BIO unit 3 and 4
Which of the following is a component of virus
DNA or RNA, Capsid
Which of the following types of cells would a coronavirus most likely target as the means of entry into the body
Epithelial cells lining the respiratory system
Which was the first organism to have its DNA directly manipulated in the lab, and thus considered the first GMO
Escherichia coli
Selective breeding provides a quicker and more precise way to achieve certain desirable traits in crops in one generation rather than multiple generations using genetic engineering. T/F?
False
Environmental conditions can influence the expression of a gene. T/F?
True
Normally, the flow of information in a cell is in whihc direction
DNA—RNA—protein
Essentially, the chemical equation of photosynthesis shows that it is a series of chemical reactions in which autotrophic organisms, like plants, synthesize sugars using carbon dioxide, water, and energy from the sun. T/F?
True
Which of the following statements accurately describes how viruses reproduce
Viruses are typically a piece if genetic material encased in protein capsule. They are only capable of reproducing once inside a living host cell
Select all of the following statements that are correct regarding the relationship between influenza and evolution
- the virus may evolve as it moves between animal hosts - influenza evolves due to changes in it s genetic information over time - evolution in viruses may occur quickly because they reproduce rapidly
Select all of the following statements that are correct about the influenza A virus
- the virus uses H and N spikes to target its host cell - its genetic material is RNA
Which of the following statements are true concerning evolution
-It is a unifying theme in the study of biology - it is the result of heritable changes in the DNA
Select three of the components that were proposed by Darwin for natural selection to occur
1. Populations experience differential reproductive success 2. Variation within a population is heritable 3. Populations experience competition for resources
From the list provided, select the two circumstances necessary for evolution to occur
1. There must be a variation for a trait within a population 2. An advantageous trait must be passed on to the next generation
How many genes do humans have
21000
What percentage of a population would need to be immune to prevent the spread of a contagious disease
95%
Describe the process of translation
A cell reads the RNA and uses instructions to build a protein. RNA is translated
The Covid-19 vaccine elicits an immune response by presenting the body with
A killed version of the virus or antigens specific to the virus
RNA interference is a promising gene regulatory approach in functional genomics that has significant impact on crop improvement. Which of the following descriptions correctly describes RNA interference
A post transcriptional gene silencing pathway triggered by a double stranded RNA molecules to prevent the expression of specific genes
All viruses are made up of two components. These components are
A protein capsid and genetic material, in the form of either RNA or DNA
Neutrophils
A type of white blood cell that engulfs invading microbes and contributes to the nonspecific defenses of the body against disease.
Memory B cells are developed after a primary repsonse. These memory cells are activated during a secondary response to
A. Produce a higher amount of antibodies B. Have a quicker recover time from an infection C. Have an overall more efficient immune response All of these answers are correct
Characteristics of living things present in viruses
Ability to change over time or evolve and contain genetic material
When you receive a second vaccine against a pathogen, your body will initiate an inflammatory response, but also your T and B cell response, which will occur faster upon second exposure. Your T anc B cell response is your
Adaptive immune response
When pathogens are ingested by the macrophages and dendritic cells of the immune system, they are digested and a small portion of the pathogen, blank is attached to the surface of the macrophage
An antigen
Biological systematics
An area of biology that studies biological diversity and the evolutionary relationships of organisms
Genetics
An area of biology that studies how genetic material changes over time
Ecology
An area of biology that studies how organisms have evolved to fill their roles within an ecosystem
What are the direct effects of influenza virus on body systems
Apoptosis of epithelial cells lining the respiratory system Accumulation of fluid in the lungs due to the disruption of respiratory cells function Activation of the immune system due to inflammation in the lungs
Antigens
Are any substance that produce a specific immune response by the body. Antigens are proteins or large carbohydrates that are specific to certain pathogens
MHC class l markers
Are present on every uncleared cell in the body. It is a general self identification tag
What is the correct sequence of events in viral reproduction
Attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation and release
Adaptive immunity differs from the innate immune system in its ability to respond to specific pathogen antigens. The antigens trigger
Both antibody-mediated and immmunity and cell mediated immunity
Select all of the characteristics that are considered to be evidence of natural selection that Darwin observed abroad the beagle
Collecting fossil end remains of extinct animals along the west coast of South America chaleneged Darwin's idea that the earth was young In regard to biogeography, Darwin discovered similar environments and animals with similar appearances in South America and Europe Darwin noted that unique island finch species are descendants form the mainland species that have developed adaptations to survive on the islands food source
What are the traits of apples that are influenced by genes
Color and taste
Quadrivalent vaccine
Contains two A viruses Contains different strains of four viruses Contains tow types of influenza B virus
Select the following characteristics that allowed plants to survive and reproduce in a land environment
Develop a means to prevent their cells and tissues from drying out Develop a system to transport water and nutrients to their cells Reproductive structures had to change to disperse gametes in the absence of water Protect their embryos from the temperature and moisture variations of life on land
Indirect effects of influenza virus on body systems
Digestive system: loss of appetite Muscular system: joint and muscle aches Nervous system: headache and fever Integumentary system: chills
The structure of DNA is
Double helix
What are the two types of plants
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
A gene consists of a long combination of five different nucleotide bases. Different combinations of the nitrogenous bases give instructions for different products. T/F?
False
An example of a GM crop includes apple varieties containing manmade genes that produce a pesticide that kills larval pests. This modification decreases the loss of crops due to predation. T/F?
False
Cellular respiration is one of the most important metabolic pathways that allow plants to live by manufacturing their own food. T/F?
False
Due to the low projections concerning human population growth and the unlimited amount of farmable land, there is a need to increase croup yield to provide food to the growing population in developed and developing nations. T/F?
False
Genes are the basic physical and functional unit of heredity and contain information that codes for a loss of a product. T/F?
False
If a researcher wants to remove a small section of nucleotides in order to alter the end product produced by that gene, the bets option would be to use mutagenesis. T/F?
False
In DNA, each molecule is encoded by a gene, a specific sequence of carbohydrates that specify how a molecule is to be made. T/F?
False
It is always a simple process to identify one gene associated with a single trait. T/F?
False
Natural selection causes mutations.T/F?
False
One of the biggest setbacks to influenza research is the lack of ability of viruses to evolve over time.T/F?
False
The closer the genetic information is between two species, the more distant their evolutionary relationship.T/F?
False
The closer two organisms are related, the more time there has been for mutations to occur in the genetic information. T/F?
False
The closer two organisms are related, the more time there is for mutations to change their genetic information for a trait.T/F?
False
The first product, carbon dioxide is a byproduct of splitting water and is released into the atmosphere. T/F?
False
The genetic material is not a history of the organisms evolutionary past. T/F?
False
The primary products of DNA and RNA, and the arrangement of nucleotides within a gene specifies the order and types of amino acids that must be put together to make an RNA molecule. T/F?
False
The second product, carbohydrates, is synthesized in the Calvin cycle of the light dependent reaction. T/F?
False
What substance do coronavirus have in their outer coat that allow soap to pull it apart
Fat
In the influenza strain name HongKong/45/2019(H3H2) like virus, this was the strain isolated in 2019 in this region
Forty-fifth strain
What the two main components of a virus
Genetic material and capsid
Select all the structure components of a virus
Genetic material and protein capsid
By reconginzing the mechanisms through which organisms change over time, or evolve, we gain insight into which of the following
How to design better medications such as antiviral agents and vaccines Resistance to insecticides and antibiotics How the organization of life on our planet reflects evolutionary history
What is selective breeding
Humans ID a naturally occurring variation in the trait of a species and then breed individuals with similar characteristics to produce offspring that all possess the desired trait
Select all the following that are characteristics that explain the process of natural selection
In a population, individuals vary in their heritable traits In a population, individuals struggle to exist In a population, individuals differ in their fitness Over multiple genertations, populations become adapted to their environment
The World Health Organization defines a GMO organism as one that has had its genetic information altered
In a way that would not occur in nature
Herd immunity is considered a reduction in
Individuals susceptible to infection
During which of the following process do capillary beds become leaky, which slows the movement of pathogens into a wound
Inflammatory response
A virus has been identified as H7N9. Based on this information , which class of virus would it belong to
Influenza A
Which of the following disorders are in response to the immune systems inability to differentiate self from non self
Lupus and rheumatoid arthritis
The chickenpox virus can remain latent in host cells by integrating its DNA into the host cell genome. This virus uses the _____ cycle as its main life cycle pathway
Lysogenic
Which of the following is present on the surface of every body cell to identify self
MHC-l
Which of the following techniques is used to intentionally introduce changes into the DNA sequence to analyze gene functions and gene products.
Mutagenesis
What process changes in the genetic material
Mutation
Antigenic drift
Occurs when there are small changes in the surface spikes of the influenza virus
MHC class ll markers
Only present on immune system cells
GMO classifications
Organisms in which the genetic material has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally Variation due to genetic manipulation by technician Occurs in a laboratory
What is a GMO
Organisms with human-introduced genetic modifications to plants and animals
Evolution is described as the change in heritable traits of a
Population
Which of the following produces immune system cells
Red bone marrow
The function of DNA is to
Store information for producing all the molecules required by cells for life
T lymphocytes
Target cells that have been infected by a specific pathogen. They are specific
Describe the process of transcription
The DNA sequence is copied using mRNA and made into RNA
Lymph nodes
Tissue where the interstitial fluid is filtered and cleansed by the whistle blood cels called macrophages
Red bone marrow
Tissue where the lymphocyte cells of the body are produced. The location where B lymphocytes mature
Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxins are used in plants for which of the following reasons
To provide protection against pest species
CRISPR is a tool used in genome editing. which of the following descriptions correctly describes how CRISPR may be used
To remove and replace the gene of a soybean to improve the quality of soybean oil To remove and replace the gene of a corn to increase the plants drought tolerance To treat human disease by deleting and replacing harmful mutations To inactivate genes to determine the role of the gene in the target cell
Which of the following definitions correctly describes the goal of teh genome editing technique, CRISPR
To use enzymes to target a specific DNA sequence and enable the removal and replacement of the sequence
What was the first approved GMO
Tomato
A comparison of genetic and biochemical similarities can indicate evolutionary relationships. T/F?
True
Newer vaccines are being designed to use other proteins within the capsid, called core proteins, as the basis for programming the adaptive responses. T/F?
True
Proteins are made of a long chain of chemicals called amino acids, which are determined by the nitrogenous base sequence of nucleotides. T/F?
True
Scientists are researching ways to use antiviral agents to combat parts of the viral cycle and the development of a universal flu vaccine.T/F?
True
Since high energy reactions are removed form chlorophyll and donated to NADPH, water is used as a source of replacement electrons.T/F?
True
Some genes act as instructions to make molecules called proteins. T/F?
True
Some genes do not code for proteins but instead RNA molecules. T/F?
True
The particular sequence of amino acids in the chain is what makes one protein different from another. T/F?
True
There is a consensus that genetic modifications to plants increase the yield of crops per acre, but there is debate on how much due to disagreements on how yield per acre are calculated.T/F?
True
Using energy molecules ATP and NADPH, the gas carbon dioxide is extracted from the atmosphere and converted into sugars.T/F?
True
When comparing species, some traits are more common in closely related species than distantly related ones.T/F?
True
While genes may contain information for a single trait, they often create products that interact in complex biological pathways that may be influence by other genes. T/F?
True
Antigenic shift
Two different forms of the virus infect the same cell
What is one mutagen used for mutagenesis in DNA
UV radiation
Determine which of the following statements are true concerning how flu vaccines are produced
Vaccines contain either inactivated or weakened viruses Vaccines include additives to preserve the vaccines contents before use People with egg allergies should pay attention to how the flu vaccine is made, since some flu shots may contain remnants of eggs due to egg based technology used to make the flu vaccine
Is mutation a natural product of DNA replication
Yes
Inflammatory response
nonspecific defense reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection. The damaged tissue and nearby immune cells release histamine, which not only causes fluid to leak form nearby capillaries, thus slowing the movement of pathogens
What is the first step scientists would use when using A. Tumefaciens in cloning to create a GMO
The plasmid is cut and the new gene is lighted into it
Birds and insects both have wings, but we do not consider this similarity as evidence of relatedness because
The wings are not homologous structures with a common ancestral origin
The primary target of influenza virus is the
epithelial cells lining the respiratory system
Another example of a GM crop is soybean . The legume has an inserted gene that renders them resistant to weed killers such as roundup to decrease the losses of plants form herbicides. T/F?
True
DNA carries the instructions to produce molecules that carry out all of the functions of a cell required for life and ultimately determines the chemical and physical characteristics of living organisms. T/F?
True
In the process of cloning, a plasmid is modified with a new gene and then put into a recipient cell to make the new proteins. T/F?
True
Influenza research involves constructing new vaccines and treatments. T/F?
True
Mutations are constantly occurring in the genetic material. T/F?
True
Mutations represent the source of genetic variation in a population. T/F?
True
Natural selection favors variation, which increases the ability of the individual to reproduce and pass the trait on to the next generation, and acts against detrimental traits. T/F?
True
Adaptive immunity
the ability to recognize and remember specific antigens and mount an attack on them
Cell mediated immunity
type of immunity produced by T cells that attack infected or abnormal body cells
Spleen
The organ where the blood is filtered and cleaned by the action of the blood macrophages.
Which of the following describes the physical characteristics of the influenza virus
An RNA virus enclosed in a spherical capsid surrounded by an envelope with spikes
Natural killer cells
Function: destroy cells of the body that have been infected by viruses or bacteria. They are non specific
Macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils
Function: destroy pathogens by phagocytosis. They are non specific
Trivalent vaccine
Contains different strains of three viruses Contains two A viruses Contains one B virus Virus particles are inactivated and not capable of reproducing
Identify the organisms that would be considered genetically modified. Check all that apply
1. A plum that has been given a new gene that protects it form a virus 2. A tomato that ripens more slowly because a gene was removed
Select all of the answers that accurately describe enzymes
1. Enzymes are generally composed of protein 2. Enzymes are also called catalysts The part of an enzyme that interacts with the substrate is known as the active site
From the list below, select all impacts of global warming and global climate change
1. Increase and/or decrease in temperature patterns 2. Increase and/or increase in rain patterns 3. Change in distribution of animals and plants
Select all of the following statements that are characteristics of genetically modified organisms
A genetically modified organisms genome has been deliberately altered due to human introduced modifications to express desired traits In genetic modification, the laboratory technique involves isolating DNA molecules to insert new genetic information into existing cells of na organism in order to alter their genetic makeup The transfer of genetic material can occur within and across species to produce new or modified characteristics in the organism
Which of these best describes a virus
A non living complex of RNA or DNA protected by a protein coat
Antigenic shift involves
A. A single host cell being infected by viruses from two different animals B. Formation of new combinations of H and N spikes on the virus C. A slower adaptation by the immune system All of these answers are correct
Which of the following best describes how th e flu virus may impact the respiratory system
A. The immune system prompts a decrease in blood flow, which results in th e lungs becoming dry. A hacking cough can be produced B. The proteins produced by the virus interfere with the ability of epithelial cells to move materials in and out of lung tissue, resulting in fluid buildup in the lungs C. Epithelial cells see an increase in function as they try to adapt to the viral load of surrounding cells. All of these answers are correct
What has the ability to target cells off the body that are infected with pathogens, while also responding to any pathogens that are free in the blood or interstitial fluid of the body
Adaptive immunity
During previous flu seasons, small variations in the influenza virus resulted in the immune systems inability to fully reconginze and respond to flu exposure. As a result, vaccine effectiveness could be as low as 30%. This is an example of
Antigenic drift
Which of the following produces antibodies
B lymphocytes
Innate immunity
Barriers to entry, protective proteins, phagocytes and natural killer cells, inflammatory response
Characteristics of living things not present in viruses
Capable of processing energy or materials Maintain an internal environment Respond to stimuli from the environment Contain cell machinery to replicate their genetic material: DNA or RNA
Based on what you learned about DNA probes, if you were using a DNA probe to isolate a gene of interest, how would you know if the gene of interest is present in a sample of DNA
DNA probes will bind together
Influenza viruses target which types of cells in the body
Epithelial cells
During the light independent reaction, when sunlight strikes the chlorophyll in the thylakoid membrane, the energy of the sun is transferred into molecules of ATP, an energy carrying molecule, and NADPH, an electron carrier molecule. T/F?
False
For plants, the process requires an organelle called the chloroplast and pigments called carotenoids, whihc gives plants their green color and allows them to absorb light. T/F?
False
Only antibacterial soap kills viruses. T/F?
False
Since viruses never change, an adaptive immune system is not necessary.T/F?
False
Tiktaalik is associated with which type of evidence of evolution
Fossil
Since the success of FLavr-savr tomatoes, there has been a
Growing trend to produce more GMOs in agriculture
If an influenza strain mutation results in the production of different H spikes, this could be life threatening because
H spikes are used as antigens to identify the virus by the immune system
What do N spikes do
Helps break down the mucus material surrounding host cells in the respiratory tract and initiate penetration of the virus into the host cell
What do H spikes do
Helps the virus identify the receptions on the surface of the host cell
A potential risk of genetically modified plants is that the genetic engineering process could cause unnatural changes in the plant and result in the unexpected production of proteins in food. Which of the following processes should be used to provide information on food safety?
If the genetically engineered plant has a transgenic protein that is similar to a protein already known to be an allergen, it should be tested in people who have an allergy to the related protein.
When you receive a first vaccine against a pathogen, your body immediately initiates an inflammatory response. This is an
Innate immune response
Several GMO plants have resistant traits. What is the resistant trait of corn
Insect resistance, herbicide, tolerance, and drought tolerance
Why is it important to receive a booster after your first vaccine against a specific pathogen
It is important because it will give you a higher concentration of antibodies that will never reach as low as the first vaccination and will prevent from further infections
Which of the following types of immune cells are white blood cells
Macrophages, B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, neutrophils
Plants can be genetically modified in a number of different ways. Select all of teh methods by which scientists are genetically modifying plants
Plasmids within the plant pathogen, agrobacterium tumefaciens, are used to introduce genes into a plant Small particles of genetically modified DNA coated in a metal are fired by a gene gun into plant tissue Small pieces of RNA are used to silence the expression of specific alleles
The unintended effects of gentically modified plants on non target species has
Positively impacted non targets insect species due to reduction in the use of chemical insecticides
Antibody mediated immunity
Produce antibodies that attack the cells
B lymphocytes
Produce antibodies to target specific antigens in the fluids of the body. They are specific
Which of the following statements are true concerning how an influenza virus indetifies its target cell?
Proteins located on the capsid of the virus allow the virus to attach to molecules on the surface of a host cell The capsid proteins of a virus may attach to protein receptors on the surface of the host cell Upon identification of a specific protein molecule on the surface of the host cell, the virus can integrate into the host cell
How does the body recognize self cells compared to non self cells
Self cells are marked by glycoproteins called major histocompatibility complexes
Common symptoms of influenza virus
Sore throat, congestion, body aches, fever
The testing and release of genetically modified organisms (GMO), in particular GM plants, is tightly regulated internationally to prevent any negative effects on environment or human health. Which of the following statements support researchers use of cisgenic organisms
The genome of a cisgenic plant, like the genome of a traditionally bred plant, is not altered with DNA form a different species
Select all all the following statements that are true concerning the flu vaccine
The influenza is designed to protect humans against three or four influenza viruses that are most likely to spread and cause a pandemic during the flu season Flu vaccines take up to six months to prepare and are synthesized based on surveillance information sent to the five influenza centers across the world
Thymus
The organ where T lymphocytes mature
Which of the following circumstances are necessary for evolution to occur
Variation for a particular trait exists within a population A particular trait must be able to be passed on to the next
Conditions that must be present for natural selection to occur
Variation must be present Traits must be heritable Individuals compete Individuals differ in their fitness
