryotic species.

When you look at a pine or maple tree, the plant you see is a __________. A. diploid sporophyte B. triploid endosperm C. haploid sporophyte D. haploid gametophyte E. diploid gametophyte

A. diploid sporophyte The sporophyte generation is the dominant generation of vascular plants.

In pine, the embryo develops within the __________. A. female gametophyte B. male gametophyte

A. female gametophyte Large ovulate cones make megaspores that develop into female gametophytes, where one fertilized egg will develop into an embryo.

One conclusion you can draw from this figure is that: A. gametophytes have fewer chromosomes than sporophytes do B. gametophytes evolved before sporophytes C. gametophytes grow from sporophytes D. gametophyte cells are produced by mitosis; sporophyte cells are produced by meiosis

A. gametophytes have fewer chromosomes than sporophytes do

Root apical meristems are found... A. in all roots. B. only in lateral roots. C. only in adventitious roots. D. only in taproots.

A. in all roots.

Root hairs are important to a plant because they _____. A. increase the surface area for absorption B. protect the plant from freezing C. develop into lateral roots D. help the root slide between soil particles E. protect the plant from soil microbes

A. increase the surface area for absorption Root hairs are extensions of individual epidermal cells on the root surface, which increase the absorptive surface area of the root tremendously.

In angiosperms, which of the following is correctly paired with its chromosome count? A. microspore−n B. egg−2n C. megaspore−2n D. zygote−n

A. microspore−n

Suppose two species live in close contact with each other. One species benefits by eating the tissues of the other, and the other is harmed (by having its tissues consumed). The ecological interaction between these species is an example of A. parasitism and symbiosis. B. symbiosis and mutualism. C. mutualism and parasitism. D. symbiosis and commensalism.

A. parasitism and symbiosis. These two species are engaged in a symbiosis, an ecological relationship in which two species live in close contact with one another. This particular symbiosis is also an example of parasitism, an ecological relationship in which one organism (the parasite) eats the tissues or body fluids of another (the host), thereby harming the host. In other cases, the two species engaged in a symbiosis form a mutualism (an ecological relationship in which each species benefits) or a commensalism (an ecological relationship in which one species benefits and the other is not harmed or helped).

Fungi release digestive enzymes into their _____. A. surroundings B. gastrovascular cavity C. stomach D. hyphae E. mycelia

A. surroundings Fungi then absorb the digested nutrients.

Which of the following is NOT present in mosses, hornworts, and liverworts? A. xylem and phloem B. a sporophyte generation C. a gametophyte generation D. a haploid generation

A. xylem and phloem mosses, hornworts, and liverworts are NON-VASCULAR, so they would not have xylem and phloem

Which of the following statements about the pine life cycle is CORRECT? A. Male and female gametophytes are in close proximity during gamete synthesis. B. Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes. C. Double fertilization is a relatively common phenomenon. D. The pine tree is a gametophyte.

B. Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes.

An ancient data palm seed germinated and grew into a healthy plant. What was the source of nutrients for the young sporophyte during germination? A. Sunlight B. Food stored within the seed C. Water taken up by germinating seed D. The surrounding soil

B. Food stored within the seed

The gametophyte generation is ____________. A. Diploid B. Haploid C. Polyploid

B. Haploid

The megaspore is _____________. A. Diploid B. Haploid C. Polyploid

B. Haploid

Why is seed dormancy adaptive for many plant species? A. Seed dormancy increases the longevity of an individual sporophyte plant B. Seed dormancy allows seeds to germinate when conditions are favorable for seedling growth C. Seed dormancy ensures that a seedling does not compete with its parents D. Seed dormancy ensures that a seedling does not germinate when a source of food is not available for the young seedling

B. Seed dormancy allows seeds to germinate when conditions are favorable for seedling growth

In vascular plants, the __________ dominates the life cycle: A. Spores B. Sporophyte C. Endosperm D. Gametophyte

B. Sporophyte Vascular plant life cycle includes the reduction of the gametophyte phase of the life cycle

In fungi, haploid hyphae fuse to produce dikaryotic and then diploid nuclei, only to restore the haploid condition by meiosis before the growth of new hyphae. What is the significance of a transient diploid state in fungi? A. The diploid state is more advanced than the haploid state. B. These sexual processes generate genetic variation. C. All organisms must reproduce sexually at some point in their life cycle.

B. These sexual processes generate genetic variation. The sexual processes of karyogamy and meiosis generate extensive genetic variation, a prerequisite for natural selection.

If you were setting up a lab exercise for which you needed to arrange specimens such that those closely related were nearest each other, what would you place near the fungi? A. plants B. animals C. bacteria D. protists

B. animals

You are given a fungus to identify. It has a fruiting body that contains many structures with eight haploid spores lined up in a row. What kind of fungus is this? A. chytrid B. ascomycete C. deuteromycete D. zygomycete

B. ascomycete also Basidom

Which are the closest algal relatives of land plants? A. monilophytes B. charophytes C. chrysophytes D. bacillariophytes E. rhodophytes

B. charophytes

Most fungi are _____. A. photoautotrophs B. decomposers C. herbivores D. carnivores E. chemoautotrophs

B. decomposers Fungi obtain nutrients from nonliving organic matter.

A pine tree seed germinated and grew into a healthy plant. What was the source of nutrients for the young sporophyte during germination? A. sunlight B. food stored within the seed C. water taken up by the germinating seed D. the surrounding soil

B. food stored within the seed

What are the main components of a mature gymnosperm seed? A. ovule B. food supply C. seed coat D. megasporangium E. pollen grain F. embryo G. megaspore

B. food supply C. seed coat F. embryo A mature seed contains food and protection for the new diploid sporophyte generation (the embryo). Eventually, the seed may germinate, giving rise to a mature sporophyte.

In plants, the ________ produces haploid gametes (eggs and sperm) by mitosis, whereas the ________ produces haploid spores by meiosis. A. zygote; embryo B. gametophyte; sporophyte C. embryo; zygote D. sporophyte; gametophyte

B. gametophyte; sporophyte In plants, the multicellular haploid gametophyte ("gamete-producing plant") is named for its production by mitosis of haploid gametes—eggs and sperm—that fuse during fertilization, forming diploid zygotes. Mitotic division of the zygote produces a multicellular diploid sporophyte ("spore-producing plant"). Meiosis in a mature sporophytes produces haploid spores, reproductive cells that can develop into a new haploid organism without fusing with another cell. Mitotic division of the spore cell produces a new multicellular gametophyte, and the cycle begins again.

Some companies advertise and sell mycorrhizae to home gardeners and commercial farms, claiming that the presence of mycorrhizae improves plant growth and survival. If the company conducted experiments on plants with and without mycorrhizae, which of the following results would support their claim? A. increased mortality in plants with mycorrhizae than in plants without mycorrhizae B. increased production of corn ears in plants with mycorrhizae than in plants without mycorrhizae C. increased need for fertilizer in plants with mycorrhizae than in plants without mycorrhizae D. smaller apple size in plants with mycorrhizae than in plants without mycorrhizae

B. increased production of corn ears in plants with mycorrhizae than in plants without mycorrhizae

Among seed-plants, the male gametophyte phase is represented by: A. flowers B. pollen C. cones D. seeds

B. pollen

Which of the following plant parts absorbs most of the water and minerals taken up from the soil? A. root cap B. root hairs C. storage roots D. taproots

B. root hairs

Which of the following is found inside a pollen grain? A. the megaspore B. the male gametophyte C. the female gametophyte D. the sporophyte

B. the male gametophyte A pollen grain contains the male gametophyte. Pollination of the ovule begins the process of fertilization, which results in the merging of the haploid male and female gametophytes to form a diploid zygote.

Which of the following is a major trend in land plant evolution over the past 200 million years? A. the trend toward smaller size B. the trend toward a sporophyte-dominated life cycle C. the trend toward larger gametophytes D. the trend toward a gametophyte-dominated life cycle

B. the trend toward a sporophyte-dominated life cycle

Where does meiosis occur in a mushroom? A. Spores B. Mycelium C. Basidia D. Hyphae

C. Basidia They are specialized cells in the gills of a mushroom in which haploid nuclei fuse in preparation for meiosis.

Which of the following describes a similarity between fungi and arthropods? A. Both groups are predominantly autotrophs that produce their own food. B. Both groups have cell walls. C. Both groups use chitin for support. D. The haploid state is dominant in both groups.

C. Both groups use chitin for support.

Which of the following characteristics would be most helpful in distinguishing among different species of fungi? A. life cycle B. morphology C. DNA sequence D. hyphae structure

C. DNA sequence

Select the correct statement describing the life cycle of angiosperms. A. The life cycle of seed plants does not include a gametophyte generation. B. In angiosperm life cycles, the female gametophyte is the ovule. C. Double fertilization in the life cycle of seed plants results in the production of a diploid zygote and a triploid endosperm nucleus.

C. Double fertilization in the life cycle of seed plants results in the production of a diploid zygote and a triploid endosperm nucleus.

Which of the following statements correctly describes a difference between plants and fungi? A. Plants produce spores. B. Fungi are strictly asexual, but plants undergo sexual reproduction. C. Fungi are heterotrophic, but plants are autotrophic. D. Fungi have cell walls. E. Plants have diploid and haploid phases, but fungi have only haploid stages.

C. Fungi are heterotrophic, but plants are autotrophic. Fungi are heterotrophic and absorb their nutrients, and plants are photosynthetic.

Which of the following events occurs first in the development of a spore into a mature mushroom? A. A heterokaryotic mycelium forms. B. Haploid nuclei fuse to form a diploid nucleus. C. Hyphae are produced by mitosis. D. The mycelium forms.

C. Hyphae are produced by mitosis. The spore undergoes mitosis to produce hyphae, which then form a filamentous network called a mycelium.

Which structure allows the growing mushroom to nourish itself? A. Gills B. Spore C. Mycelium D. Basidia

C. Mycelium The mycelium is a mass of filaments with a high surface-area-to-volume ratio, which allows for efficient nutrient absorption.

Which of the following best describes the physical relationship of the partners involved in lichens? A. Fungi grow on rocks and trees and are covered by algae. B. Lichen cells are enclosed within fungal cells. C. Photosynthetic cells are surrounded by fungal hyphae. D. Fungal cells are enclosed within algal cells.

C. Photosynthetic cells are surrounded by fungal hyphae.

Which term describes the fusion of cytoplasm from two individuals? A. Heterokaryotic B. Karyogamy C. Plasmogamy D. Spore

C. Plasmogamy

Plants that have vascular tissue are more versatile than nonvascular plants. For example, vascular tissue enabled plants to: A. reproduce via spores B. store water C. grow taller D. develop stomata E. support large gametophytes

C. grow taller

An important example of interaction between fungi and certain other organisms is mycorrhizae, in which the fungal partners _____. A. provide carbohydrates to the plant partner B. control soil nematodes C. help plants take up nutrients and water D. cause the decay of cellulose and lignin E. sicken herbivores that attempt to feed on plants

C. help plants take up nutrients and water Mycorrhizae are mutualistic associations with the roots of plants, which enhance the absorption of nutrients.

All fungi share which of the following characteristics? A. pathogenic B. multicellular organisms C. heterotrophic D. symbiotic

C. heterotrophic

Which of the following biological molecules is specific to woody sclerenchyma cells? A. chlorophyll B. cellulose C. lignin D. starch

C. lignin

Basidia produce spores by a process known as _____. A. decomposition B. mitosis C. meiosis D. hyphae E. binary fission

C. meiosis

If you discovered another planet on which plants had evolved in a manner similar to those on Earth, except they had never left the water, what might these plants retain longer than plants on Earth? A. spores B. sporopollenin C. swimming sperm D. microphyll

C. swimming sperm

What is the process by which a trait present in an ancestral organism is modified by natural selection over time in descendants of that ancestor? A. Analogy B. Convergent evolution C. Homology D. Descent with modification Submit

D. Descent with modification Evolution is a process of descent with modification: Characteristics present in an ancestral organism are altered (by natural selection) in its descendants over time as they face different environmental conditions. As a result, related species can have characteristics that have an underlying similarity yet function differently. An underlying similarity resulting from common ancestry is known as homology, while similarity due to convergent evolution is known as analogy.

A life cycle that exhibits alternation of generations includes the following: A. Multicellular haploid organisms and a diploid unicellular stage B. Haploid multicellular organisms only C. A unicellular haploid stage and diploid multicellular organisms D. Multicellular haploid organisms and multicellular diploid organisms

D. Multicellular haploid organisms and multicellular diploid organisms The life cycles of all plants alternate between two generations of distinct multicellular organisms: multicellular haploid gametophytes and multicellular diploid sporophytes. Each generation gives rise to the other. That is why this process is called alternation of generations.

Which of the following contains multiple gymnosperm ovules? Which of the following contains multiple gymnosperm ovules? A. Integument B. Megaspore C. Megasporangium D. Ovulate cone

D. Ovulate cone An immature ovulate cone contains multiple ovules. An ovulate cone will become a mature gymnosperm cone after all of the ovules mature into seeds.

Which of the following plant parts absorbs most of the water & minerals taken up from the soil? A. Storage roots B. Leaves C. Taproots D. Root hairs

D. Root hairs

All seed plants _____. A. exhibit a dominant gametophyte generation B. produce antheridia and archegonia on the same gametophyte C. produce flowers D. are heterosporous E. are nonvascular

D. are heterosporous All seed plants produce separate male and female spores.

All are lineages of fungi except _____________. A. chytrids B. zygomycetes C. Mucoromycetes D. basidia

D. basidia

Which group first evolved seeds? A. ferns B. bryophytes C. angiosperms D. gymnosperms

D. gymnosperms

Which answer arranges the following structures in order from largest to smallest, assuming that they all come from the same fungus? A. gill, basidiocarp, mycelium, basidium, basidiospore B. mycelium, gill, basidiocarp, basidium, basidiospore C. gill, basidiocarp, basidiospore, basidium, mycelium D. mycelium, basidiocarp, gill, basidium, basidiospore

D. mycelium, basidiocarp, gill, basidium, basidiospore

In asexual reproduction, A. each parent passes copies of all of its genes to its offspring, causing the offspring to differ genetically from each other. B. each offspring has some cells derived by mitosis in the parent and other cells derived by meiosis in the parent. C. one parent passes copies of all of its genes to its offspring after crossing over occurs. D. one parent passes copies of all of its genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes.

D. one parent passes copies of all of its genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes. In asexual reproduction, a single individual is the sole parent and passes copies of all its genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes; meiosis and crossing over do not occur. Single-celled eukaryotic organisms can reproduce asexually by mitotic cell division, in which DNA is copied and allocated equally to two daughter cells. Some multicellular organisms also reproduce asexually; in such organisms, the cells of the offspring arise via mitosis in the parent. Note that in asexual reproduction, each offspring is genetically identical to its parent, or nearly so (as a result of mutation, some offspring may exhibit slight genetic differences from the parent).

Which of the following is a key feature of seed plants facilitating life on land? A. spores B. homospory C. reduced sporophytes D. pollen

D. pollen

The adaptation that made possible the colonization of dry land environments by seed plants is most likely the result of the evolution of _____. A. ovules B. heterospory C. sporophylls D. pollen E. cones

D. pollen In bryophytes and seedless vascular plants, flagellated sperm must swim through a film of water to reach the egg cells. In seed plants, the use of airborne pollen to bring gametes together is a terrestrial adaptation.

Adaptations to plant success in terrestrial environments include seeds, vascular tissue, and flowers. Lists these adaptations in the order in which they appeared? A. seeds, vascular tissue, flowers B. seeds, flowers, vascular tissue C. vascular tissue, flowers, seeds D. vascular tissue, seeds, flowers

D. vascular tissue, seeds, flowers

Which is a vascular plant? A. liverworts B. mosses C. hornworts D. bryophytes E. lycophytes

E. lycophytes

From the human perspective, which of the following kinds of fungi would be considered the least useful or beneficial? A. truffles B. yeasts C. mycorrhizal fungi D. decomposers E. rusts

E. rusts Rusts include destructive plant parasites.

T/F: In most fungi, fertilization is complete after the cells fuse together.

FALSE: In most fungi, fertilization is a two-step process consisting of the fusion of cells and then the fusion of nuclei in the fused cells.

T/F: Most of the cells in a mushroom contain haploid nuclei.

TRUE: A mushroom consists mainly of hyphae that are heterokaryotic, which means they have two distinct haploid nuclei per cell; these nuclei may fuse in specialized cells called basidia and become diploid in preparation for meiosis and spore production.

After fertilization of the ovule, the _____________ develops into the embryo of the mature seed.

fertilized egg

After fertilization of the ovule, the _________________ develops into the seed coat.target 2 of 3

integument

After fertilization of the ovule, the _____________ develops into the food supply of the mature seed.

megaspore