bio test
path by which sound waves travel through the ear
External auditory canal, eardrum, oval window, cochlea
All of the following are functions of the myelin sheath EXCEPT which one?
The myelin sheath plays an important role in synaptic transmission.
Which one of the following best explains why people get so many colds in their lifetime?
The viruses that cause colds evolve rapidly, which results in a change in their antigenic structure.
What is the role of mast cells in the inflammatory response?
They release chemicals that dilate blood vessels at the wound site.
Which of the following statements about viruses is true?
Viruses require a host cell in which to reproduce
A specific antibody will bind to __________.
a specific antigen
disease caused by HIV infection; results in irreparable damage to the immune system
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Any substance that produces an inappropriate response of the immune system is referred to as a(an)
allergen
an inappropriate response to a nonpathogenic substance
allergy
Gas exchange between inhaled air and the blood is accomplished by the __________ and the __________.
alveoli; pulmonary capillaries
The loudness (intensity) of a sound is specifically associated with the
amplitude of the sound waves
A life-threatening allergic reaction (difficulty in breathing, fall in blood pressure, severe stomach cramps) is known as ________.
anaphylatic shock
All of the following represent physical and/or chemical barriers that form the body's first line of defense against pathogens EXCEPT which one?
antibodies
vaccines contain
antigens of the pathogen
During a brain surgery, a surgeon passes an instrument through the dura mater. Which one of the following does the surgeon pass through next?
arachnoid
Oligodendrocytes are similar to Schwann cells in that they
are a type of neuroglial cell
Each of the following processes helps combat infection, EXCEPT __________.
autoimmunity
Control of smooth muscle and internal organs is the role of the ________ division of the nervous system?
autonomic
A nerve impulse moves away from a neuron's cell body along _____.
axons
Antibiotics are most likely to be effective in the treatment of infections caused by
bacteria
Antibiotics kill bacterial cells but do not (usually) damage human cells by taking advantage of the difference between human and bacterial cells. These differences include
bacterial cells have cell walls, human cells do not
exchange of air between lungs and the environment
breathing
Burning of carbon-based fuels can produce which one of the following, an odorless gas that competes with oxygen for binding to hemoglobin.
carbon monoxide
A neuron's nucleus is located in its _____.
cell body
the process that results in water being produced as a byproduct
cellular respiration
The brain and spinal cord make up the __________.
central nervous system
allow a person to taste food
chemoreceptors
The transparent covering of the front of the eye is the
cornea
path of light through the eye
cornea, aqueous humor, pupil, lens, vitreous humor, retina
A nerve impulse moves toward a neuron's cell body along _____.
dendrites
in the pulmonary circuit, __________ blood enters the capillaries from the arterioles and __________ blood leaves the capillaries for the venules.
deoxygenated, oxygenated
The central nervous system is enclosed by membranes or meninges called the
dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid
During the ingestion of food or liquid, which one of the following tips to block the opening to the trachea?
epiglottis
the amount of air that can be forced out of the lungs beyond the tidal volume
expiratory reserve volume
movement of oxygen across alveoli into the bloodstream
external respiration
T or F: When you suffer an injury, white blood cells near the injury site initiate the inflammatory response.
false
The three main anatomical and functional divisions of the brain are the
forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
The _____ is the region of the eye where photoreceptors are most highly concentrated.
fovea
Skin is able to prevent most microorganisms from entering the body by
having keratin in the uppermost layer
The direct cause of the heat generated by a wound or local infection is ________.
histamine, which causes the smooth muscle cells of the arterioles to relax; this leads to a cascade of events causing the tissue to become hot
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins __________.
identify a body cell as "self"
The advantage of having memory cells in specific defenses is that
if exposed to an antigen a second time, they quickly become plasma cells
the amount of air that can be inhaled beyond the tidal volume
inspiratory reserve volume
movement of carbon dioxide from interstitial fluids into the blood
internal respiration
Electrical impulses are transmitted between components of the central nervous system via which one of the following?
interneurons
transmit impulses within the central nervous system
interneurons
When neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptors in the plasma membrane of the receiving neuron,
ion channels in the plasma membrane of the receiving neuron open.
Pain receptors adapt slowly or not at all because __________.
lack of adaptation is important to survival
Nearsightedness and farsightedness are caused by the
length of the eyeball
The _____ changes shape to focus light on the retina.
lens
The primary immune response is __________.
less effective than the secondary immune response
an autoimmune disorder affecting connective tissue
lupus erythematosus
fliters microorganisms and cellular debris from lymph
lymph node
transports lymph in the body
lymphatic vessel
detect light touch of skin
mechanoreceptors
transmit impulses away from the central nervous system
motor neurons
Axons insulated by a(n) _____ are able to conduct impulses faster that those not so insulated.
myelin sheath
Which of the following cell types makes up the majority of cells in the nervous system?
neuroglial cells
A molecule that carries information across a synaptic cleft is a
neurotransmitter
An impulse relayed along a myelinated axon "jumps" from _____ to _____.
node of Ranvier ... node of Ranvier
order of structures through which air will pass during inspiration
nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
Which of the following receptors are MOST likely to demonstrate receptor adaptation?
olfactory receptors in the nose
respond to immediate, extreme heat or cold
pain receptors
respond to tissue damage
pain receptors
Microorganisms that cause death and disease are called __________.
pathogens
respond to light
photoreceptors
What name is given to the opening that allows light into the interior of the eye?
pupil
the air that remains in the lungs after a forceful exhalation
residual volume
A more powerful stimulus will __________.
result in both activation of more receptors and more frequent action potentials
an autoimmune disorder affecting the synovial membrane of the joints
rheumatoid arthritis
The photoreceptors of the eye are __________.
rods and cones
Which of the following body fluids does not transmit HIV from human to human?
saliva
What type of cell makes up the myelin sheath of a motor neuron?
schwann cells
What name is given to the tough layer that forms the "white" of the eye?
sclera
Which one of the following provides the central nervous system with information about the outside environment?
sensory division
transmit impulses toward the central nervous system
sensory neurons
Receptor adaptation results when __________.
sensory neurons stop sending action potentials
Information coming into the central nervous system arrives via __________, while information going from the central nervous system to the muscles, glands, and organs travels via __________.
sensory neurons; motor neurons
an inherited disorder characterized by insufficient numbers of lymphocytes to fight an infection
severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)
Most of the carbon dioxide released by cells is transported in the venous supply in what form?
soluble bicarbonate ion
removes microorganisms and old red blood cells from the blood
spleen
The small space between the sending neuron and the receiving neuron is the
synaptic cleft
What part of a neuron relays signals from one neuron to another neuron or to an effector?
synaptic terminal
Autoimmune disorders occur when __________.
the immune system fails to recognize "self" cells
Which of the following will regulate the amount of light entering the eye?
the iris
Which one of the following occurs when bright light hits the eye?
the pupil decreases in size
If a signal from a sending neuron makes the receiving neuron more negative inside,
the receiving neuron is less likely to generate an action potential.
The pain associated with the inflammatory response is the direct result of ________.
the swelling of the tissue and the chemicals released from certain cells
Receptors are classified according to __________.
the type of stimulus energy they convert
Inflamed tissue turns red because ________.
there is an increased blood flow to the injured tissues due to dilation of arterioles in the injured area
When calcium ions enter the synaptic terminal,
they cause vesicles containing neurotransmitter molecules to fuse to the plasma membrane of the sending neuron.
secretes hormones important in the maturation of T cells
thymus
the amount of air entering the lungs with every breath
tidal volume
filters out microorganisms that enter the throat by food or air
tonsil
Mucus in the nasal cavity functions to __________.
trap dust and pathogens in incoming air
T or F: The best way to defend the body from a viral infection is to prevent the infection by using a vaccine.
true
True or false. Sound waves that enter the human ear are transmitted in fluid only in the inner ear.
true
Oxygen-rich blood flows through the heart
via the left atrium and ventricle before entering the systemic circuit
The maximal volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inhalation is the __________.
vital capacity
the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inhalation
vital capacity
