Bio Review 2 Semester

Common forms of air pollution include smog, acid rain, greenhouse gases, and particulates. What is the main source of these pollutants? a) burning fossil fuels b) chlorofluorocarbons c) hydrocarbons d) eruption of volcanoes

a

Trees and shrubs do not grow in temperate grasslands. Which of the following is an abiotic factor that prevents their growth? a) permafrost b) heavy rainfall c) short growing season d) seasonal drought

d

A group of similar tissues that work together to perform a particular function is called... a) an organ b) an organ system c) a body d) an organism

a

A lichen is a symbiotic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism. The photosynthetic organism provides food. The fungus provides protection and minerals. This type of relationship is known as... a) mutualism b) parasitism c) coexistence d) commensalism

a

Abiotic factors that contribute to the great number of biotic factors in tropical rain forests include... a) ample water and warm temperatures b) cloud cover and symbiotic associations c) nutrient-rich soils and high humidity d) variable temperatures and lack of parasites

a

An organism is a multicellular heterotroph made up of eukaryotic cells lacking cell walls. Into which taxonomic group should the organism be classified? a) animals b) plants c) protists d) fungi

a

Barnacles live on the bodies of whales and other aquatic organisms. They do not hurt their host but gain the benefit of a habitat and food supply from the host. This relationship is called... a) commensalism b) parasitism c) mutualism d) predation

a

Different species of owls are found in temperate forest, boreal forest, desert, tundra, and temperate grassland biomes. What is an adaptation that would be found in a grassland owl but not in a forest owl? a) ability to dig b) specialized three-dimensional hearing c) ability to catch insects d) specialized feathers that provide camouflage

a

Exponential growth is the phase in which a population... a) grows quickly b) grows quickly then slows down c) reaches carrying capacity d) stops growing

a

Fungi are different from plants primarily because they... a) are heterotrophic b) contain chlorophyll c) are nonmotile d) have cell walls

a

How did Darwin define the struggle for existence? a) competition for finite resources among members of a population b) the presence of successful adaptations c) descent with modification d) the development of homologous structures in different species

a

Humans and many other species rely on soil resources for survival. Which of these human actions is least likely to result in depletion or damage of soil resources? a) introduction of species into new habitats b) removal of forest trees due to logging c) burning of fossil fuels d) overgrazing and agriculture

a

In a certain ecosystem, rattlesnakes are predators of prairie dogs. An unusually wet spring increases the population of grasses and other plants that prairie dogs eat. The prairie dog population increases. How is the ecosystem most likely to regain stability? a) the rattlesnake population will start to increase b) the prairie dog population will decrease rapidly c) the prairie dog population will begin to prey on the rattlesnakes d) the rattlesnake population will start to decrease

a

The deer, rabbit, grasshopper, and caterpillar are classified as the primary, or first-level, consumers in this ecosystem. What evidence from the food web supports this statement? a) they feed on producers b) they compete with the carnivores for food c) they are eaten by other organisms in the food web d) they are prey for the herbivores in the food web

a

The ecological footprint model is used to compare resource use of individuals in different regions. Which of the following questions about ecological footprints is outside the scope of scientific investigation? a) should restrictions be in place to limit the size of an individual's ecological footprint b) how does an individual's ecological footprint change over his or her lifetime c) how does a reduction in resource use affect the size of an individual's ecological footprint d) what area of land and water are needed to supply the resources needed by an individual in a particular area

a

Ticks can live on dogs, cats and other mammals. The ticks benefit but the mammal is harmed. This relationship is called... a) parasitism b) commensalism c) competition d) mutualism

a

What is the first step in investigating any ecological question? a) make observations b) make a computer model c) conduct and experiment d) come to a conclusion

a

What type of ecosystem process is a volcanic eruption? a) geological b) chemical c) biological d) human

a

Which biome receives an average of 2 meters of rain per year and has a dense, leafy canopy of trees? a) tropical rain forest b) boreal forest c) tropical dry forest d) temperate deciduous forest

a

Which of the following is an example of a scientific question? a) does adding sugar to water keep flowers fresh b) do cats make better pets than dogs c) are friendly people on time more often than unfriendly people d) which flowers are prettier, daisies or roses

a

Which of the following lists three processes or events that add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere? a) cellular respiration, volcanic eruptions, and forest fires b) cellular respiration, photosynthesis, and volcanic eruptions c) denitrification, photosynthesis, and erosion d) forest fires, volcanic eruptions, and forest fires

a

Which of the following sources can allow pollutants to enter water supplies? a) all of the other choices b) oil spilled by a tanker accident c) grease and oil washed off streets by rain d) chemicals released into the air by factories

a

A developer wants to build a new housing development in or around a large city. Which of the following plans would be least harmful to the environment? a) clearing a forested area outside of the city to build houses b) building apartments at the site of an abandoned factory in the city c) building a neighborhood in a meadow at the edge of the city d) filling a wetland area and building oceanfront condominiums

b

A predator-prey relationship, such as between roadrunners and lizards... a) is usually a cause of extinction of one of the species b) leads to related increases and decreases in the populations of both species c) represents competition between species d) contributes to exponential growth of the predator species

b

A scientist is building a cladogram for animals. Which of the following is a node that you would expect to find on the cladogram? a) leg length b) deuterostome development c) feather arrangement d) fur texture

b

An organism lives in water and can best be viewed using a microscope. It often reproduces asexually by budding, has no cell walls, and obtains energy by eating other organisms. Into what kingdom would you classify this organism? a) Fungi b) Protista c) Plantae d) Animalia

b

Any relationship in which one organism lives and feeds either inside or on the outer surface of another organism, harming the organism in the process, is classified as... a) commensalism b) parasitism c) none of the other choices d) mutualism

b

By hunting at different times of day, hawks and owls are able to reduce... a) predation b) competition c) parasitism d) adaptation

b

Each of the following is factor that may limit the continued advancement of science except... a) technological expertise b) human curiosity c) economic needs d) cultural beliefs

b

Ecologists are most likely to collect data when using which ecological method or methods? a) observation b) experimentation c) modeling d) observation and modeling

b

Fertilizer runoff can cause algae to grow rapidly and pollute an aquatic ecosystem. Excess amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus are the _____ that cause this growth. a) plankton b) nutrients c) food d) compounds

b

Heavy rains cause water speed in a river to increase and the river to overflow its banks. A scientist who has studied the river wants to determine the effects of this rain event on the river's ecological community. How could the scientist safely investigate these effects? a) by sampling organisms directly during and after the rain event b) by sampling organisms directly only after the rain event c) by setting out equipment to measure water flow during the rain event d) by taking pictures during and after the rain event

b

Homologous structures, such as arms, wings, and fins, are constructed from the same basic bones and are adapted to locomotion in different environments. Which idea do such structures support? a) inheritance of acquired traits b) descent with modification c) tendency toward perfection d) artificial selection

b

How can habitat fragmentation due to land development disrupt an ecosystem? a) species are driven to extinction due to hunting b) the habitat cannot support as large or diverse a population c) too many new habitats are created d) new species are introduced that displace existing species

b

In biology, a trait that arose in an ancestor and is passed along to its descendants is referred to as a... a) molecular clock b) derived character c) taxonomic group d) physical similarity

b

In heterotrophs, energy for the life processes comes from the chemical energy stored in the bonds of... a) oxygen molecule b) organic compounds c) water molecules d) inorganic compounds

b

Individuals best suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully. This idea is known as... a) descent with modification b) struggle for existence c) survival of the fittest d) common descent

b

Inducing mutations in a population... a) is a method of cloning b) increases the genetic variation in the population c) results in organisms with very similar traits d) decreases the genetic variation in the population

b

Kelp is a type of algae in a complex ecosystem off the Pacific coast of North America. If kelp forests shrunk in size or vanished, many other species would be affected. Kelp are ____ species in this ecosystem. a) excluded b) keystone c) competitive d) predator

b

Oak, maple, and beech trees lose their leaves each year. These organisms typically are found in which biome? a) boreal forest b) deciduous forest c) grassland d) tundra

b

Ozone is a form of oxygen in the atmosphere that absorbs a large amount of ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. Without ozone in the atmosphere... a) there would be more plant growth b) more sunlight would reach Earth c) there could be damage to plants and algae d) ozone does not affect Earth

b

Planting a single crop such as soybeans in a large area year after year enables efficient... a) harvesting of crops b) all of the other choices c) sowing of crops d) tending of crops

b

Populations within ecosystems interact in many ways. Some of these interactions affect the evolution of a population. Which ecological interaction is required for natural selection to act on a population? a) parasitism b) competition c) predation d) mutualism

b

Primary productivity is related to how much organic matter is produced in an ecosystem through photosynthesis. A tropical rain forest has much higher primary productivity than a tropical savanna does. What is the main factor that produces this difference? a) temperature b) precipitation c) amount of organic soil in the matter d) intensity of sunlight

b

Students planned investigations related to the impact of human actions on organisms and communities. What scientific question could the students investigate to learn more about the impact of the use of fossil fuels on organisms? a) how does DDT affect the hatching rate of bird's eggs b) how does acid rain impact the germination of seeds c) how does an animal's position in a food web affect the concentration of pesticides in its body d) how does the building of new homes affect habitats

b

The ozone layer of Earth's atmosphere helps to filter ultraviolet radiation. As the ozone layer is depleted, more ultraviolet radiation reaches Earth's surface. This increase in ultraviolet radiation may be harmful because it can directly cause... a) photosynthesis to stop in all marine organisms b) tissue damage c) increased cooling of the atmosphere d) abnormal migration patterns in waterfowl

b

The wings of a bird and the front legs of a dog are... a) vestigial structures b) homologous structures c) acquired characteristics d) analogous structures

b

What is one reason why the classification of protists is difficult? a) some protists are unicellular while other protists are multicellular b) all of the other answer choices c) protists more closely resemble members of other eukaryotic kingdoms than they do other protists d) protists may be funguslike, plantlike, or animal-like, but they do not have characteristics of more than one of these groups

b

What is the goal of evolutionary classification? a) to identify the degree of physical similarities among related organisms b) to classify organisms according to phylogeny rather than physical similarities only c) to determine environmental changes that initiated adaptive responses d) to analyze different physical structures that are used in similar ways

b

When an owl catches and kills a mouse for food, the owl is... a) a scavenger b) a predator c) prey d) a parasite

b

Which characteristic distinguishes eukaryotes from other organisms? a) the ability to conduct photosynthesis b) cells with nuclei encased within membranes c) the presence of nucleic acids d) tissues organized into organs

b

Which feature do scientists mainly consider when grouping organisms according to evolutionary classification? a) population size b) common ancestry c) identical niche d) similar bone structure

b

Which of the following can be determined by interpreting a cladogram? a) the number of species in a particular kingdom b) the derived characters that differentiate species on the cladogram c) the feeding relationships between species d) the exact number of years two species have been separate

b

Which of the following includes all the factors that add to a person's ecological footprint? a) energy and food resources b) energy, food, water, and shelter resources; wastes; and greenhouse gases c) energy, food, and water resources d) energy, food, water, and shelter resources

b

Which of the following is an example of a scientific question? a) should scientists make as much money as athletes b) does UV light from the sun damage skin c) who is the most famous scientist in the world d) is experimenting on white mice right or wrong

b

Which of the six kingdoms correspond to the domain Eukarya? a) the kingdoms Plantae and Animalia only b) the kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia only c) the kingdoms Eubacteria and Archaebacteria only d) the kingdoms Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, and Fungi only

b

Why is genetic variation important in helping a species survive? a) the more varied a population, the less likely the environment is to change b) if the environment changes, some members of the species will probably have adaptations that enable them to survive and reproduce c) if the environment stays the same, a species with genetic variety will probably evolve rapidly d) disease rarely affects a population that has a lot of genetic variety

b

Wolves are predators of moose in a certain ecosystem. Which statement is true about the predator-prey relationship? a) it represents competition between species b) it is highly effective at controlling populations of both species c) it is usually a cause of extinction of one of the species d) it contributes to exponential growth of the predator species

b

Wolves feed on small and large mammals. Because they hunt and feed on other organisms, wolves are called... a) prey b) predators c) hunters d) hosts

b

Acid rain can be linked to an increased production of... a) carbon dioxide from plants b) ozone in the atmosphere c) sulfer dioxide from burning fossil fuels d) oxygen from plants

c

An ecologist studied a grassland ecosystem that included hawks, mice, grasses, and snakes. She used the mark-and-recapture method to estimate the population of each type of organism in the ecosystem. Over a period of time, she observed that when the population of hawks in an ecosystem decreased, the population of mice increased, and the population of snakes remained nearly constant. Which is the best inference the ecologist could draw from these observations? a) mice are primary consumers and eat grasses b) hawks, snakes, and mice are part of unrelated food chains c) hawks are predators of mice d) only snakes are a food source for hawks

c

Because they are made up of similar bones, the flippers of whales and the wings of birds are examples of... a) vestigial organs b) embryos c) homologous structures d) fossil structures

c

Breeders can increase the genetic variation in a population by introducing... a) inbreeding b) selective breeding c) mutations d) hybridization

c

By what process do body cells become specialized? a) regeneration b) reproduction c) differentiation d) development

c

Each node on a cladogram represents... a) the most recent point at which a trait was lost in a certain clade b) the point at which two clades joined and became monophyletic c) the last point at which two groups shared a common ancestor d) the point at which one or more species became extinct

c

New technology has allowed scientists to investigate mutations and to gather information about the role of mutations in evolution. What question about mutations is beyond the scope of scientific investigation? a) what effect do mutations have on the amount of variation in the population b) can pollutants in the environment change the rate at which mutations occur c) which mutations produce desirable changes in populations d) which mutations lead to traits that increase fitness

c

Plants in some biomes are adapted to low levels of precipitation. In which biome is low precipitation an abiotic factor? a) coniferous forest b) tropical forest c) desert d) chaparral

c

The various growth phases through which most populations go are represented on... a) an exponential growth curve b) a boom and bust curve c) a logistic growth curve d) a normal growth curve

c

What characteristic distinguishes an organism as a eukaryote? a) it is a heterotroph b) it is unicellular c) it has a nucleus d) it has no cell wall

c

Which country has the largest ecological footprint? a) Zambia b) China c) United States d) England

c

Which of the following is an example of competition? a) cats living in two different homes eat the same brand of cat food b) three species of bird feed at different heights in the same tree c) the leaves of a tree prevent a small shrub from getting sunlight d) zebra and giraffes feed on different grassland plants

c

Which of the following is not an example of a predator-prey relationship? a) coyotes feeding on rabbits b) eagles feeding on fish c) deer feeding on a farmer's garden d) bats eating mosquitoes

c

Which of the statements below does not describe quantitative data? a) the scientist took soil samples to identify the amounts of sand, clay, and silt in the soil b) the scientist measured many leaves on the plant and recorded the data c) the scientist made observations about the color of the plant's leaves d) the scientist recorded the weather conditions in his notebook the days he studied the plant

c

Which term best describes a trait that is shared by all members of a clade and only by members of that clade? a) molecular clocks b) dichotomous structures c) derived characters d) nodes

c

A change in the number or structure of a chromosome is an example of a... a) beneficial mutation b) harmful mutation c) silent mutation d) chromosomal mutation

d

A genus is composed of a number of similar... a) kingdoms b) orders c) phyla d) species

d

Among animal populations, competition and disease... a) are density-independent limiting factors b) prevent parasitism c) prevent predator-prey relationships d) are density-dependent limiting factors

d

An organism is classified in the kingdom Plantae. Which of the following must be true about the organism? a) it reproduces asexually b) it is prokaryotic c) it has cells walls made of chitin d) it is autotrophic

d

Bees feed on the nectar of flowering plants. Your classmate identifies this relationship as mutualism. Which of the following would support his claim? a) none of the other choices b) the plant is unaffected by the bee c) the plant's ability to photosynthesize is diminished by the lack of nectar d) the bee transports pollen from one plant to the next, helping the plant reproduce

d

Camouflage, mimicry, and behavior are all adaptations that support the idea of... a) struggle for existence b) inherited traits c) individualism d) survival of the fittest

d

Clownfish and sea anemones live together each benefiting the other. The clownfish protects the sea anemone from predators and the sea anemone provides food and protection for the clownfish. This relationship is called... a) commensalism b) predation c) parasitism d) mutualism

d

Darwin proposed that living species are descended, with changes over time, from common ancestors. This idea is called... a) natural selection b) adaptation c) variation d) descent with modification

d

Darwin used the phrase struggle for existence to describe the competition among organisms for the resources needed to survive. What condition would increase the struggle for existence experienced by members of a population? Responses a) All of the other answer choices b) an increase in the population's food supply c) an increase in the size of the population's environment d) an increase in birth rate among members of the population

d

Density-independent limiting factors that can affect a population include... a) predation, parasitism, and human disturbances b) competition, changes of season, and natural disasters c) parasitism, predation, and competition d) human disturbances, earthquakes, and droughts

d

How are clades different from traditional Linnaean taxonomic groups? a) clades contradict classification by kingdoms b) clades group organisms by visible similarities only c) clades make comparisons of organisms gene by gene d) clades focus on derived characters

d

In an evolutionary classification scheme, species within one genus should... a) have identical genes b) be less closely related to one another than they are to species in another genus c) be limited to species that can interbreed d) be more closely related to one another than they are to species in another genus

d

Linnaeus and other early scientists classified organisms based on visible traits. Today, scientists generally use cladograms based on DNA and other evolutionary evidence to classify organisms. Why have most scientists changed their method of classification? a) DNA evidence supports the idea that species that look similar are always more closely related than species that do not b) cladograms are relatively small and the information in them is easy to manage c) cladograms can compare more animals at one time than traditional classification methods d) DNA evidence often shows that species that share characteristics but look different can be more closely related than species that look alike

d

Mosses grow on the branches of some plants. The moss is benefited but the other plant is neither helped nor harmed. This is an example of what type of symbiosis? a) mutualism b) parasitism c) predation d) commensalism

d

Some of the bacteria found in the human digestive system help us to break down and digest food. In return, the bacteria obtain food and nutrients. This type of relationship is known as... a) parasitism b) commensalism c) coexistence d) mutualism

d

The collection of a substance in an organism's body tissues that becomes more concentrated in organisms higher on a particular food chain is called... a) concentration b) smog c) pollution d) biological magnification

d

What is the main way that a beaver can be a keystone species in its ecosystem? a) it can serve as a food source b) it can introduce diseases into the ecosystem c) it can act as a predator d) it can provide aquatic habitat

d

What is the trophic level of the robin in this food chain? Oak tree > caterpillar > robin > fox a) first-level consumer b) third-level consumer c) producer d) second-level consumer

d

When conducting a biological study or experiment in the field which equipment is the most important? a) heat-resistant gloves b) thermometer c) field guide about wildflowers d) first-aid kit

d

Which event is likely to add the most carbon dioxide to the atmosphere? a) development of a hurricane in the Gulf of Mexico b) leakage from a nuclear reactor in Japan c) clear-cutting of trees in the Brazilian rain forest d) eruption of a volcano in Iceland

d

Which factors are density-independent? a) predation and competition b) competition and unusual weather c) parasitism and disease and natural disaster d) natural disaster and unusual weather

d

Which is a geological process that reduces atmospheric carbon dioxide? a) burning of forests b) rainfall c) growth of algae d) formation of fossil fuels

d

Which of the following factors has an effect on the quality of soil resources? a) plowing b) deforestation c) desertification d) all of the other choices

d

Which of the following levels of organization is least complex? a) organ b) tissues c) organ system d) cells

d

Which of the following statements best explains why the use of alcohol is considered a science-based societal issue? a) people often drink alcohol to relax, yet heavy drinking interferes with their walking, talking, and driving b) about one third of homicides can be attributed to the effects of alcohol c) long-term alcohol use destroys the liver so that the body is less able to handle large amounts of alcohol d) science shows how alcohol affects the nervous system, so society uses laws to regulate alcohol sales, service to minors, and driving after drinking

d

Which organism is part of the trophic level that stores 10% of the initial amount of solar energy that has entered the food web? a) snake b) hawk c) tree d) deer

d