Bio Psych Final

Which of the following is an example of cellular tolerance? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

- A decrease in dendritic branching or synaptic number on affected neurons - An increase in uptake or inactivation of a drug by neurons or glia - A decrease in receptor density on post-synaptic neurons

Which of the following substances would act as an agonist?

- A drug that decreased neurotransmitter INACTIVATION or degradation - A drug that decreased neurotransmitter reuptake

Which of the following substances would act as an antagonist?

- A drug that decreased neurotransmitter receptor activation - A drug that increased neurotransmitter reuptake

Which of the following describes a drug that is acting as an antagonist? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

- A drug that increases neurotransmitter degradation - A drug that decreases neurotransmitter synthesis. - A drug that increases neurotransmitter reuptake.

Which of the following classes of drugs does NOT increase dopamine signaling either directly or indirectly, based on what we've discussed in class? Please select all of the answers that are NOT drugs that increase dopamine signaling below.

- Antipsychotics - Tricyclic antidepressants

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding neurotrophins such as BDNF and depression? Please select all of the answers that are FALSE below.

- BDNF levels are increased by stress and are higher in the brains of depressed patients. - Both anti-depressants and monoamine signaling decrease BDNF release.

Which of the following statements is true regarding neurotrophins such as BDNF and depression? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

- Both anti-depressants and monoamine signaling increase BDNF release. - Blocking BDNF inhibits the beneficial effects of anti-depressants and injection of BDNF alone decreases depression. - BDNF levels are decreased by stress and are lower in the brains of depressed patients.

Select the answer below that is specifically a consequence of increased HPA axis activation and IS a consequence of increased sympathetic activation.

- Breathing rate increases - Sweating increases - Blood vessels vasoconstrict in non-muscle areas like the gut - Pupils dilate

Which of the following statements is true regarding the amygdala? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

- Damage to the amygdala is most associated with a reduced fear response. - Social animals have larger amydalae, probably because they have to process more emotional salience with larger social networks. - The amygdala seems to be important in evaluating emotional salience of a situation.

Which of the following would tend to increase cellular tolerance? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

- Decreased post-synaptic receptor density - Increased uptake or inactivation of drugs by neurons or glia - Decreased dendritic branching or synaptic number

Which of the following is FALSE regarding dreaming? Please select all of the answers that are FALSE below.

- Dreams mostly contain positive emotional states. - Sensory information cannot be incorporated into dreams. - People who say they don't dream are correct, as not everyone dreams.

Which of the following is associated with increased oxytocin levels? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

- Ethnocentric behavior, envy, and "schadenfreude" - Parent-child bonding in females and males

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding facial expressions and emotions? Please select all of the answers that are FALSE below.

- Fake smiles cannot be distinguished from real ones. - People in different parts of the world make and interpret facial expressions very differently. - Emotions are always accompanied by facial expressions.

Which of the following is NOT a chemical signal produced by the body that stimulates satiety? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

- Ghrelin - Low blood insulin and glucose - Endocannabinoids or ECs

You have a patient who is experiencing chronically elevated HPA but NOT SNS activity. Which of the following chronic health conditions might you expect to see in this patient as a consequence of this? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

- High blood pressure and risk of aneurysm - Formation of gastrointestinal ulcers - Immune system dysfunction - Increased risk of diabetes, atherosclerosis, and heart attack

You are a psychiatrist treating patients with clinical anxiety disorders. Which of the following would you expect to see in the amygdala of your patient? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

- Increased dendritic branching for excitatory inputs on his amygdala neurons - Increased excitatory glutamatergic input to his amygdala neurons. - Decreased inhibitory GABAergic input to his amygdala neurons.

Which of the following is characteristic of REM sleep? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

- It accounts for less (about 2 of 8 hours) of total sleep in adults but more as the sleep period progresses. - We dream in both REM and NREM sleep. - It is characterized by occasional twitches but large movements are not common.

You are a pharmaceutical chemist studying the effect of THC-like compounds on synaptic transmission. You discover a new compound that acts exactly like THC. You know this because you observe which of the following effects on synaptic transmission? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

- It closes voltage-gated Ca2+ channels on presynaptic neurons. - It decreases the flow of Ca2+ into presynaptic neurons. - It decreases neurotransmitter release by presynaptic neurons.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the active marijuana compound THC? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

- It is a CB1 receptor agonist. - It increases appetite. - It is psychotropic, that is, it makes you high.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the active marijuana compound CBD? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

- It is a CB1 receptor antagonist. - It has no effect on, or possibly decreases, appetite - CBD decreases inflammation.

You just finished a very big meal. Which of the following is a chemical signal produced by the body that stimulates satiety that is likely increasing in your blood right now? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

- Leptin - Cholecystokinin or CCK - Serotonin

Which of the following statements is true regarding leptin signaling and obesity? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

- Mutations to leptin or its receptor are associated with hyperphagia (increased eating) and obesity. - Rapid and dramatic weight loss can be associated with decreases in leptin levels that may cause people to overeat and regain weight.

Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with hunger? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

- Neuropeptide Y or NPY - Orexin

Which of the following classes of drugs increases dopamine signaling either directly or indirectly? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

- Psychomotor stimulants - Sedatives like benzodiazepines - THC, the active ingredient in marijuana

Which of the following is true regarding hypnotics? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

- Side effects of hypnotics include drowsiness, dizziness, and confusion. - Hypnotics function as GABA receptor agonists that open the Cl- channel in the absence of GABA. - Hypnotics have greater a risk of coma and death than sedatives.

Select the answer below that is specifically a consequence of increased HPA axis activation and NOT a consequence of increased sympathetic activation.

- Suppression of the reproductive system - Suppression of bone and muscle growth - Increased uptake of amino acids and gluconeogenesis in the liver

Which of the following brain regions demonstrates increased activity during drug craving? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

- The amygdala - The insula - The cingulate cortex

Which of the following brain regions tends to show an increase in size or activity in people with anxiety disorders or depression? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

- The cingulate cortex - The insular cortex - The amygdala

Which of the following is a problem with the Monoamine Hypothesis of depression discussed in class? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

- The effects of many anti-depressant medications take weeks to improve depression even though monoamine levels increase almost immediately. - Anti-depressant medications are not effective for many depressed patients even though they elevate monoamines - Monoamine depletion does not worsen symptoms in depressed patients, nor does it cause depression in healthy volunteers.

Which of the following hypothalamic nuclei is involved in stimulating satiety? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

- The paraventricular nucleus or PVN - The ventromedial hypothalamus or VMH

Which of the following is an example of metabolic tolerance? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

- Up-regulation of enzymes in the liver or other organs that degrade the drug - Increased clearance via the kidneys or gut

Vasopressin causes which of the following changes in brain activity? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

- Vasopressin increases activity of the VTA and nucleus accumbens in male animals during/after sex - Vasopressin decreases activity of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). - Vasopressin increases activity of the amygdala.

You are a drug researcher and you discover a compound that binds to the CB1 receptor and closing voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. This compound has the potential to be which of the following classes of drugs based on this action?

A THC/cannabinoid hallucinogenic

Which of the following describes a drug that is acting as an agonist? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

A drug that decreases neurotransmitter degradation

You are a research scientist at a drug company. You discover a new substance that inhibits the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine. Which of the following classes of drug is this compound most likely to be?

A tricyclic antidepressant

__________ inhibit reuptake of dopamine while __________ act as an acetylcholine agonist, increasing stimulation and brain arousal.

Amphetamines and cocaine; nicotine

You are a drug researcher and you discover a compound that antagonizes dopamine D2 receptors. This compound has the potential to be which of the following classes of drugs based on this action?

An anti-psychotic

You are a psychiatrist and one of your patients is experiencing severe pain from a recent back surgery. Which of the following substances would you give this patient to alleviate this condition or symptom?

An opioid analgesic

In depression, ___________ refers to the loss of interest in most or all activities, while __________ refers to the disturbances to sleep and appetite and the increased stress hormones in depressed individuals. In depression, ___________ refers to the decreased physical and mental activity,

Anhedonia; vegetative symptoms; Psychomotor retardation

A drug that decreases neurotransmitter storage would be considered an ____________ because it would ______________ synaptic transmission.

Antagonist; decreases

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is secreted by the ____________, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is secreted by the __________________.

Anterior pituitary; hypothalamus

Which of the following classes of drugs is NOT addictive? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

Antipsychotics

When the response to a psychoactive drug is decreased at the neuron refers to which of the following kinds of tolerance?

Cellular or pharmacodynamic

They psychoactive marijuana compound THC __________ a Ca2+ channel, which ________ flow of Ca2+ into the cell.

Closes; decreases

In the amygdala of anxiious individuals, inhibitory GABAergic input is ____________ while excitatory glutamatergic input is ____________.

Decreased; increased

Oxytocin ___________ aggression, vasopressin __________ aggression.

Decreases; increases

Which of the following best describes the current thinking regarding the role of monoamines in depression?

Disruptions of monoamine concentrations are not sufficient by themselves to produce depression, but instead disrupt neurotrophin release, which is the more proximal cause of depression.

Sedatives and hypnotics ___________ neurons, which makes them ___________ likely to fire an action potential.

Hyperpolarize; less

Corticotropin releasing hormone is secreted by the ____________, cortisol is secreted by the __________________.

Hypothalamus; adrenal cortex

Which of the following is FALSE regarding testosterone and aggression? Please select all of the answers that are FALSE below.

In humans, testosterone appears to be associated with social reward, which always requires aggression.

Sedatives and hypnotics ___________ the flow of Cl- into neurons, which _____________ them.

Increase; hyperpolarizes

Select the answer below that is specifically a consequence of increased sympathetic activation and NOT a consequence of increased HPA axis activation.

Increased breathing rate

Prolonged sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation results in which of the following adverse health consequences associated with chronic stress? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

Increased risk of stroke due to atherosclerosis

Vasopressin ___________ activity of the nucleus accumbens, oxytocin __________ activity of the nucleus accumbens.

Increases; increases

The cingulate cortex has which of the following functions with respect to the emotion circuit and anxiety?

It assesses threat and conflict

The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) has which of the following functions with respect to the emotion circuit and anxiety?

It inhibits negative emotional responses

Which of the following is the best definition of an anxiety disorder?

It is a condition characterized by chronic feelings of excessive worry and anxiety without a specific or rational cause that is has a negative impact on people's lives.

You are a psychiatrist working with depressed individuals. One of your clients is experiencing severe suicidal ideation. Which of the following best describes what this individual is experiencing?

It is recurring thoughts and fantasies of killing one's self in depression.

Which of the following is the best definition of psychomotor retardation?

It is the decrease in mental and physical activity accompanying depression.

Which of the following is the best definition of anhedonia?

It is the loss of interest in most or all activities that is a very frequent symptom of depression.

You are a drug researcher and you discover a new drug that has the exact same effects as a anti-psychotic. Which of the following would you expect this drug to do to synaptic signaling based on what we've learned in class?

It would block dopamine from binding to the D2 dopamine receptor.

You are studying a troop of baboons and one of them is extremely unaggressive. Which of the following would you expect to find in this baboon?

Low levels of testosterone and high levels of serotonin

You are a psychiatrist and one of your patients is using marijuana for medical purposes. Which of the following best describes the most common side effect(s) of taking this medication that your patient might experience?

Memory problems and hallucinations.

An increase in breakdown or elimination of a drug by the body refers to which of the following kinds of tolerance?

Metabolic or pharmacokinetic

Which of the following classes of drugs inhibits the breakdown of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine?

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOis)

With respect to neurotrophins such as BDNF and depression, which of the following increases BDNF levels? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

Monoamine signaling

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding leptin signaling and obesity? Please select all of the answers that are FALSE below.

Most human obesity is genetic, and leptin levels are usually much lower in most obese people.

Which of the following is a side effect of antidepressants?

Nausea, anxiety, suicide, and sexual dysfunction.

Which of the following is a neural mechanism by which anxiety is thought to occur? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

People with an anxiety disorder may have elevated excitatory glutamatergic input to amygdala neurons.

You are a psychiatrist and one of your patients is on a medication that is making her experience anxiety, insomnia, and irritability. Which of the following medications is she most likely to be on based on what we have learned about the side effects of different drugs in class?

Psychomotor stimulants

The VMH and PVN are _______________, the arcuate nucleus is __________________; the lateral hypothalamus is __________________.

Satiety centers; both a hunger; satiety center; hunger center

Which of the following statements is true regarding the mechanism of action of sedatives and hypnotics?

Sedatives and hypnotics increase the flow of Cl- into neurons, which hyperpolarizes them and makes them less likely to fire an action potential.

According to the Monoamine Hypothesis of depression, the vegetative symptoms of depression are attributable to defects in which of the following? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

Serotonin signaling

You are a psychiatrist and one of your patients is taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor or MAOi. Which of the following conditions is she likely taking this for?

She has depression.

Which of the following descriptions best describes the electrophysiological characteristics of wakefulness?

Short rapid EEG waves, high EMG activity, high EOG activity.

Which of the following descriptions best describes the electrophysiological characteristics of fast-wave or REM sleep?

Short rapid EEG waves, no EMG activity, high EOG activity.

Chapter 12

Sleep

Which of the following brain regions promotes sleep? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

The VLPO hypothalamus

Activity of which of the following brain regions is increased during craving, and likely represents the greater negative emotional reactivity to craving?

The amygdala

According to the Monoamine Hypothesis of depression, defects in dopamine signaling are responsible for which of the following symptoms of depression? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

The anhedonia depressed patients experience.

Monoamine oxidase inhibitor antidepressants have which of the following effects on synaptic transmission?

The decrease the degradation of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine.

The theory that dreams are a way to rehearse responses or develop solutions to difficult, dangerous, or aversive situations is most consistent with which of the following?

The fact that activity of the anterior cingulate cortex or ACC and amygdala is increased during dreaming.

You are a clinical neuroscientist working with individuals who have emotion regulation issues. One of your patients produces emotions but lacks any bodily response to emotions like increased arousal. Which of the following parts of the brain is most likely damaged in this patient?

The hypothalamus

Your aunt has a brain tumor that is damaging her amygdala. Which of the following is most likely to be affected with respect to her eating behaviors?

The influence of emotions on eating behavior, such as food aversions, emotional states, stress, etc. on eating will be decreased.

According to the Monoamine Hypothesis of depression, defects in norepinephrine signaling are responsible for which of the following symptoms of depression? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

The psychomotor retardation of depression.

Your best friend has insomnia and has started taken Ativan, a sedative. However, he is concerned about the risks of taking too much. Which of the following statements is true regarding sedatives and hypnotics and their risk of severe overdose issues that you can tell your friend?

The risk of severe overdose issues like coma and death is lower for sedatives than for hypnotics.

Your uncle has had a stroke and now he doesn't eat because he no longer feels any "wanting" for food. Which of the following brain regions is responsible for the "wanting" of reward and thus was most likely damaged in your uncle's brain?

The ventral tegmental area or VTA

You are brain imaging specialist doing a study on the brain regions altered in anxiety or depression patients. Which of the following brain regions is likely to show a DECREASE in size or activity in anxious or depressed individuals in your study based on what we learned in class? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

The ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Activity of which of the following brain regions is decreased during relapse, and may underlie the reduction in impulse control associated with relapse?

The ventromedial prefrontal cortex or vmPFC

Mood stabilizers have which of the following effects on synaptic transmission?

They activate a number of intracellular signaling molecules regulating cell growth such as FSK, ERK, and IP3.

You are a clinical psychologist dealing with people with anxiety issues. One of your patients is experiencing psychological thoughts and feelings of nervousness, worry, and apprehension. Which of the following is the best term to describe what this individual is feeling?

They are experiencing elevated cognitive anxiety

You are a clinical psychologist dealing with people with anxiety issues. One of your patients is experiencing a temporary emotional state or mood characterized by psychological and physiological symptoms of anxiety. Which of the following is the best term to describe what this individual is feeling?

They are experiencing elevated state anxiety

You are a clinical psychologist working with people with anxiety issues. You determine that one of your patients has elevated cognitive anxiety. Which of the following best describes what this patient is experiencing?

They are experiencing psychological thoughts and feelings of nervousness, worry, and apprehension.

You are a clinical psychologist dealing with people with anxiety issues. One of your patients is has a personality or predisposition to perceive circumstances as threatening and thus anxiety-provoking. Which of the following is the best term to describe what this individual is feeling?

They are high in trait anxiety

Which of the following is true regarding sedatives? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

They function by enhancing binding of GABA to the Cl- channel/receptor.

Behavioral stimulants have which of the following effects?

They increase the arousal of the brain directly and the body indirectly.

Antidepressants have which of the following effects on synaptic transmission?

They inhibit the breakdown of serotonin, dopmaine, and norepinephrine.

Tricyclic antidepressants have which of the following effects on synaptic transmission?

They inhibit the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine.

In the emotional circuit of the brain, the ____________ inhibits inappropriate or excessive emotional responses while the _______ provides error warning by evaluating threat, conflict, reward, etc. In the emotional circuit of the brain, the ____________ provides input on interoception or how the body feels

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex; cingulate cortex; Insular cortex

Cellular or pharmacodynamic tolerance refers to which of the following?

When the response to a psychoactive drug is decreased at the neuron.