BIO LAB PART 6: CELLULAR RESPIRATION

The ATP molecules produced by cellular respiration are stored and used for different forms of cellular work, including:

- GROWTH - MOVEMENT - ACTIVE TRANSPORT

WHAT DOES FERMENTATION DO?

- It helps conserve the carbon atoms from glucose (for use in other metabolic pathways), it does not generate any additional ATP. - Thus, metabolism of glucose via fermentation harvests only about 5% of the total potential energy contained within the molecule.

Species that lack a functional --- or those that can't utilize alternative electron acceptors have much greater difficulty generating --.

Species that lack a functional --- (ETC) or those that can't utilize alternative electron acceptors have much greater difficulty generating --- (ATP). QUICK AND IMP NOTE: These pyruvates are then only partially oxidized and converted into other organic compounds (eg. lactic acids, ethanol, acetate) in the process known as ---- FERMENTATION.

Aerobic respiration yields more ATP than anaerobic respiration. TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE

Fermentation generates energy (i.e., ATP). TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE

What is cellular respiration?

The process by which organisms chemically oxidize organic compounds as a means of generating the energy-rich molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Only glucose can be broken down to generate ATP. TRUE OR FALSE

FALSE

Match the process to its substrate (i.e. starting material).: Glycolysis matches to

GLUCOSE

Many species are unable to utilize oxygen as a final electron acceptor during cellular respiration due to:

lack of ETC proteins, lack of oxygen in the environment, and lack of enzymes needed to inactivate free radicals (which can kill cells)

SECOND STEP OF ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION: Electrons then move on to the ---- and begin to be passed from one electron carrier to another. However, instead of moving along the entire ETC and being accepted by oxygen at the end, electrons are diverted off part of the way through the ---- and are picked up by ----- other than ------- (e.g --- and ---).

Electrons then move on to the ---- (ETC) and begin to be passed from one electron carrier to another. However, instead of moving along the entire ETC and being accepted by oxygen at the end, electrons are diverted off part of the way through the ---- (ETC) and are picked up by ----- (ACCEPTORS) other than ------- (OXYGEN) (e.g NO3- and SO42-).

Any of the four major macromolecules are used as a model can be broken down catabolically in order to generate ATP; however, most often the breakdown of ---------- is used as a model of cellular respiration because its enzymic reactions are well understood, and it occurs in most organisms.

GLUCOSE

LAST STEP OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION: The flow of H+ ions through ------, known as --------, powers the enzyme to generate over -- ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.

The flow of H+ ions through ------ (ATP SYNTHASE), known as -------- (CHEMIOSMOSIS), powers the enzyme to generate over -- (30) ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.

At which stages of aerobic cellular respiration are ATP produced?

-Chemiosmosis -Glycolysis -Kreb's Cycle

FIRST STEP OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION: Pyruvate is systematically oxidized during the Krebs' cycle, which generates:

-TWO ADDITIONAL ATP -EIGHT NADH -TWO MOLECULES OF ANOTHER ELECTRON CARRIER KNOWN AS FADH2

How much ATP is generated by the complete oxidization of pyruvate into CO2 and H2O via aerobic respiration?

36-38

The complete oxidization of pyruvate into carbon dioxide and water via aerobic respiration is known as an energetically efficient process known as that can generate as many as ----- to ---- ATP.

36-38 ATP

Name the two types of peas that we will be working with in the cellular respiration lab.

Dormant peas and germinating peas

Match the process to its substrate (i.e. starting material).: ETC matches to

ELECTRONS

SECOND STEP OF AERO. RESP: Following the Kreb's cycle, electrons from ---- and ----- are subsequently donated to the ------ ------ ----- found within the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Following the Kreb's cycle, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are subsequently donated to the ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (ETC) found within the inner mitochondrial membrane (or plasma membrane of bacteria).

STEP 2: In eukaryotic cells, pyruvates are either shuttled into the matrix of the -------- to be further broken down via --------- (utilizing oxygen) or they remain in the cytosol and get partially oxidized during an ------- process known as fermentation. Some prokaryotic cells do not have ------, all catabolism of pyruvate (----- or -----) takes place in the cytoplasm.

In eukaryotic cells, pyruvates are either shuttled into the matrix of the -------- (MITOCHONDRIA) to be further broken down via --------- (AEROBIC RESPIRATION) (utilizing oxygen) or they remain in the cytosol and get partially oxidized during an ---- (ANEOROBIC PROCESS) known as fermentation. Some prokaryotic cells do not have a ------ (MITOCHONDRIA), all catabolism of pyruvate (aerobic or anaerobic) takes place in the cytoplasm.

THIRD AND FINAL EXPLANATION OF ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION: Less ----- movement (less oxidation/----) causes less -- ion transport, which leads to less ATP production. This process of anaerobic respiration can yield as many as ---- to --- ATP, which is less than -- generated by aerobic respiration.

THIRD AND FINAL EXPLANATION OF ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION: Less ------ (ELECTRON) movement (less oxidation/----(REDUCTION)) causes less -- (H+) ion transport, which leads to less ATP production. This process of anaerobic respiration can yield as many as ---- to --- (20-30) ATP, which is less than -- (38) generated by aerobic respiration.

What does oxidize mean?

When you combine something with oxygen

Match the process to its substrate (i.e. starting material).: Krebs Cycle matches to

pyruvic acid/pyruvate

THIRD STEP OF AERO. RESP: As electrons are passed between increasingly more electronegative electron carriers within the ----, energy is released and harnessed to create --- concentration gradient across the membrane.

As electrons are passed between increasingly more electronegative electron carriers within the ---- (ETC), energy is released and harnessed to create --- (H+) concentration gradient across the membrane.

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2 (oxygen)→ 6 CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 6 H2O (water) + ATP energy

The process by which organisms chemically oxidize organic compounds as a means of generating ATP is?

Cellular Respiration

FIRST STEP OF ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION: In some cases, the pyruvate generated from glycolysis is already oxidized fully into --- and --- during the Kreb's cycle and ------ are generated in a similar manner as in the aerobic pathway described previously.

FIRST STEP OF ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION: In some cases, the pyruvate generated from glycolysis is already oxidized fully into ---- (CO2) and ---- (H2O) during the Kreb's cycle and ----- (NADH/FADH2) are generated in a similar manner as in the aerobic pathway described previously.

FIFTH STEP OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION: The H+ ions present between the two mitochondrial membranes following electron movement through the ----- are allowed to ------ back down their concentration gradient through an enzyme complex found in the inner ---------- membrane (or bacterial plasma membrane) known as ------.

The H+ ions present between the two mitochondrial membranes following electron movement through the ----- (ETC) are allowed to ------ (DIFFUSE) back down their concentration gradient through an enzyme complex found in the inner ---------- (MITOCHONDRIAL) membrane (or bacterial plasma membrane) known as ------ (ATP SYNTHASE).

Upon entering the cytosol of a cell, glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvic acid in a series of enzymatic reactions collectively referred to as ------. This process additionally leads to a net production of two molecules of ---- by substrate level phosphorylation and two molecules of the electron carrier ----.

Upon entering the cytosol of a cell, glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvic acid in a series of enzymatic reactions collectively referred to as ----- (GLYCOLYSIS). This process additionally leads to a net production of two molecules of --- (ATP) by substrate level phosphorylation and two molecules of the electron carrier ---- (NADH).

FOURTH STEP OF AERO. RESP: When electrons reach the end of the ETC, they are accepted by oxygen (which then makes it ---------), forming water in the process.

When electrons reach the end of the ETC, they are accepted by oxygen (which then makes it ---------(AEROBIC)), forming water in the process.

In prokaryotic cells, catabolism of pyruvate takes place in the __________________. Whereas, in eukaryotic cells, it occurs in the _________________________.

cytoplasm, mitochondria