Bio keystone
What is the purpose of the cytoplasm?
Gel fluid
Genotype
Gene code
multiple alleles
Genes with more than two alleles
function of nucleic acids
Genetics, codes for protein
What is formed during Dark reactions
Glucose
hyper tonic solution
High solutes, low water; cells shrink
What is A-T and G-C held together by
Hydrogen bond
Saying for mitosis
I peed myself at the carnival
Polygenic
Interaction of two or more genes
Step 2: Fermentation
Lactic acid builds up in muscles
capillary action
Liquid will move up a solid due to adhesion and cohesion
purpose of lipid
Long term energy, insulation, protection, cell membrane
What does the nucleolus do?
Makes ribosomes
How many vacuoles are there in animals?
Many
Homeostasis and transport
Materials move into and out of cells to maintain homeostasis
Where are neutrons located?
inside the nucleus
Where are protons located?
inside the nucleus
Where is the nucleolus found?
inside the nucleus
order of mitosis
interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
light reactions require
light
What does a smooth ER transport?
lipids
Biotic
living
Hypotonic solutions
lower solute, high water; cels will burst
What is the purpose of the ribosomes
make proteins
Where is the citric acid cycle located?
matrix of mitochondria
monomer of carbohydrates
monosaccharides
passive transport
no energy required
monomer of nucleic acids
nucleotides
What is the level of organization
organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Is carbon organic or inorganic?
organic
Where are electrons located?
outside the nucleus
What is the purpose of a chloroplast?
photosynthesis
examples of endergonic reactions
photosynthesis
Phenotype
physical appearance
What does the rough ER transport
proteins
What is the function of carbohydrates
quick energy and structure
chemical rxn
reactants and products
Sugar in RNA
ribose
Purpose of meiosis
sexual reproduction
What kinds of bonds can carbon form?
single, double, triple
Cell
smallest unit of life
What happens in prophase of mitosis?
spindle fibers form, chromosomes thicken, nucleus disappears
Polysaccharide of Carbohydrates
starch, glycogen, cellulose
What is the purpose of the vacuole
storage
Where do dark reactions occur?
stroma
examples of carbohydrates
sugars(glucose), starches, glycogen, and cellulose
What is the purpose of the cell wall
support and protection
Enzymes are affected by
temperature and pH
What does the ER do?
Transport
molecular transport
Uses a pump protein
What does hydrolysis do?
Water is added to break a polymer into monomers
Monomer of lipid
fatty acid, triglyceride
How many valence electrons does carbon have?
four
What happens during glycolysis
glucose is split into 2 pyruvate
Step 1 of Fermentation
glycolysis
Purpose of mitosis
growth, repair, replacement
elements in nucleic acids
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus
What can carbon bond with?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus
All cells have
cell membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes
examples of exergonic reactions
cellular respiration and digestion
What is a polymer?
chain of monomers
What can carbon form?
chains and rings
What is another name for the Krebs cycle?
citric acid cycle
Matter can not be ____ or _______
created or destroyed
where does the elctron transport chain take place?
cristae of mitochondria
Where does glycolysis occur?
cytoplasm
Sugar in DNA
deoxyribose
Heterozygous
different (Mm)
Polysaccharides of lipids
Fat (animals), oils (plants), cholesterol (only in animal products)
What's a codon made out of
Three nucleotides
Exergonic
energy is released
Diploid
(2n) full set of chromosomes
Haploid
(n) half the number of sex cells
How much ATP does glycolysis produce?
2 ATP
How much ATP is produced in the Krebs cycle?
2 ATP
What does DNA replication produce?
2 identical DNA strands
Cytokinesis
2 new identical daughter cells
Prophase 1 results in
4 unique haploids
What is formed during light reactions
ATP
Gene
Active portion of DNA
Step 3: Fermentation
Alcohol
Polysaccharides of protein
Amino group, carbon group, R-side chain
What is fermentation?
Anaerobic process that allows glycolysis to continue by releasing ATP w/o oxygen
Dominant
At least one letter must be a cap
What is an atom
Basic unit of matter
Where are the polar bonds in water
Between nitrogen and oxygen
incomplete dominance
Blending of traits
functions of proteins
Building materials, transportation, immune, enzymes, hormones
What is another name for dark reactions
Calvin Cycle
What happens during the citric acid cycle
Carbon dioxide is released
nonsense mutation
Causes a STOP
What happens in interphase?
Cell grows (g1), DNA is copied (s), cell grows (g2)
missense mutation
Change causes a different AA
Anaphase (Mitosis)
Chromatids move away from each other
Metaphase (mitosis)
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
How do you know carbon is organic
Contains carbon and hydrogen
What is the purpose of the nucleus?
Control cells activity/house DNA
Function of plasma/ cell membrane
Controls what enters and leaves the cell
Translation
Converts mRNA into amino acids
What is the purpose of the mitochondria?
Creates energy
Prophase 1 (meiosis)
Crossing over occurs
Step 1 of DNA replication
DNA helicase unwinds DNA
Step 5 of DNA replication
DNA helicase winds each strand up
Step 3 of DNA replication
DNA ligase seals the pieces of DNA together
Step 2 of DNA replication
DNA polymerase pairs up nucleotides to both strands
Step 4 of DNA replication
DNA polymerase proof reads
Allele
Different versions of a gene
What is the purpose of the lysosomes
Digest
Imbalance during homeostasis
Disease
silent mutation
Doesn't change
active transport
Energy is needed; materials move form low to high
Endergonic
Energy is put in and stored
simple diffusion
Moves materials Directly through the CM (oxygen/carbon dioxide)
facilitated diffusion
Moves through CM with help from carrier proteins/protein channels (glucose/water)
Osmosis
Moves water through Aquaporin
Do prokaryotic cells have a chloroplast
No
Do prokaryotic cells have a nucleus
No
Do prokaryotic cells have lysosomes
No
Do prokaryotic cells have mitochondria
No
Does a prokaryote have a vacuole
No
Does a prokaryotic cell have a ER?
No
Abiotic
Non-living
Telophase (mitosis)
Nucleus comes back
How many vacuoles are there in plants?
One large
Recessive
Only can be both little letters
Do Eukaryotic cells have a cell wall?
Only fungi and plants
Do Eukaryotic cells have a chloroplast
Only plants
polar
Oppositely charged regions
homologous chromosomes
Pair of chromosome of the same size, type of genes, and gene location
Heredity
Passing of traits from parents to offspring
Transcription
Transforms DNA into mRNA
vesicular transport
Transforms the cell membrane
Enzymes
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions
Chemical reactions_______________ materials
Rearrange
What does dehydration synthesis do?
Removes water while bonding two molecules together
Homozygous
Same (MM, mm)
Polysaccharides for Nucleotide
Sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base
Do Eukaryotic cells have mitochondria?
Yes
Do eukaryotic cells have cytoplasm
Yes
Do eukaryotic cells have lysosomes
Yes
Do eukaryotic cells have ribosomes
Yes
Do prokaryotic cells have a cell wall
Yes
Do prokaryotic cells have cytoplasm
Yes
Do prokaryotic cells have ribosomes
Yes
Do prokaryotic yes have a cell membrane
Yes
Do you Eukaryotic cells having nucleus?
Yes
Does a eukaryote have a vacuole
Yes
Does a eukaryotic cell have an ER
Yes
Eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane
Yes
monomer of proteins
amino acids
Cohesion
an attraction between molecules of the same substance
Adhesion
attraction between molecules of different substances
Codominance
both alleles are expressed
What is a monomer?
building block
Marcomolecules are:
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
elements in carbohydrates
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
elements in lipids
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
elements in proteins
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
Where do light reactions take place
thylakoids
What is released during electron transport chain?
water
