Bio of Disease Midterm

A patient is diagnosed with aplastic anemia. The nurse expects to find what patient symptoms upon assessment? (Select all that apply) a. Lethargy b. Heart Palpitations c. Transient murmurs d. Bradycardia (slow heart rate) e. Orthopnea (shortness of breath)

a, b, c

Passive immunity is provided by (Select all that apply) a. Transfer of preformed human antibodies b. Injection of human immune globulin c. Injection with performed animal antibiotics d. vaccines with dead or altered organisms e. active infections

a, b, c

Chronic activation of stress hormones can lead to (Select all that apply) a. cardiovascular disease b. depression c. impaired cognitive function d. autoimmune disease e. overactive immune function

a, b, c, d

One of he cardinal features of sickle cell anemia is chronic dysfunction of which organs? (Select all that apply) a. Spleen b. Bones c. Brain d. Lungs e. Stomach

a, b, c, d

Which modes of transmission occur with HIV infection? (Select all that apply) a. Sexual transmission b. Parenteral transmission c. Fomite transmission to intact skin d. perinatal transmission to fetus e. Inhalant transmission

a, b, d

Which statement best describes the etiological development and transmission of AIDS? a. AIDS is caused by a retrovirus and transmitted through bodily fluids b. The mechanism of AIDS transition is unknown; therefore, AIDS is considered to be highly contagious c. AIDS is an autoimmune disease triggered by a homosexual lifestyle d. AIDS is caused by a virus that can be transmitted only by sexual contact

a. AIDS is caused by a retrovirus and transmitted through bodily fluids

After being diagnosed with hypertension, a patient returns to the clinic 6 weeks later. The patient reports "moderate" adherence to the recommended lifestyle changes and has experienced a decrease from 165/96 mmHg to 148/90 mmHg in blood pressure. What is the most appropriate intervention fro this point in time? a. Continue lifestyle modifications only b. Continue lifestyle modifications plus diuretic therapy c. Continue lifestyle modifications plus ACE inhibitor therapy d. Continue lifestyle modifications plus b-blocker therapy

a. Continue lifestyle modifications only

Which of the following is an example of a sign of a disease? a. Fever b. Vomiting c. Headache d. Nausea

a. Fever

The "classical pathway" for activation of the complement cascade is triggered by a. activation of C3 b. inflammation c. first recognition of an antigen d. antigen-antibody complexes

a. activation of C3

Selye's three phases of the stress response include all of the following except a. allostasis b. resistance c. alarm d. exhaustion

a. allostasis

Tumor markers (Select all that is NOT correct) a. are found only in the blood b. are produced by normal cells c. help determine cancer origins d. help identify progression of cancer e. include prostatic-specific antigen

a. are found only in the blood

A laboratory test finding helpful in confirming the diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia is a. elevated iron-binding capacity b. elevated MCHC and MCV c. elevated total and indirect bilirubin d. positive direct or indirect Coombs

a. elevated iron-binding capacity

The effects of excessive cortisol production include a. immune suppression b. hypoglycemia c. anorexia d. inflammatory reactions

a. immune suppression

Malignant neoplasms (abnormal growth) of blood origin are known as a. lymphoma b. sarcomas c. carcinomas d. adenomas

a. lymphomas

An erroneously low blood pressure measurement may be caused by a. positioning the arm above the heart level b. using a cuff that is too small c. Positioning the air at heart level d. Measuring blood pressure after exercise

a. positioning the arm above the heart level

A 17 year old college bound student receives a vaccine against an organism that causes meningitis. This is an example of a. primary prevention b. secondary prevention c. tertiary prevention d. disease treatment

a. primary prevention

What are the predisposing factors of disease? a. Factors that affect people's heath b. Factors under person's control such as lifestyle and environment c. Factors that a person cannot control such as age, gender, and heredity d. All of these answer choices are correct

d. All of these answer choices are correct

Which statement about HIV testing is correct? a. Any patient can be tested for HIV with to without their informed consent? b. A negative HIV test ensures absence of infection c. The false-positive rate for HIV testing is zero d. Significant exposure to infected blood or body fluids requires HIV testing

d. Significant exposure to infected blood or body fluids requires HIV testing

High blood pressure increases the workload of the left ventricle because it increase a. stroke volume b. blood volume c. preload d. afterload

d. afterload

Paraneoplastic syndromes in cancer involve excessive production of substances by multiple means. A common substance found in excessive amounts due to cancer paraneoplastic syndrome is a. insulin b. tumor necrosis factor c. potassium d. calcium

d. calcium

Which clinical finding is most indicative of an acute bacterial infection? a. elevated temperature b. elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate c. elevated WBCC d. increased (band) neutrophils

d. increased (band) neutrophils

Interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-a are inflammatory cytokines secreted by a. plasma cells b. neutrophils c. lymphocytes d. macrophages

d. macrophages

Bacteria cause injury to cells by a. producing exotoxins b. producing endotoxins c. producing destructive enzymes d. reproducing inside of host cells altering cellular function e. evoking an immune response

d. reproducing inside of host cells altering cellular function

The clinical latency period after HIV infection is a time when no a. viral replication occurs b. decline in CD4 lymphocytes occurs c. virus is detectable in the blood d. significant symptoms of immunodeficiency occur

d. significant symptoms of immunodeficiency occur

The primary function of kinins is a. phagocytosis of antigens b. production of antibodies c. to limit reactions d. vasodilation of enhanced inflammation

d. vasodilation of enhanced inflammation

Functions of T cells include (Select all that apply) a. synthesizing antibodies b. secreting cytokines c. killing antigen-presenting cells d. stimulation of b cells e. killing virally infected cells

b, c, d, e

Socioeconomic factors influence disease development due to (Select all that apply) a. genetics b. environmental toxins c. overcrowding d. nutrition e. hygiene

b, c, d, e

Retroviruses are associated with human cancers, including a. Burkitt lymphoma b. Hodgkin's lymphoma c. pancreatic cancer d. hepatic cancer

b. Hodgkin's lymphoma

Which of the following is not considered a predisposing factor of disease? a. How old you are b. Your symptoms of disease c. Whether you are male or female d. Your genetic makeup

b. Your symptoms of disease

Proto-oncogenes a. are the same as oncogenes b. are normal cellular genes that promote growth c. lead to abnormal suppressor genes d. result from severe mutational events

b. are normal cellular genes that promote growth

Most carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream as a. carboxyhemoglobin b. bicarbonate ion c. dissolved carbon dioxide d. carbonic acid

b. bicarbonate ion

HIV infection causes immunodeficiency because it a. directly inhibits antibody production by T cells b. causes the destruction of T-helper cells c. causes excessive production of cytotoxic T cells d. blocks the ability macrophages to present antigens

b. causes the destruction of T-helper cells

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors block the a. release of renin b. conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II c. Conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I d. effect of aldosterone on the kidney

b. conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II

A disease that is native to a particular region is called a. epidemic b. endemic c. pandemic d. ethnographic

b. endemic

After bronchoscopy and histologic examination of a suspected tumor, your patient is diagnosed with primary bronchial carcinoma. Thus, the tumor a. is benign b. is malignant c. is secondary to cancer elsewhere in the body d. has spread

b. is malignant

The most appropriate treatment for secondary polycythemia (excess RBCs) is a. volume expansion with saline b. measures to improve oxygenation c. phlebotomy d. chemotherapy

b. measures to improve oxygenation

Carbon monoxide injures cells by a. destruction of cellular membranes b. reducing oxygen level on hemoglobin c. promotion of free radicals d. crystallization cellular organelles

b. reducing oxygen level on hemoglobin

A patient with high blood pressure who is otherwise healthy is counseled to restrict sodium intake. This is an example of a. primary prevention b. secondary prevention c. tertiary prevention e. disease treatment

b. secondary prevention

Functions of B cells include a. synthesizing antibodies b. secreting cytokines c. killing antigen-presenting cells d. stimulating B cells

b. secreting cytokines

Which of the following can indicate a disease may be present? a. Malaise (feeling of uneasiness) b. Inflammation c. Abnormal diagnostic test results d. All of the answer choices are correct

d. All of the answer choices are correct

A patient is infected with the retrovirus HIV. This patient may have contracted HIV as it was transmitted via (Select all that apply) a. saliva b. tears c. semen d. cervical secretions e. cerebrospinal fluid

c, d

Functions of antibodies include (Select all that apply) a. antigen agglutination b. antigen precipitation c. opsonization d. phagocytes e. complement activation

c, e

An effective HIV vaccine is difficult to produce, primarily because a. HIV is not immunogenic b. B cells are unable to produce antibodies against HIV c. HIV mutates frequently d. Reverse transcriptase cleaves to the vaccine

c. HIV mutates frequency

Which HIV-positive patient should be given a diagnosis of AIDS? a. One who has a CD4 count of 300 per microliter b. One who has neuropathy (disease of the nerves) c. One who has Mycobacterium tuberculosis d. One who has genital herpes

c. One who has Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Which of the following statements is true regarding signs and symptoms of a disease? a. Signs cannot be measured b. Symptoms are objective signals of disease c. Symptoms cannot be measured d. Nausea is considered a sign

c. Symptoms cannot be measured

What results when systemic blood pressure is increased? a. Hypovolemia b. Decreased cardiac output c. Vasoconstriction d. Decreased vascular resistance

c. Vasoconstriction

Cancer grading is based on a. tumor size b. local invasion c. cell differentiation d. metastisis

c. cell differentiation

Which is NOT normally secreted in response to stress? a. Norepinephrine b. Cortisol c. Insulin d. Epinephrine

c. insulin

Side effects of chemotherapy include all of the following EXCEPT a. anemia b. nausea c. leaukocytosis d. bleeding e. infections

c. leukocytosis

Indicators that an individual is experiencing high stress include a. tachycardia b. diaphoresis c. pupil constriction d. increased peripheral resistance

c. pupil constriction

A type of insulin that would be most appropriate for acute management of hyperglycemia is a. NPH b. semilente c. regular d. ultralente

c. regular

Pulse pressure is defined as a. two-thirds systolic pressure + diastolic pressure b. systolic pressure + diastolic pressure c. systolic pressure - diastolic pressure d. systolic pressure x systemic pressure

c. systolic pressure - diastolic pressure

A clinical finding consistent with a hypoglycemic reaction is a. acetone breath b. warm, dry skin c. tremors d. hyperventilation

c. tremors

Active immunity involves (Select all that apply) a. Injection of performed human antibodies b. Injection of human immune globulin c. Injection with preformed animal antibodies d. Vaccines with dead or altered organisms e. Active infections

d, e