Bio test 1
Which functional group (at the X) would you add to the shown ethyl group to produce ethanol, which is in alcohol
-O-H
If the pH of something is 4.0, what is the hydroxide ion concentration?
10⁻¹⁰M
If the pH of something is 4.0, what is the hydrogen ion concentration?
10⁻⁴M
Acid rain sometimes has a pH of 5. What is the H⁺ concentration?
1x10⁻⁵
The pH of a solution is 9. What is the OH⁻ concentration?
1x10⁻⁹
The H⁺ concentration in a person's stomach might be 1x10⁻² M. What would the pH be
2
What coefficients must be placed in the following blanks so that all atoms are accounted for in the products? C₆H₁₂O₆ → ____ C₂H₆O + ___ CO₂
2,2
A DNA strand sequence is 5' G-G-T-T-G-G-A 3'. What is the sequence of the complementary strand?
5' T-C-C-A-A-C-C 3'
prokaryotes, live in extreme environments such as: o Salty lakes o Boiling hot springs
Archaea
_____ have almost all of the cell's genetic material, DNA.
Chromosomes
Maltose is a disaccharide consisting of two glucose sugars linked together. What is its formula?
C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁
Maltose is two glucose units linked together. What is its formula?
C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁
What hydrocarbon has a double bond in its carbon skeleton?
C₂H₄
Sedoheptulose is a seven carbon sugar. What is its molecular formula?
C₇H₁₄O₇
In a prokaryotic cell, ___ is not separated from the rest of the cell by enclosure in a membrane-bounded nucleus.
DNA
Extensive network of membranes that it accounts for more than half the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells
ER
You're trying to identify an organism by looking at a group of its cells under the microscope. It is and the cells clearly have a cell wall. The cells have many internal organelles but no chloroplasts. To which kingdom does this organism belong?
Fungi
What is the difference between hypotheses and theories in science?
Hypotheses usually are relatively narrow in scope; theories have broad explanatory power
Sulfur has 6 electrons in its outer electron shell. It combines covalently with hydrogen to form a stableis (and smelly) compound. Whats the structure of this compound
H₂S
The rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal, says what about a chemical reaction
It has reached equilibrium
Which functional group is present in the molecule CH₃NH₂
NH₂ is amino group
Which compound below is chemically most likely to exist? NH₂---NH---NH₃---NH₄---NH₅
NH₃
Why is water cohesive -2 reasons
One side of the molecule is slightly positive and the other is slightly negative AND water molecules participate in hydrogen bonding
Which gas was much less abundant in Earth's early atmosphere than it is now
O₂
Name 4 things associated with protein function
Transport of molecules across membranes, movement of an organism, communication between cells (hormones), catalysis of chemical reactions
Name an example of a lipid
Triglyceride
The replacement of the -OH of a carbonyl group with hydrogen could produce what
a carbonyl group
A mole of water weighs 18 grams while a mole of sucrose weighs 342 grams. Which statement is true
a mole of sucrose has the same number of molecules as a mole of water
a substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
acid
On a pH scale, 0 is very ____ while 14 is very ____.
acidic, basic
K⁺ is transported into cells by a protein that cleaves ATP. The concentration of the K⁺ inside the cell is greater than the K⁺ outside the cell. What type of transport is occurring
active transport
some transport proteins act as pumps, moving substances across a membrane against their concentration gradients
active transport
the clinging of one substance to another
adhesion
What statement about all living things is true
all living things are able to reproduce
Which chemical group is most likely to be responsible for an organic molecule behaving as a base?
amino
what main group contains h\n/n
amino
in what cells are these located Lysosomes Centrosomes, with centrioles Flagella
animal cells
Cl⁻ is an example of
anion
___ a negatively charged ion
anion
carbon that is attached to four different atoms or groups of atoms
asymmetric carbon
total mass of an atom
atomic mass
protons and neutrons are packing tightly in a dense core, or _______, at the center of an atom
atomic nucleus
All atoms of a particular element have the same number of protons in their nuclei. This number of protons which defines each element is called the _______.
atomic number
number of protons
atomic number
most diverse and widespread prokaryotes and are now classified into multiple kingdoms
bacteria
substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
base
why is water a bent polar molecule
bent because molecules like to be farthest away from each other, and 104.5 is as far as they can get
The atomic number is located where on ²³₁₁Na
bottom
Cellulose is linked with
carbohydrates
glycosidic linkages are found in
carbohydrates
what main group contains C=O
carbonyl
what main group contains OH-C=O
carboxyl
When the charge is positive, the ion is specifically a ____.
cation
A protein known as a phospholipase removes fatty acids from phospholipids. What cellular structure would be most affected by this enzyme
cell membranes
A structural polysaccharide found in the cell wall of plants
cellulose
What is an example of a carbohydrate
cellulose
Which of the following would not be found in the plasma membrane: cellulose, transport proteins, phospholipids, cholesterol
cellulose
a compound with numerous regions of partial positive and partial negative charges that can form hydrogen bonds with water
cellulose
The ________ of an atom depends mostly on the number of electrons in its outermost shell.
chemical behavior
Found in plants and algae are the sites of photosynthesis
chloroplasts
carbons have covalent bonds to the same atoms, but these atoms differ in their spatial arrangements due to the inflexibility of double bonds
cis-trans isomers
hydrogen bonds hold the substance (water) together
cohesion
hydrogen bonds hold the substance together, a phenomenon called
cohesion
substance consisting of 2 or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio
compound
Carbon atoms tend to form ______ bonds
covalent
Name the two strongest kinds of chemical bonds
covalent and ionic bonds
____ is the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms
covalent bond
each pair of shared electrons constitutes a
covalent bond
sharing of a pair of valence electrons by 2 atoms
covalent bonds
After a flesh wound, some of the skin fibroblast cells begin to move into the wound area. Which subcellular structure is directly involved in this process of cell movement
cytoskeleton
Gives the cell chemical support and maintains the cells shape, especially important for animal cells that lack cell walls
cytoskeleton
Tubulin is a major component of this organelle
cytoskeleton
Which organelle is active in protein degradation?
cytoskeleton
the movement of molecules of any substance so that they spread out evenly into the available space
diffusion
An atom is neutral in electrical charge, which means that it's protons must be balanced by an equal number of _____.
electrons
substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions
element
differ in spatial arrangement around an asymmetric carbon resulting in molecules that are mirror images, can't be superimposed on each other
enantomers
the cell takes in biological molecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles from the plasma membrane
endocytosis
The three kingdoms plantae, fungi, and animalia are all part of domain ____.
eukarya
A ____ cell is usually larger than a _____ cell.
eukaryotic prokaryotic
cell secretes certain biological molecules by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane
exocytosis
many polar molecules and ions impeded by the lipid bilayer of the membrane diffuse passively with the help of transport proteins that span the membrane
facilitated diffusion
_____ are components of phospholipids
fatty acids
chemical groups affect molecular function by being directly involved in chemical reactions
functional groups
Proteins are modified and stored and then sent to other destinations from here
golgi apparatus
An asymmetric carbon ___
has a connection to four different groups to fill it's valence shell
Sulfur and nitrogen atoms
have different numbers of proteins, valence electrons, and form different numbers of chemical bonds
the quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state
heat of vaporization
In an alpha helix, a hydrogen atom participates in a covalent bond with a nitrogen atom of one amino acid and also weakly interacts with an oxygen atom. What is this second weaker interaction called?
hydrogen bond
Noncovalent attraction between a hydrogen bond and an electronegative atom is called a
hydrogen bond
results from the attraction between the partial positive charge on the hydrogen atom of water and the partial negative charge on the nitrogen atom of ammonia
hydrogen bonding
the charged regions in a water molecule are due to its popular covalent bonds, oppositely charged regions of neighboring water molecules are attracted to each other forming hydrogen bonds
hydrogen bonding
Carbon's most frequent partners of bonding
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
any substance of that has affinity to water
hydrophilic
substances that are non-ionic and non-polar
hydrophobic
substances that are non-ionic and non-polar (can't form hydrogen bonds) repel water, known as being
hydrophobic
What main group contains -OH
hydroxyl
Because of their opposite charges, cations and anions attract each other; this attraction is called an
ionic bond
Chlorine atoms tend to form
ionic bonds
compounds that have the same numbers of atoms of the same elements but different structures and hence different properties
isomers
different atomic forms of the same element
isotope
different atomic forms of the same element are called
isotopes
A molecule consisting of two atoms, such as H₂, is always
linear
Which of the sequences below goes from the largest to the smallest: Liver cell, cell nucleus, hemoglobin, amino acid, carbon atom OR Liver cell, cell nucleus, amino acid, hemoglobin, carbon atom
liver cell, cell nucleus, hemoglobin, amino acid, carbon atom
Membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that an animal cell uses to digest macromolecules, carry out intracellular digestion in a variety of circumstances
lysosomes
____ is the sum of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. This superscript to the left of the symbol is on the TOP.
mass number
sum of protons + neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
mass number
To find the number of neutrons in an atom, what would you do to ²³₁₁Na
mass number- atomic number 23-11= 12 neutrons
what main group contains C with an H as 3 bonds
methyl
Sites of cellular respiration, the metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats, and other fuels
mitochondria
This organelle is involved in energy generation
mitochondria
Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds constitute a
molecule
a ____ is neutral
neutron
Is chlorophyll necessary for photosynthesis
no
mRNA is linked with
nucleic acid or nucleotide
This contains the majority of the cell's DNA
nucleus
This contains the vast majority of the cells DNA
nucleus
site of DNA and RNA synthesis, contains most of the genes within the cell
nucleus
This organelle contains proteins
nucleus, vacuole, mitochondria, cytoskeleton
This organelle is found in plants
nucleus, vacuole, mitochondria, cytoskeleton
We can be sure that a mole of table sugar and a mole of vitamin C are equal in their
number of molecules
Name 3 things about a condensation reaction
occurs by the removal of water, involves the formation of new covalent bonds, and is involved in the synthesis of polysaccharides, proteins, and triacylglycerols
Compared to ⁴⁰K, the isotope ³⁹K has
one less neutron
Which element is most likely to form polar covalent bonds in biological systems?
oxygen
substances diffuse spontaneously down their concentration gradients, crossing the membrane with no expidenture of energy by the cell
passive transport
Which type of linkage connect amino acids in protein
peptide bonds
what main group contains O=P-O⁻-O⁻-O (with last two O's connected to P)
phoshate
in what cells are these located- Chloroplasts Central vacuole Cell wall Plasmodesmata
plant cells
All cells, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic have which of the following? nucleus--plasma membrane--mitochondria--cell wall--all of the above
plasma membrane
consists if a double layer of phospholipids with various proteins attached to or embedded in it
plasma membrane
When one atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom, the electrons of the bond are shared equally. this type of bond is called
polar covalent bond
bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity, shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive
polar covalent bonds
The cells of two groups of microorganisms, bacteria and archea, are ____. All other forms of life, including animal and plants, are composed of ____ cells.
prokaryotic eukaryotic
One of the principle functions of the cell wall is to
protect the cell from osmotic lysis
Hemoglobin is linked with
protein
Transport of molecules across membranes, movement of an organism, communication between cells (hormones), and catalysis of chemical reactions are all associated with what function
protein function
DNA provides the blueprints for making ____, and they are the main players in building and maintaining the cell and carrying out its activities.
proteins
Protists and bacteria are grouped into difference domains because
protists have a membrane bound nucleus, which bacterial cells lack
In an atom, ____ give the atom a positive charge. Whereas ____ form a sort of cloud of negative charge around the nucleus. This attraction of opposite charge keeps the electrons in the vicinity of the nucleus
proton, electron
____ and ____ are electrically charged. In each one of these, ____ have a positive charge, while ____ have a negative charge.
protons and electrons
Which component is present in prokaryotic cells
ribosomes
site of protein synthesis
ribosomes
pack together, increasing membrane viscosity
saturated hydrocarbon tails
"If my hypothesis is correct, I can expect certain test results" describes the logic of what
scientific inquiry
Body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge
scientific method
O₂ enters human muscle cells. No energy is needed for this process and no transport proteins are required. What membrane transport process is likely to be involved?
simple diffusion
Some organisms, such as amoebas and most bacteria are _____ cells. Other organisms, including plants and animals, are ________.
single multicellular
_______ of a substance is defined as the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of that substance to change its temperature by 1°C
specific heat
differ in covalent arrangements of their atoms
structural isomers
What main group contains -SH
sulfhydryl
Which two atoms have different numbers of protons, different numbers of valence electrons, and different numbers of chemical bonds
sulfur and nitrogen atoms
related to adhesion is ______, a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid
surface tension
A disulfide bond in a protein that is made of a single polypeptide chain is an example of
tertiary structure
What best demonstrates the unity among all organisms?
the structure and function of DNA
A nucleic acid was isolated from a new plague-causing virus. Analysis of this nucleic acid indicated the following base composition: 20% adenine, 30% uracil, 10% guanosine, and 40% cytosine. From this info, which of the statements are true?
the virus contains RNA
A reaction in which ATP is cleaved allowing a second unfavorable reaction to occur is
thermodynamically impossible
In biological molecules, nitrogen atoms normally form _____ bonds
three covalent
In biological molecules, nitrogen atoms usually form ____ bonds.
three covalent
Compared to ³²S, the isotope ³⁵S has
three more neutrons
The reactivity of an atom arises from the existence of _____ _____ in the valence shell
unpaired electrons
An atom with a completely full valence shell is ____. These are all atoms to the far right of the periodic table.
unreactive/inert
prevent packing and they enhance membrane fluidity
unsaturated hydrocarbon tails
found in plant cell walls
vacuole
number of covalent bonds an atom can form
valence
8p⁺, 10n⁰, 8e⁻ represent which isotope of oxygen?
¹⁸O