BIO Test 2, BIO 1406 Test 3, BIO 1406 TEST 4

lysosomes

A bacterium engulfed by a white blood cell through phagocytosis will be digested by enzymes contained in _____.

primarily producing proteins in the cytosol

A cell with a predominance of free ribosomes is most likely _____.

synthesize large quantities of lipids

A cell with an extensive area of smooth endoplasmic reticulum is specialized to _____.

monosaccharide

A molecule with the chemical formula C6H12O6 is probably a _____.

Golgi apparatus and extracellular matrix

A mutation that disrupts the ability of an animal cell to add polysaccharide modifications to proteins would most likely cause defects in its __

The patient's red blood cells will swell and possibly burst because the blood has become hypotonic compared to the cells

A patient was involved a serious accident and lost a large quantity of blood. In an attempt to replenish body fluids, distilled water—equal to the volume of blood lost—is added to the blood directly via one of his veins. What will be the most probable result of this transfusion?

move three sodium ions out of a cell and two potassium ions into a cell while consuming an ATP for each cycle

A sodium-potassium pump _____.

can move laterally along the plane of the membrane

According to the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes, phospholipids _____

an endoplasmic reticulum

All of the following are part of a prokaryotic cell EXCEPT _____

cholesterol

All of the following contain amino acids EXCEPT _____.

growth of actin filaments to form bulges in the plasma membrane

Amoebae move by crawling over a surface (cell crawling), which involves _____.

phagocytosis

An organism with a cell wall would most likely be unable to take in materials through _____.

lysosomes

Asbestos is a material that was once used extensively in construction. One risk from working in a building that contains asbestos is the development of asbestosis caused by the inhalation of asbestos fibers. Cells will phagocytize asbestos, but are not able to degrade it. As a result, asbestos fibers accumulate in _____.

tubulin

Cells require which of the following to form cilia or flagella?

always alter the primary structure of the protein, sometimes alter the tertiary structure of the protein, and sometimes affect its biological activity

Changing a single amino acid in a protein consisting of 325 amino acids would _____.

do not have a polar or charged region

Cooking oil and gasoline (a hydrocarbon) are not amphipathic molecules because they _____.

smooth ER

Cyanide binds with at least one molecule involved in producing ATP. If a cell is exposed to cyanide, most of the cyanide will be found within the _____.

is a passive process in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

Diffusion _____.

A

Five dialysis bags constructed of membrane, which is permeable to water and impermeable to sucrose, were filled with various concentrations of sucrose and then placed in separate beakers containing an initial concentration of 0.6 M sucrose solution. At 10-minute intervals, the bags were massed (weighed) and the percent change in mass of each bag was graphed. Which line in the graph represents the bag with the highest initial concentration of sucrose?

The polar heads interact with water; the nonpolar tails do not.

How do phospholipids interact with water molecules?

humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the α-glycosidic linkages of starch but not the β-glycosidic linkages of cellulose

Humans can digest starch but not cellulose because _____.

RNA

If 14C-labeled uracil is added to the growth medium of cells, what macromolecules will be labeled?

5'TGCAAT3'

If one strand of a DNA molecule has the sequence of bases 5'ATTGCA3', the other complementary strand would have the sequence _____.

nucleoid

In a bacterium, we will find DNA in _____.

transfer the hydrogen to oxygen molecules to generate hydrogen peroxide

In a liver cell detoxifying alcohol and some other poisons, the enzymes of the peroxisome remove hydrogen from these molecules and _____.

in the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts

In a plant cell, DNA may be found _____.

size and weight of the component

In the fractionation of homogenized cells using centrifugation, the primary factor that determines whether a specific cellular component ends up in the supernatant or the pellet is the _____.

their electrochemical gradients

Ions diffuse across membranes through specific ion channels down

as a disaccharide

Lactose, a sugar in milk, is composed of one glucose molecule joined by a glycosidic linkage to one galactose molecule. How is lactose classified?

proteins

Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules?

are insoluble in water

Lipids _____.

Alzheimer's and Parkinson's only

Mis-folding of polypeptides is a serious problem in cells. Which of the following diseases are associated with an accumulation of mis-folded polypeptides

components of cytoskeleton

Motor proteins provide for molecular motion in cells by interacting with what types of cellular structures?

nucleotides

Nucleic acids are polymers made up of which of the following monomers?

function in the synthesis of proteins

One of the primary functions of RNA molecules is to _____

have a glycerol backbone

Phospholipids and triglycerides both _____.

Bacteria and Archaea

Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains. What are the domains?

are the principal molecules in lard and butter

Saturated fatty acids _____.

hydrating drinks with high concentrations of salts and glucose

Several epidemic microbial diseases of earlier centuries incurred high death rates because they resulted in severe dehydration due to vomiting and diarrhea. Today they are usually not fatal because we have developed which of the following?

are less fluid than the surrounding membrane

Some regions of the plasma membrane, called lipid rafts, have a higher concentration of cholesterol molecules. At higher temperatures, these regions _____.

are not soluble in water

Steroids are considered to be lipids because they _____.

nearly any eukaryotic organism

Suppose a cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondria. It could be a cell from _____.

mitochondria

Suppose a young boy is always tired and fatigued, suffering from a metabolic disease. Which of the following organelles is most likely involved in this disease?

the lysosome

Tay-Sachs disease is a human genetic abnormality that results in cells accumulating and becoming clogged with very large, complex, undigested lipids. Which cellular organelle must be involved in this condition?

They are constructed of polymers that are synthesized in the cytoplasm and then transported out of the cell.

The cell walls of bacteria, fungi, and plant cells and the extracellular matrix of animal cells are all external to the plasma membrane. Which of the following is a characteristic common to all of these extracellular structures?

results in a peptide bond

The chemical reaction illustrated in the accompanying figure _____.

pinocytosis is nonselective in the molecules it brings into the cell, whereas receptor-mediated endocytosis offers more selectivity.

The difference between pinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis is that _____.

function of the Golgi apparatus in sorting and directing membrane components

The difference in lipid and protein composition between the membranes of the endomembrane system is largely determined by the _____.

the concentration gradient, ATP

The force driving simple diffusion is _____, while the energy source for active transport is _____.

smooth ER

The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. Which of the following structures is primarily involved in this process and, therefore, abundant in liver cells?

will be liquid at room temperature.

The molecule illustrated in the accompanying figure _

a hexose

The molecule shown in the accompanying figure is _____.

unique three-dimensional shape of the fully folded polypeptide

The tertiary structure of a protein is the _____.

Osmosis of water molecules from unknown solution A likely caused the increase in mass observed.

Three lab groups carried out an experiment to identify the correct molarities for five solutions. Each unknown contained one of the following sucrose concentrations: 0.0 M, 0.2 M, 0.4 M, 0.6 M, 0.8 M, and 1.0 M. Each data entry represents the average of 3 sample replications of 1 cm3 sweet potato cubes expressed as percent change in mass after an overnight (24 hr) soak in the unknown solutions. From the data given, which statement most accurately describes what is occurring in response to a particular unknown solution.

chloroplasts

Thylakoids, DNA, and ribosomes are all components found in _____

Cell 2 since it has the highest surface area-to-volume ratio which facilitates the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment.

Using data from the table above, select the best explanation for why that cell will be able to eliminate waste most efficiently?

the components of the R-group

What component of amino acid structure varies among different amino acids?

cellulose

What does the term insoluble fiber refer to on food packages?

the position of the carbonyl group

What is the difference between an aldose sugar and a ketose sugar?

It regulates the movement of proteins and RNAs into and out of the nucleus.

What is the function of the nuclear pore complex found in eukaryotes?

the amount of branching that occurs in the molecule

What is the major structural difference between starch and glycogen?

chaperonin

What is the term used for a protein molecule that assists in the proper folding of other proteins?

small and hydrophobic

What kinds of molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily?

standard light microscopy

What technique would be most appropriate to use to observe the movements of condensed chromosomes during cell division?

The cell would swell because the water in the beaker is hypotonic relative to the cytoplasm of the RBC.

What will happen to a red blood cell (RBC), which has an internal ion concentration of about 0.9 percent, if it is placed into a beaker of pure water?

a covalent bond forms between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of a second

When nucleotides polymerize to form a nucleic acid _____.

in mitochondria

Where are proteins produced other than on ribosomes free in the cytosol or ribosomes attached to the ER?

in the epithelium of an animal's stomach

Where would you expect to find tight junctions?

secondary

Which level of protein structure do the α-helix and the β-pleated sheet represent?

aquaporins

Which of the following allows water to move much faster across cell membranes?

flagella and motile cilia

Which of the following contain the 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules, consisting of nine doublets of microtubules surrounding a pair of single microtubules?

a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a sugar

Which of the following descriptions best fits the class of molecules known as nucleotides?

cytosine, uracil, and thymine

Which of the following includes all of the pyrimidines found in RNA and DNA?

are part of the endomembrane system

Which of the following is NOT true? Both chloroplasts and mitochondria _____.

Eukaryotic cells have more intracellular organelles than prokaryotes.

Which of the following is a major difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?

A substance that blocks sodium ions from binding to the cotransport protein will also block the transport of glucose.

Which of the following is most likely true of a protein that cotransports glucose and sodium ions into the intestinal cells of an animal?

ribosome

Which of the following is present in a prokaryotic cell?

Vegetable oil has more double bonds than animal fats.

Which of the following is the best explanation for why vegetable oil is a liquid at room temperature while animal fats are solid?

Denatured (unfolded) proteins do not function normally.

Which of the following is the strongest evidence that protein structure and function are correlated?

In osmosis, water moves across a membrane from areas of lower solute concentration to areas of higher solute concentration

Which of the following is true of osmosis?

mRNA

Which of the following macromolecules leaves the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell through pores in the nuclear membrane?

passive transport

Which of the following processes includes all others?

Golgi apparatus

Which of the following produces and modifies polysaccharides that will be secreted?

Movement of cilia and flagella is the result of motor proteins causing microtubules to move relative to each other.

Which of the following statements about the cytoskeleton is true?

DNA nucleotides contain a different sugar than RNA nucleotides.

Which of the following statements best summarizes the differences between DNA and RNA?

Proteins secreted by prokaryotes are synthesized on ribosomes bound to the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane.

Which of the following statements correctly describes some aspect of protein secretion from prokaryotic cells?

an isotonic solution, and the plant cell is in a hypotonic solution

Which of the following statements correctly describes the normal tonicity conditions for typical plant and animal cells? The animal cell is in _____.

have many double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids

Which of the following statements is FALSE? Saturated fats _____.

CO₂

Which of the following would likely move through the lipid bilayer of a plasma membrane most rapidly?

peripheral proteins

Which of these are NOT embedded in the hydrophobic portion of the lipid bilayer at all?

lipids

Which of these classes of biological molecules does NOT include polymers?

a phosphorus atom, P

Which one of the following is NOT a component of each monomer used to make proteins?

mitochondrion

Which organelle is the primary site of ATP synthesis in eukaryotic cells?

vacuole

Which organelle often takes up much of the volume of a plant cell?

chloroplast

Which structure is NOT part of the endomembrane system?

mitochondrion

Which structure is common to plant and animal cells?

rough ER

Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the cell?

phagocytosis

White blood cells engulf bacteria using _____.

Permeability to glucose will increase.

You have a planar bilayer with equal amounts of saturated and unsaturated phospholipids. After testing the permeability of this membrane to glucose, you increase the proportion of unsaturated phospholipids in the bilayer. What will happen to the membrane's permeability to glucose?

Cysteine residues are involved in disulfide bridges that help form tertiary structure.

You have just sequenced a new protein found in mice and observe that sulfur-containing cysteine residues occur at regular intervals. What is the significance of this finding?