Bio q
In eukaryotes, DNA replication occurs in
5' -> 3' direction
What is the likelihood that a child of an affected parent with an autosomal dominant disorder will inherit the disorder?
50%
What is MRSA?
A bacteria that is resistant to certain antibiotics
Epigenetics refers to
A change in gene expression without a change in DNA base sequence.
Epidemiology is the study of the origin of diseases, how they spread, and how to prevent their spread. Why was Covid-19 considered a pandemic, yet the H5N1 bird flu was not?
A disease is named a pandemic when new incidences of the disease increase, spread rapidly, and with a very wide global distribution.
What is EGFR?
A gene that is associated with the development of cancer
What did Darwin observe during his voyage on the Beagle?
A group of drab finches in Galapagos
What is personalized medicine?
A type of medicine that uses genetic information to tailor treatments to individual patients
According to the fossil record, the genus Homo first arose in:
Africa
We have learned the following from Cancer Genomics Project except for the following one statement that is FALSE.
All breast cancer patients have the same oncogenic signature.
What are some conditions that can result from chromosome nondisjunction?
All of the above
Which of the following traits do humans share with all other species in the order Primates?
All of these choices
The 3-D structure of RNA is very different from DNA because
All of these choices are true.
What is CRISPR/Cas9?
All these choices are correct.
There is the need for differential gene expression in humans because of one of the following. Identify the one CORRECT answer.
Almost all cells contain the same genotype.
What is the process by which new blood vessels are formed from existing blood vessels called?
Angiogenesis
Which of the following genes are known to increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancer when mutated?
BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes
How does CRISPR work?
By cutting DNA at specific locations and allowing for precise editing of the genetic sequence
Which of the following is a type of immunotherapy that involves modifying T-cells to target cancer cells?
CAR-T therapy
Which of the following is associated with the origin of life on Earth?
Complex biomolecules capable of replication
Transcription factors bind to
DNA
The Central Dogma in molecular biology refers to
DNA is transcribed into RNA and RNA is translated to protein.
Which of the following is NOT a possible cause of epigenetic changes?
DNA mutations
What is chromosome nondisjunction?
Failure of a chromosome to separate during cell division
A Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite locates planets by shooting a laser at a suspected location and observing the reflection.
False
Archaea have the simplest known genomes because they are the most ancient microorganisms.
False
Predators have learned to associate desirable prey with bright colors.
False
Protocell fossils were found in Australia.
False
Stromatolites are deposits of plant material found near the primordial ocean.
False
Thirty people are selected for a long-term mission to colonize a planet many light-years away from Earth. The mission is successful, and the population rapidly grows to several hundred individuals. However, certain genetic diseases are unusually common in this group, and the group's gene pool is quite different from the population on Earth that they left behind. Which of the following phenomena has left its mark on this population?
Founder effect
What is the reason for phenotypic consequences of natural selection?
Heredity / genetic variation
The K-T boundary is geologically identifiable because scientists found evidence of a massive asteroid impact in the form of depositions of:
Iridium
How does the Earth BioGenome Project differ from other large-scale genomics projects?
It aims to sequence the genomes of all organisms on Earth, not just a select few.
Neil Shubin & colleagues made one of the greatest paleontological discoveries of all time. Why was the discovery of Tiktaalik so important?
It explained the transition from fish in the water to vertebrates that could walk on land
Which of the following is not a quality of binocular vision
Large field of view
Which of the following is a term used to describe the collection of microorganisms that live in and on the human body?
Microbiome
What concept did the video on the Christmas Island crabs emphasize?
More offspring will be produced than can possibly survive
What is the relationship between beak size and survival during drought in the G. fortis population?
Positively correlated
What is correct order of stages of Mitosis?
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis
Technological advances to manipulate gene expression include which one of the following.
RNA interference gene silencing (RNAi)
The ENCODE Project revealed new insights about the human genome. Identify the one correct answer.
Recognition that evolutionary change occurs through sequences that alter gene regulation.
Male bower birds build large, elaborate structures up to six feet high that they decorate with flowers, colored pebbles, and shiny objects. During the breeding season they use these structures as stages to display and court females. What process could drive the evolution of these remarkable bowers?
Sexual selection
What is the definition of sympatric speciation?
Speciation that occurs within a single geographic location
In the North Pacific Ocean, two groups of the same species of killer whales (Orcinus orca) appear to be forming two different species based on what they eat. One group eats fish while the other eats mammals such as seals. Scientists can tell what they eat based on their teeth because whales that feed on fish have significantly different wear patterns. Which of the following best describes the type of speciation event that is occurring in the whales?
Sympatric speciation
The forelimbs of humans, cats, and bats have a number of detailed similarities in their construction. What best explains these similarities?
The forelimbs are similar because all of these organisms inherited the basic forelimb design from a common ancestor.
What is the process of genetic drift?
The random fluctuation of genetic traits in a population
What is epigenomics?
The study of how environmental factors can affect gene expression
Why are so many emerging infectious diseases linked to RNA viruses?
They lack the DNA proofreading mechanisms.
The North American Pronghorn far outraces any predators remaining on the North American continent. If maintaining this speed means bearing fewer offspring, which of the following is the most likely to happen given enough time?
This species will slow down
What is the purpose of adding dideoxynucleotides (ddNTPs) to the Sanger sequencing reaction?
To terminate DNA chain extension at specific bases
A "ring species" is an example of parapatric speciation.
True
The earliest primates were arboreal and small in size.
True
What are single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)?
Variations in the DNA sequence that occur when a one base pair is changed
This person independently converged on the idea of evolution by natural selection:
Wallace
Autosomal disorders cannot be caused by
X-linked disorders
After fertilization of an egg, the resulting zygote has
a diploid chromosome number - one from each parent
A codon is
a triplet-nucleotide sequence that codes for a specific amino acid or termination of translation.
Which of the following allows for a single gene to encode for more than one polypeptide?
alternative mRNA splicing.
During the Cambrian explosion approximately 535 to 525 million years ago:
animals rapidly diversified in the oceans
Archaea:
are one of the three domains of life
In eukaryotes, DNA packing seems to affect gene expression primarily by
controlling access to DNA.
Roses native to India are grown at a plant-breeding center in Arizona, where those with the thickest leaves survive and reproduce best in the drier climate. This evolutionary adaptation of roses to their new environment is due to _____.
directional selection
Two populations of organisms belong to the same biological species when they
encounter each other, mate, and produce viable, fertile offspring under natural conditions.
BRCA1 and BRCA2 are genes that are
essential for repairing damaged DNA.
Which of the following are main categories of evidence that scientists use to study evolution?
fossils and anatomical and molecular/biochemical
A small population of tortoises has been isolated on a small, remote island in the Galapagos for over 10,000 generations. While the population's characteristics are still similar to the ancestral mainland species, male sperm exhibit a variety of abnormalities and female fertility is much lower than on the mainland. What process may have been acting on this island's population?
genetic drift
The endosymbiotic theory explains
how mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from free-living cells
Coevolution:
is the evolution of two populations of different species in response to selection pressures that individuals from the two populations place on each other.
Identify the following image.
karyotype
The following figure shows the lac operon in its active and inactive state.
lactose
What type of RNA is considered coding RNA?
mRNA
X-linked conditions are more common in men than in women because
men need to inherit only one copy of the recessive allele for the condition to be fully expressed.
These small, single-stranded RNA molecules, 22 nucleotides long, can block the translation of mRNA and are involved in the expression of ~1/3 of all human genes. Choose the CORRECT answer.
microRNAs (miRNAs)
In coevolution with moths and bats:
moths developed ears or ability to detect sonar and avoid predation by bats
During DNA replication, one DNA strand is copied to make a new DNA molecule composed of two DNA strands. This new DNA contains
one strand is the original DNA strand and the other the new DNA strand.
During which stage of meiosis does crossing over and formation of tetrads occur?
prophase I
A current leading hypothesis about the first system of inheritance in the earliest life forms involved:
self-replicating RNA molecules aided by ribozymes
During anaphase,
sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes and are pulled apart.
Birds with average-sized wings survived a severe storm more successfully than other birds in the same population with longer or shorter wings. This illustrates:
stabilizing selection
Emergence is a property:
that is purportedly responsible for the formation of life
Australopithecus afarensis (Lucy's species) is important in the human lineage because this species is
the earliest known biped of the human lineage
Scientists hypothesize that a major factor promoting the adaptive radiation of mammals was probably:
the mass extinction of the dinosaurs
The reason that pea hens mate with peacocks with large tails and many eye spots is that:
the size and spot density are indicative of peacock fitness shown as an increased survival rate of chicks.
What was "Darwin's Dilemma" with evolution?
there was a lack of fossil evidence of ancestors to the Cambrian explosion
How did scientists change the behavior of the male polygamous Montane Vole to become monogamous?
transferred to the male polygamous vole a gene for a hormone that caused monogamy
Which of the following is the first distinctively hominid trait to appear in the fossil record?
upright walking (bipedalism)
Infectious diseases that can be specifically transmitted from other vertebrate animals to humans are called
zoonotic diseases.
Technological advances to manipulate gene expression include which one of the following?
CRISPR-Cas9
Mass extinctions:
Can be responsible for an adaptive radiation where new species develop to occupy newly opened niche environments
Which of the following is a key component of the Sanger sequencing method?
DNA polymerase
Species, Family, Genus, Order, Phylum, Class: Lists the taxonomic categories in the order from most specific to most general.
False
The major events in the history of life on Earth, from earliest to most recent is: prokaryotes, eukaryotes, photosynthesis, and then colonization of land by plants and fungi.
False
The same criteria are currently used to define both animal and bacterial species.
False
Genetic changes that underlie oncogenesis alter fundamental properties of cells including all ofthe following except one choice. Which one is FALSE?
Malignant cells are more highly oxygenated and do not migrate toward a blood supply.
What does the ENCODE project aim to do?
Map all functional elements in the human genome
What are the four mechanisms of natural selection?
Overproduction of offspring, struggle for existence, differential survival & reproduction, and heredity/genetic variation
The figures are histograms of the distribution of Geospirzafortis beak widths observed by Rosemary & Peter Grant in 1976 and in 1978 on Daphne Major Island. Which of the following statements either can be inferred or is supported by the data presented?
The G. fortis on this island is evolving towards having larger beak sizes
Based on mitochondrial DNA analyses the "Out of Africa" hypothesis about where modern humans came from is currently favored.
True
Reduced allele variation results in an increased chance of extinction.
True
If the sequence of the DNA template strand for mRNA synthesis is ACC AAA CCG, the mRNA sequence is
UGG UUU GGC
When there seems to be no contemporary selective forces that can explain the traits of recent organisms, such as the New Zealand Moa, evolutionary biologists often invoke the idea of:
ghost of predation past
What is the likelihood that a child of two carriers of an autosomal recessive disorder will inherit the disorder?
25%
Beta hemoglobin is a conserved protein that is useful for comparing the lineage of species.
True
A rabbit population consists of animals that are either very dark or very light on top. The color pattern is not related to sex. No rabbit shows intermediate coloration (medium darkness). This pattern might result from:
disruptive selection
What compounds and conditions did Stanley Miller need to perform his 1953 experiment to simulate an early atmosphere?
water vapor, H2, CH4, NH3 and Lightning
A population of grasshoppers in the Kansas prairie has two color phenotypes, green and brown. Typically, the prairie receives enough water to maintain healthy, green grass. Assume a bird that eats grasshoppers moves into the prairie. How will this affect natural selection of the grasshoppers?
The brown phenotype should be more easily seen by the predator and decrease in frequency.
The currently available fossil record documents gradual evolutionary changes that can link one group of organisms to another.
True