Bio005, Final study guide

. Fossil evidence indicates that the first members of the genus Homo arose approximately ________ years ago. a. 2 million b. 200,000 c. 500,000 d. 1 million

a. 2 million

As an energy carrier, ATP differs from NADPH in that a. ATP transfers energy through phosphorylation, whereas NADPH donates electrons and hydrogen ions. b. ATP transfers energy through redox reactions, whereas NADPH uses phosphorylation. c. NADPH is involved in a larger variety of chemical reactions than ATP. d. NADPH is made by Photosystem I, whereas ATP is made by Photosystem II.

a. ATP transfers energy through phosphorylation, whereas NADPH donates electrons and hydrogen ions.

Which of the following terms describes all organisms on Earth plus their environments? a. biosphere b. ecosystem c. habitat d. species

a. biosphere

Which of the following best describes the function of genes? a. They control the production of enzymes. b. They control the production of structural proteins. c. They control the production of all proteins. d. They control the production of amino acids.

c. They control the production of all proteins.

Which of the following has NOT been shown to be a consequence of China's one-child policy? a. an unbalanced age ratio with a growing elderly population and a much smaller working population b. a skewed sex ratio with a larger proportion of the population being male than female c. a dramatic decrease in the birth rate that began shortly after implementation of the one-child policy d. human-rights abuses, such as forced abortions

c. a dramatic decrease in the birth rate that began shortly after implementation of the one-child policy

Adaptive evolution allows species to a. reduce mutation rate. b. decrease genetic variation. c. adjust to environmental changes. d. hybridize.

c. adjust to environmental changes.

Ecologists study a. only biotic factors. b. only abiotic factors. c. both biotic and abiotic factors. d. neither biotic nor abiotic factors.

c. both biotic and abiotic factors.

The hydrologic cycle includes a. biotic factors only. b. abiotic factors only. c. both biotic and abiotic factors. d. neither biotic nor abiotic factors.

c. both biotic and abiotic factors.

Although the terms climate and weather are often used interchangeably, they are not the same thing. Climate differs from weather in that a. weather includes amount of rainfall per year and climate does not. b. climate is based on biomes, whereas weather is not. c. climate describes long-term patterns, whereas weather describes short-term fluctuations. d. climates are described in terms of long-term average temperature, and weather is described by other factors, such as prevailing winds.

c. climate describes long-term patterns, whereas weather describes short-term fluctuations.

In the absence of ________, nutrient recycling within the ecosystem would completely stop. a. rocks b. secondary consumers c.decomposers d.predators

c. decomposers

63. The definition of an area, relative to a population study, a. is constant. b. is always 1 square meter. c. depends on the questions being asked. d. depends on whether the area is terrestrial or aquatic.

c. depends on the questions being asked.

A community of organisms together with the physical environment in which they live is known as a(n) a.population b.community c.ecosystem d.biota

c. ecosystem

Carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen are all examples of a. compounds. b. macromolecules. c. elements. d. amino acids.

c. elements.

The size of a population can be decreased by a. a higher birth rate. b. immigration. c. emigration. d. a reduced death rate.

c. emigration.

A scientist wishing to generate cancerous cells in vitro could subject the cells to which of the following procedures? a. immerse the cells in water for extended periods of time b. starve the cells of nutrients c. expose cells to chemicals that disrupt mitosis d. overfeed the cells by frequently feeding them

c. expose cells to chemicals that disrupt mitosis

The top of the "S" in an S-shaped curve indicates that the population a. is on the verge of collapse. b. is experiencing abnormally heavy pressure from predators. c. has reached its carrying capacity. d. is poised for further exponential growth.

c. has reached its carrying capacity.

Studies of the population-size cycles seen between the snowshoe hare and the Canadian lynx showed that a. lynx populations decrease in size when hare populations increase in size. b. lynx populations increase in size when hare populations decrease in size. c. lynx populations decrease in size when hare populations decrease in size. d. There is no relationship between population sizes of snowshoe hare and Canadian lynx.

c. lynx populations decrease in size when hare populations decrease in size.The top of the "S" in an S-shaped curve indicates that the population a. is on the verge of collapse. b. is experiencing abnormally heavy pressure from predators. c. has reached its carrying capacity. d. is poised for further exponential growth.

A measurement of how common one species is compared to another species is referred to as a. an ecological community. c. relative species abundance. b. species richness. d. keystone species.

c. relative species abundance.

The removal of a keystone species from a community usually results in a. the death of all other community members. b. the disappearance of that community. c. substantial changes in the abundance of many species. d. minor changes, if any.

c. substantial changes in the abundance of many species.

The pH scale measures a. the amount of water in a solution. b. the likelihood that a solution will evaporate. c. the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. d. the number of atoms found within a molecule.

c. the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.

In a typical prairie food web, energy moves from grass to grasshopper to field mouse to fox. Which organism is the secondary consumer? a. the grass b. the grasshopper c. the mouse d. the fox

c. the mouse

Observational studies that follow a particular group of individuals over a certain time period are

cohort studies

When determining whether or not a claim about a new cleansing juice diet is scientific or pseudoscientific, which of the following is NOT a helpful question to ask yourself? a. What are the credentials and possible bias or agenda of the person(s) making the claim? b. Has the claim been published in a peer-reviewed, reputable scientific journal? c. Does the scientific study purporting to support the claim meet the standards of the scientific method? d. Are there lots of people, including celebrities, endorsing the product as a healthy weight-loss method?

d. Are there lots of people, including celebrities, endorsing the product as a healthy weight-loss method?

A new species is introduced into a given area. The population size begins to grow slowly, then at a very rapid rate, and finally levels off at a stable number. This growth pattern is best represented by a(n) a. oscillating cycle. b. J-shaped population curve. c. C-shaped population curve. d. S-shaped population curve.

d. S-shaped population curve.

Which of the following statements about the process of science is NOT accurate? a. Science is a systematic method of procedures designed to answer questions by evaluating empirical evidence. b. Science attempts to solve a problem by systematically evaluating the plausibility of various solutions. c. Science enables us to advance our understanding of evidence and data collected d. Science can answer all questions regarding the human experience and personal values

d. Science can answer all questions regarding the human experience and personal values

Which of the following would probably NOT occur if a single species was removed from an ecological community? a. The species richness would change. b. The relative species abundance would change. c. The diversity of the community would change. d. The community would cease to exist.

d. The community would cease to exist.

Which of the following is true of the chromosomes in a homologous pair? a. They both came from the organism's mother. b. They both came from the organism's father. c. They do not join together during meiosis. d. They carry the same genes.

d. They carry the same genes.

Greenhouse gases warm the planet by a. absorbing and dispersing solar radiation. b. magnifying the energy of solar radiation. c. producing and emitting infrared radiation. d. absorbing and reemitting infrared radiation.

d. absorbing and reemitting infrared radiation.

Which of the following pairs of processes encompasses the entire cell cycle? a. G1 phase and mitosis b. G1 phase and G2 phase c. interphase and metaphase d. cell division and interphase

d. cell division and interphase

What is biological evolution? a. the process of direct observation of the fossil record b. adaptations to common descent over time c. the unchanging nature of life on Earth d. change in the inherited characteristics of a group of organisms over generations

d. change in the inherited characteristics of a group of organisms over generations

Evolutionary tree diagrams representing the relationships between various organisms can be drawn only when those organisms share a a. common cellular metabolism. . b. distinct lineage. c. common cellular organization d. common ancestor.

d. common ancestor.

Which of these changes would decrease one's food footprint the most? a. cooking chicken instead of steak b. cooking steak instead of chicken c. cooking steak instead of vegetables d. cooking vegetables instead of steak

d. cooking vegetables instead of steak

Convergent evolution occurs when natural selection causes distantly related organisms to a. evolve into the same species despite the fact that they are members of separate populations. b. merge into one continuous population because of reversals in continental drift. c. evolve both analogous and homologous characteristics. d. evolve similar structures in response to similar environmental challenges.

d. evolve similar structures in response to similar environmental challenges.

The Cambrian explosion a. caused a lack of air in Earth's atmosphere. b. was caused by an increase in volcanic activity. c. was volcanic in nature. d. increased the diversity of animal life on Earth.

d. increased the diversity of animal life on Earth.

Sympatric speciation a. occurs only in plants. b. is impossible, because the populations of a species must be isolated from one another for speciation to occur. c. is always a result of polyploidy. d. occurs when a new species emerges from a population in the absence of a geographical barrier.

d. occurs when a new species emerges from a population in the absence of a geographical barrier.

. A Punnett square is used to a. determine the source of new alleles. b. determine how many genes control a given trait. c. predict the gametes that will be produced by an organism. d. predict the outcome of a genetic cross.

d. predict the outcome of a genetic cross.

The gender of a human child is determined by the a.loci. b.egg. c. autosomes. d. sperm.

d. sperm.

What criteria best characterize membership in the kingdom Protista? a. a continuous lineage of descent from a common ancestor b. a large assortment of unique shared derived traits c. a common evolutionary heritage d. the inability to meet the characteristics that define each of the remaining eukaryotic kingdoms

d. the inability to meet the characteristics that define each of the remaining eukaryotic kingdoms

Which of the following does NOT take place in the nucleus? a. transcription b. intron removal c. replication d. translation

d. translation

Which of the following groups of organisms would NOT be considered to be consumers? a. herbivores b.predators c.decomposers d.photosynthesizers

d.photosynthesizers

A scientific paper that combines results from several cohort studies and a case-control study would be considered a(n a.meta-analysis. b.omega-analysis. c.beta analysis. d.pseudo-analysis.

A. Meta analysis

Scientific studies that compare patients with a disease to those without the disease are referred to as a.case-control studies b.clinical trials. c.cohort studies. d.in vitro studies.

A. case control

You are reading an article written by Neil Shubin et al regarding the pectoral fin of Tiktaalik roseae in the peer-reviewed journalNature. This article is an example of a.primary literature. c.tertiary literature. b.secondary literature. d.quaternary literature.

A. primary literature

Which of the following statements is NOT true? a. Different species of hominins never coexisted on Earth. b. Hominin evolutionary trees can be made clearer by analyzing available DNA. c. There is evidence that various populations of hominins interbred. d. Fossil evidence indicates that as many as five different species of hominins existed one to two million years ago.

A.Different species of hominins never coexisted on Earth.

What happens when the Centers for Disease Control's (CDC) recommended vaccination schedule is delayed? a.Children are just as well protected from diseases as they would be if they were on schedule. b.Children experience a decreased risk of contracting disease than they would experience if they were on schedule. c.Children experience no change in protection from diseases as they would experience if they were ahead of schedule. d.Children experience an increased risk of disease if they are behind schedule.

D.Children experience an increased risk of disease if they are behind schedule.

Based on the scientific evidence presented in Chapter 19 of Biology Now, which of the following is NOT the reason for the observed increase in incidence of autism in the United States and other countries since the 1970s? A.There is a heightened awareness of autism in society. b.More schools are screening more students for autism. c.People are generally more willing to label a broader range of conditions within the spectrum of autism disorders. d.The MMR vaccine is being more broadly administered, so more children are getting autism.

D.The MMR vaccine is being more broadly administered, so more children are getting autism.

How is mitochondrial DNA inherited? a. All mitochondrial DNA is inherited from the mother. b. Fifty percent of mitochondrial DNA is inherited from the mother and 50 percent from the father. c. All mitochondrial DNA is inherited from the father. d. Only 75 percent of mitochondrial DNA is inherited from the father, the other 25 percent is inherited from the mother.

a. All mitochondrial DNA is inherited from the mother.

Which of the following choices represents the genotype of an individual diploid organism? a. BbCCdd c. bcd b. BCd d. BbCd

a. BbCCdd

Why would a food web rather than a food chain be the preferred way to represent the movement of food through the community? a. Food chains are oversimplified and suggest that a consumer eats only a single food item. b. Food webs place producers at the bottom, whereas food chains place them at the top. c. Food webs are based on a foundation of producers. d. Actually, ecologists prefer to use food chains to describe food movements.

a. Food chains are oversimplified and suggest that a consumer eats only a single food item.

Which of the following choices is a major difference between human-caused global change and that which occurs naturally? a. Human-caused global change occurs more quickly, leaving organisms less time to adapt. b. Human-caused global changes are of a smaller scale than naturally caused changes. c. Naturally caused global change occurs only at one place on Earth at a time. d. Naturally caused global changes are limited to the terrestrial habitats where humans live.

a. Human-caused global change occurs more quickly, leaving organisms less time to adapt.

Which of the following differentiates meiosis from mitosis? a. Mitosis is used for the repair of cells, whereas meiosis creates cells for sexual reproduction. b. In mitosis four identical daughter cells are produced, whereas two genetically different cells are produced in meiosis. c. Meiosis is a form of asexual division, whereas mitosis is a form of sexual division. d. Mitosis occurs in prokaryotic cells, whereas meiosis occurs in eukaryotic cells.

a. Mitosis is used for the repair of cells, whereas meiosis creates cells for sexual reproduction.

The key enzyme used during transcription is a. RNA polymerase. b. DNA polymerase. c. rRNA. d. terminase.

a. RNA polymerase.

Mass extinctions cause the loss of many species, no matter how well adapted those species were before the extinction. Why might previous adaptations NOT help a species survive a mass extinction? a. The rapid environmental changes that cause mass extinctions do not leave the organisms time to adapt. b. Ongoing continental drift allows more species to interbreed, which lowers the genetic variability available for adaptation. c. Adaptive radiations are stronger than adaptations. d. Well-adapted organisms will not be affected by mass extinction; these are the groups that will survive.

a. The rapid environmental changes that cause mass extinctions do not leave the organisms time to adapt.

Which of the following choices best explains why some introduced species experience an initial period of exponential growth when they first move from their native habitat into a new habitat? a. They do not yet have any natural predators in their new habitat. b. Most introduced species show better survival in new habitats than in their old ones. c. Because most native species display exponential growth, many introduced species will do so also. d. Native species always leave open habitat types that a new species can inhabit.

a. They do not yet have any natural predators in their new habitat.

What characteristic is NOT shared by all living organisms? a. They make their own energy. b. They grow and develop. c. They evolve through time. d. They are composed of one or more cells.

a. They make their own energy.

An allele is a. a version of a gene. b. a trait that can be affected by the external environment. c. always codominant to its counterpart in another chromosome. d. the result of a change in phenotype.

a. a version of a gene.

The term biotic includes a. all living organisms. b. all nonliving components of the biosphere. c. both living and nonliving components of the biosphere. d. only those living and nonliving factors that interact with each other.

a. all living organisms.

Speciation a. can result from geographic isolation. b. occurs in the absence of genetic divergence. c. occurs only in species living on remote islands. d. reduces variation.

a. can result from geographic isolation.

If two different alleles for the same trait have an equal effect on the phenotype, the alleles are a. codominant. b. recessive. c. epistatic. d. incompletely dominant

a. codominant

Other than the polar tundra, the LEAST productive terrestrial biomes tend to be a. deserts b.the temperate forests. c.the tropical forest. d.estuaries

a. deserts

Ecologists often define an ecosystem by describing how____and____ are acquired and distributed by the biotic community. a. energy; nutrients b. producers;consumers c.decomposers; consumers d.nutrients;producers

a. energy; nutrients

Two genes control fur color in Labrador retrievers. The first gene determines whether the pigment to be deposited in the hairs will be black or brown. The second gene determines whether the pigments are put into the dog's hairs at all. A dog homozygous for the recessive allele of this second gene will be yellow because no pigment is deposited in its hairs. This is an example of b. pleiotropy. c. codominance d. incomplete dominance.

a. epistasis. .

In ________ competition, species compete indirectly for a shared resource, each reducing the amount available to the other competitor. a. exploitative c. interference b. restrictive d. advantageous

a. exploitative

Living organisms maintain a constant internal environment by sensing and responding to their internal conditions. This stable maintenance of internal conditions is known as a. homeostasis. b. evolution. c.reproduction. d. sensation.

a. homeostasis

The possible combinations of alleles in gametes___ due to independent assortment and crossing over. a. increases b. decreases c. stays the same d. increases or decreases depending on the cell type

a. increases

A permanent change in the DNA base sequence due to an uncorrected mismatch error is called a(n) a. mutation. b. replication. c. repair protein. d. insertion.

a. mutation

The result of _____over evolutionary time spans is that alleles that allow organisms to survive and reproduce at a higher rate than other individuals become more common in the population. a. natural selection b. artificial selection c. homology d. gene flow

a. natural selection

Developing a scientific understanding of a natural phenomenon typically begins by a. observing a quantifiable natural phenomena. b. proving an answer. c. making a prediction. d. testing a hypothesis.

a. observing a quantifiable natural phenomena.

Once replication in a DNA molecule is complete, each new DNA molecule contains a. one old strand and one new strand. b. the paired old strands and the paired new strands. c. new DNA polymerase. d. a new sequence of nucleotides.

a. one old strand and one new strand.

During the process of , water diffuses across a semipermeable membrane from an area where water is more concentrated to an area where water is less concentrated (it moves along the water concentration gradient). a. osmosis b. simple diffusion c. facilitated diffusion d. pinocytosis

a. osmosis

Macromolecules are typically formed by repetitively adding small monomers together. Which macromolecule is properly matched with the appropriate monomer? a. polypeptide—amino acid b. nucleic acid—amino acid c. polysaccharide—nucleotide d. triglyceride—cholesterol

a. polypeptide—amino acid

s In the absence of ________, nutrients would not move from the abiotic to the biotic portion of the nutrient cycle within an ecosystem. a.primary producer b.herbivores c.carnivores d.omnivores

a. primary producers

During____ a newly created habitat is inhabited. a. primary succession c. disturbance colonization b. climax community formation d. keystone recovery

a. primary succession

Almost all life on Earth is directly or indirectly dependent on a.solar energy b.predation c.physical productivity d.human civilization

a. solar energy

Photosynthetic organisms capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical bonds by forming a. sugars. b. enzymes. c. work. d. substrates.

a. sugars.

The chemical and physical components of an ecosystem are considered to be ________ or nonliving. a.abiotic b.biota c.biotic d.abalone

a.abiotic

On chromosomes within an individual, there are___ alleles for a given gene found on____ chromosomes. a.two; homologous b.four; maternal c. four; paternal d. two; Y

a.two; homologous

Humans have ________ pairs of homologous chromosomes. a. 46 c. 22 b. 23 d. 44

b. 23

Which of the following statements accurately describes an ecological community? a. Communities have clearly fixed boundaries and are always defined on the same scale. b. Communities can be nested within a larger one. c. Communities are defined as groups of four or more species within a given area. d. Communities are groups of species that do not fluctuate over time

b. Communities can be nested within a larger one.

What statement best describes a parasitic relationship? a. Both the parasite and the host benefit. b. Only the parasite benefits; the host is harmed. c. Both the parasite and the host are harmed. d. Only the host benefits; the parasite is harmed.

b. Only the parasite benefits; the host is harmed.

Which of the following statements about communities is true? a. They usually have few species of organisms. b. There can be complex interactions between the organisms that make up a community. c. They are more abundant in temperate areas. d. They are made up of mammal species only.

b. There can be complex interactions between the organisms that make up a community.

Which of the following statements is true of chloroplasts? a. They produce proteins used by other parts of the cell. b. They capture energy from sunlight. c. They give an animal cell its shape. d. They contain an entire copy of a cell's genetic material.

b. They capture energy from sunlight.

Which of the following expresses Mendel's law of segregation? a. All dominant alleles of different genes divide into different cells from the recessive alleles. b. Two alleles of a gene separate during meiosis and end up in different gametes. c. When gametes form, the genes originally from one parent all end up in different gametes from the genes originally from the other parent. d. Gametes with recessive alleles will fuse only with each other

b. Two alleles of a gene separate during meiosis and end up in different gametes.

Climate change will affect a. animals but not plants. b. all organisms in the biosphere. c. natural organisms but not humans. d. weak organisms but not strong organisms.

b. all organisms in the biosphere.

By imposing the one-child policy, China's government is attempting to manipulate which of the following factors? a. death rate b. birth rate c. carrying capacity d. food supply

b. birth rate

Genetic variation is based on a. the inheritance of alleles accumulated during the lifetime of an individual. b. differences in genotypes between the individuals in a population. c. the accumulation of mutations in somatic cells (as opposed to gametes). d. the formation of new combinations of alleles during asexual reproduction.

b. differences in genotypes between the individuals in a population.

An increase in average temperatures worldwide is called a. climate change. b. global warming. c. the greenhouse effect. d. weather pattern shift.

b. global warming.

Gene regulation is the ability to a. cut out a certain region of DNA to save energy. b. increase or decrease protein synthesis from a given gene. c. change the sequence of a gene to produce a new protein. d. share genetic information between different organisms.

b. increase or decrease protein synthesis from a given gene.

A species of bat is removed from a community when it is hunted to extinction. Within two years scientists notice seeds from several plants are no longer germinating. The bat was a a. community defining species. b. keystone species. c. primary consumer. d. producer.

b. keystone species.

The relationship between house pets and people would be best described as a. parasitic b.mutualistic c. predatorial d.competitive

b. mutualistic

Evolutionary changes occur when____ acts upon populations containing individuals with genetic differences. a. continental drift b. natural selection c. weather d. mutation

b. natural selection

In a human cell, a. one enzyme usually catalyzes no more than five different chemical reactions. b. nearly all chemical reactions are catalyzed by enzymes. c. enzymes have to be constantly replaced as they are used up in the reactions that they catalyze. d. some enzymes are specialized to store activation energy.

b. nearly all chemical reactions are catalyzed by enzymes.

The term population density describes the a. body size of different species. b. number of individuals per unit area. c. number of populations per unit area. d. number of species per unit area.

b. number of individuals per unit area.

A is a chart that shows genetic relationships within a family over several generations. a. karyotype b. pedigree c. Punnett square d. single-gene disorder ma

b. pedigree

Which of these characteristics of living organisms are present in viruses? a. composed of one or more cells; obtain energy from their environment; reproduce using DNA (or RNA) b. reproduce using DNA (or RNA); sense their environment and respond to it; can evolve as groups c. maintain a constant internal environment; obtain energy from their environment; composed of one or more cells d. obtain energy from their environment; composed of one or more cells; maintain a constant internal environment

b. reproduce using DNA (or RNA); sense their environment and respond to it; can evolve as groups

The total number of different species living within a community is referred to as a. an ecological community. c. relative species abundance. b. species richness. d. keystone species.

b. species richness.

Evolution is a. not supported by scientific evidence. b. strongly supported by scientific evidence. c. not supported by the fossil record. d. too obscure to study.

b. strongly supported by scientific evidence.