bio20 ch 2

Drag the correct labels under the diagrams to identify the events of RNA processing. picture

1. a modified guanine nucleotide is added to the beginning of the RNA strand as a cap. 2. Segments of the RNA strand that do not actually code for the protein are removed. 3.segments of the RNA that do code for the protein are reconnected. 4. extra adenine nucleotide are added to the end of the RNA strand, forming a tail. 5. the completed messenger RNA (mRNA) leaves the nucleus.

Place the following steps of phagocytosis in the order that they occur: Endosome fuses with lysozome Dendritic cell engulfs Rhinovirus Epitopes are attached to MHC-II Digestion of the Rhinovirus MHC-II plus the attached epitope move to the outside of the dendritic cell

2,1,4,3,5

Correctly order the steps involved cellular immunity: The Tc recognizes the infected host cell The Tc interacts with epitope presented by MHC-I on the dendritic cell The Tc secretes perforin and granzyme, causing apoptosis The helper T cell activates the Tc cell

2,4,1,3

Approximately how many cells does an adult human have?

75 trillion

Which of the following events occurs during transcription?

A molecule of RNA is formed based on the sequence of nucleotides in DNA.

Which of the following is NOT a step that ultimately leads to antibody production?

Activation of cytotoxic T cells by helper T cells

Which of the following statements is true

Adaptive defenses include both humoral and cellular immunity.

Which of the following is NOT a component of the cell theory

All cells in the human body are capable of reproducing themselves.

Which of the following is NOT true about mitochondria?

All mitochondria have the same shape: long and tubular.

Which of the following are true statements concerning microtubules? Which of the following are true statements concerning microtubules? They are the primary components of the cytoskeleton. They form the spindle apparatus needed to move chromosomes during mitosis. They are used to change a cell's shape.

All of the listed responses are correct.

Which of the following is true of a broken bone? There is bleeding in the bone due to ruptured blood vessels. A bone break causes pain because nerve endings are stimulated. The area where the break occurred is thickened during the repair process to prevent future breaks at that point. All of the listed responses are true of bone breaks.

All of the listed responses are true of bone breaks.

Which of the following does NOT represent a connection between the skeletal system and another body system? Which of the following does NOT represent a connection between the skeletal system and another body system? Growth hormone is released before puberty to help the bones grow larger. The bones serve as a calcium reserve in case the digestive system does not receive enough calcium for the body. Osteocytes receive oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide through the vessels located in the central canals of the osteons. All of these represent connections between the skeletal system and other body systems.

All of these represent connections between the skeletal system and other body systems.

What is meant by the clonal expansion of a B cell?

An activated B cell divides into cells that give rise to memory B cells and plasma cells.

When DNA first condenses during prophase, each chromosome comprises two sister chromatids, which are attached to each other at the centromere. During which phase of mitosis do these sister chromatids separate? When DNA first condenses during prophase, each chromosome comprises two sister chromatids, which are attached to each other at the centromere. During which phase of mitosis do these sister chromatids separate?

Anaphase

During which phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids move apart?

Anaphase Yes! During anaphase, the centromeres split and the spindle microtubules pull the sister chromatids to opposite poles of the cell. The single chromatids are now considered chromosomes.

Which pair of molecules do NOT directly interact with one another?

BCR and TCR

Which of the following is true of both active transport and endocytosis? Which of the following is true of both active transport and endocytosis? Neither requires the input of energy. Both will produce membrane-bound structures called endosomes. Both move materials out of the cell from high concentration to low concentration.

Both can move materials against the concentration gradient, and both require energy.

Lydia, a 35-year-old computer programmer, claims that she has more trouble losing weight than most people because she has a lot of brown fat. Why is this a FALSE statement?

Brown fat is found in children and infants in large amounts but in significantly smaller amounts in adults.

Which of the following statements about cells is FALSE?

Cells join together to form organelles, which then form our organs and organ systems.

A person who has AIDS contracts rare and often life-threatening infections because their helper T cell count is so low. Which of the following components of the immune response still respond to antigen despite the low helper T cell count?

Clonal selection of B cells

What is the name of the process by which the cytoplasm divides in two?

Cytokinesis Yes! During cytokinesis, a ring of actin and myosin filaments contract to form a cleavage furrow and the cell divides in two.

What substance is contained in most body cells to direct their activities?

DNA

Which one of the following does not play a role in translation?

DNA

Which of the following contributes significantly to a higher rate of osteoporosis in women than in men?

Decreased sex hormone production in women results in higher rates of osteoporosis.

Vitiligo is thought to be an autoimmune disease that causes white patches in the skin, commonly near body folds. Which of the following is a good explanation of the symptoms?

Destruction of the melanocytes prevents the production of pigment in the affected area.

Passive Transport Movement of molecules DOWN the concentration gradient. It goes from high to low concentration, in order to maintain equilibrium in the cells. Does not require cellular energy.

Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis.

Many of the vesicles leaving the Golgi apparatus fuse with the plasma membrane, expanding the overall surface area of the cell. What process balances this expansion by reducing the cell's surface area?

Endocytosis

Active Transport Definition Active Transport uses ATP to pump molecules AGAINST/UP the concentration gradient. Transport occurs from a low concentration of solute to high concentration of solute. Requires cellular energy.

Endocytosis, cell membrane/sodium-potassium pump & exocytosis

The secretory function of the Golgi apparatus operates through which of the following processes?

Exocytosis

What is the role of helper T cells in the adaptive immune response?

Helper T cells activate B cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes to kill infected host cells.

Oil is released from sebaceous glands through the death and disintegration of the most superficial layer of cells. This process is known as ___________.

Holocrine secretion

Which of the following is not part of mitosis? Telophase Metaphase Interphase Prophase

Interphase

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the plasmalemma?

It allows all substances in the extracellular space to flow freely into the intracellular cytosol.

Which of the following is FALSE concerning the subcutaneous layer?

It contains large volumes of elastic cartilage.

Which of the following statements about Wharton's jelly is FALSE? It gives rise to various forms of connective tissue. It is in adult spinal cords. It is also called mucous connective tissue. It is found in a baby's umbilical cord during the embryonic phase.

It is in adult spinal cords.

Which of the following statements is true regarding glandular epithelium? Which of the following statements is true regarding glandular epithelium? It can be found inside skeletal muscle. It secretes red blood cells in the bone marrow.

Its secretions can be used to lubricate, and the glands can be multicellular.

Which of the following cells play a role in initiating immune responses to pathogens that invade the skin?

Langerhans cells

Which of the following is NOT true about organelles?

Membranous organelles are surrounded by a protein bilayer.

During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids line up at the center of the cell?

Metaphase Yes! Spindle microtubules from both poles of the cell attach to the sister chromatids and pull them in both directions. During metaphase, the sister chromatids are forced to the center of the cell.

Why would you suspect that neural injuries are more serious than skin injuries?

Most neural cells cannot divide and replace cells that have been lost.

Which of the following statements about lysosomes is FALSE? a. The endocytic vesicle fuses with a lysosome, which results in the digestion of its contents. b. Lysosomes are vesicles filled with digestive enzymes. c. The Golgi apparatus packages materials for the lysosomes. d. None of the listed responses is correct.

None of the listed responses is correct.

How are osmosis and diffusion different from each other?

Osmosis deals with the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane, and diffusion deals with the movement of solutes from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.

______________ produce the osteoid that makes up the organic portion of bone matrix. When they become trapped within gaps in this matrix, they are known as osteocytes.

Osteoblasts

Once the first blood vessels grow into the shaft of the cartilage in a developing long bone, which of the following occurs first?

Osteoblasts migrate into the heart of the cartilage with the capillaries and begin to create bone.

How do the functions of the osteoclasts and osteoblasts differ?

Osteoclasts dissolve bone matrix, whereas osteoblasts deposit bone matrix into the bones.

During which phase of mitosis do the nuclear envelope and nucleoli disappear?

Prophase Yes! Prophase is the first phase of mitosis. During this phase, the sister chromatids condense, the nuclear envelope and nucleoli disappear, and the spindle apparatus forms

Which of the following is NOT a step used by cytotoxic T cells to kill infected host cells?

Recognition of infected host cell using its CD4 glycoprotein

Mrs. Krantz is 86 years old. She cut her hand while slicing a tomato, and it has been slow to heal. Which of the following reasons would explain why the healing process is slow for her?

She has a reduced blood supply because of her age

During which phase of mitosis do nuclear envelopes and the nucleoli reappear?

Telophase Yes! Telophase begins when the chromosomes stop moving. Nuclear envelopes form, and nucleoli reappear. Ultimately, the cell divides in two by a process known as cytokinesis.

In a gross anatomy class, students are examining two cadavers. One is from a 35-year-old man who practiced bodybuilding before suffering a fatal heart attack. The other is from a 75-year-old woman who had severe osteoporosis. Which of the following statements comparing their skeletons is FALSE?

The bones of the female contain a greater amount of calcium than the bones of the male.

A cell is formed that has very few ribosomes. What would be a consequence of such a mutation?

The cell would have a reduced capacity for protein production.

What would be the consequence if a cell had NO centrioles?

The cell would not be able to move its chromosomes during cell division.

The connective tissue framework for the body accomplishes which of the following functions?

The connective tissue framework accomplishes all of the listed functions. It gives the body more stability.It keeps organs relatively stable in their positions. It provides a route for blood vessels and nerves.

Which of the following changes is NOT a normal part of aging? Which of the following changes is NOT a normal part of aging? Cardiac and neural tissues are lost. Bones in the body become brittle.

The connective tissues of the body become thicker and sturdier.

The nucleus is the control center for the cell's operations. What is a characteristic of the nucleus?

The nucleus contains all of the information needed to control the synthesis of approximately 100,000 different proteins in the human body.

Which of the following descriptions is accurate for serous membranes?

They line the subdivisions of the ventral body cavity

Madelynn has a sinus headache. The term sinus is actually an anatomical term referring to which kind of bone marking?

a chamber within a bone that is normally filled with air

When a bone is broken, a blood clot develops. The name for this clot is __________.

a fracture hematoma

The covering of the heart contains a glandular epithelium that produces a watery secretion to reduce friction around the heart. What kind of gland is this?

a serous gland

A cell is NOT defined as __________.

a unit that is aware of the functions of all other cells in the body

The centromere divides and allows the two daughter chromosomes to move to opposite ends of the cell during which phase of mitosis?

anaphase

The secretions of the mammary glands are released by breakdown of the superficial portion of the epithelial cells. What type of secretion is this?

apocrine secretion

Which of the following is NOT a reasonable function for adipose (fat) tissue?

being able to contract to produce movement

Peroxisomes __________. Peroxisomes __________. can be used to protect against disease by digesting pathogenic bacteria, etc. contain digestive enzymes for digesting cellular foodstuffs

break down fatty acids and form hydrogen peroxide as a toxic by-product

Which of the following terms is used to identify the wrist?

carpus

Arrange these terms in order from smallest to largest.

cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organismal level

When a double helix of DNA is replicated, two complete helices are formed. Together, these helices are called sister __________.

chromatids Yes! Each new daughter cell receives one of the sister chromatids. After the chromatids separate, each is considered a new chromosome. At the end of cell division, each new cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes.

The Golgi apparatus comprises a number of flattened discs called cisternae that progress from the _____ face to the ______ face.

cis; trans

The strongest and most abundant protein fibers in connective tissue proper are _____ fibers.

collagen

Aunt Grace is 77 years old and suffers from osteoporosis. She used to be 5 feet, 8 inches tall, but now she is only 5 feet, 3 inches tall. Which kind of fracture would you find in her vertebral column?

compression fracture

Bone, blood, and cartilage tissue are grouped into which of the following tissue types?

connective tissue

Connective tissue is different than epithelial tissue because connective tissue _____.

contains cells surrounded by an extracellular matrix

Before mitosis is complete, the parent cell begins to physically split through the formation of a cleavage furrow. This process, which ultimately results in the creation of two new daughter cells, is known as ______________.

cytokinesis

The dermis of the skin needs to have a number of features, including flexibility, elastic recoil, blood flow, and sensation. Fibers in this area run in different directions so that stress can be handled in many directions. What kind of tissue best fits this description?

dense irregular connective tissue

If you were in a gross anatomy class and were dissecting a human cadaver, what structure would you have to cut through in order to move from the inferior of the thoracic cavity to the superior abdominal cavity? stomach

diaphragm

The shaft of a long bone is known as the __________. The shaft of a long bone is known as the __________. epiphysis

diaphysis

Which of the following is NOT a major function of the Golgi apparatus?

digestion of foreign bodies, such as bacteria

A patient is brought into the ER with an aneurysm in the brain. At which body cavity/subdivision will the doctors look?

dorsal and cranial

After the inner cell mass of the embryo takes on an epithelial configuration, continued development allows for the central nervous system to arise from the __________ germ layer. After the inner cell mass of the embryo takes on an epithelial configuration, continued development allows for the central nervous system to arise from the __________ germ layer. endodermal ectodermal

ectodermal

Lucia has type 1 diabetes, which means she doesn't produce enough insulin and cannot regulate her own blood sugar. The regulation of blood sugar is one of the major functions of which system? Lucia has type 1 diabetes, which means she doesn't produce enough insulin and cannot regulate her own blood sugar. The regulation of blood sugar is one of the major functions of which system? reproductive system lymphatic system digestive system

endocrine system

Fixed macrophages _____.

engulf pathogens and damaged cells

You go to a salon to get a manicure. When the manicurist works on your cuticles, what part of your nail anatomy is being worked on?

eponychium

In eccrine secretion, gland cells release their products through _____.

exocytosis

Which bone has a trochanter?

femur

In connective tissues, which of the following produce collagen, reticular, and elastic fibers? In connective tissues, which of the following produce collagen, reticular, and elastic fibers?

fibroblasts

Which of the following cells replace the collagen that is damaged in a skin injury?

fibroblasts

Which of the following terms refers to a rounded passageway for blood vessels or nerves?

foramen

Edna is an 85-year-old woman with severe arthritis. She cannot reach her toes and must have her toenails cut by a visiting nurse. Which part of the nail does the nurse trim?

free edge

During the uterine cycle, the cilia of the uterine tubes become more numerous, and their beating becomes synchronized prior to ovulation. Which of the intercellular junctions would you expect to be increased within the tissue?

gap junctions

The clear, colorless fluid that surrounds cells and protein fibers in connective tissues is called _____.

ground substance

While taking an anatomy practical, Joey looks at an x-ray film of the hand and sees epiphyseal lines. He can correctly say that the x-ray film is from an individual who __________. While taking an anatomy practical, Joey looks at an x-ray film of the hand and sees epiphyseal lines. He can correctly say that the x-ray film is from an individual who __________.

had metacarpals and phalanges that weren't going to grow any longer

A foramen is a _____.

hole or opening

In endochondral ossification, a hyaline cartilage model is converted into bone tissue by the activity of osteoblasts. Which of the following bones is formed in this manner?

humerus

When a baby's bones are forming in the womb, long bones such as the femur of the leg start out as what kind of tissue?

hyaline cartilage

Which of the following is NOT a major function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

hydrolysis Hydrolysis is the catabolism of substances through the addition of water; this is not a function of the endoplasmic reticulum.

Tony falls from the swing and cuts the skin on his calf. The wound edges pull apart and even with an adhesive bandage don't seem to be held together well. Which of the following is the best explanation for the gapping of the wound? Tony falls from the swing and cuts the skin on his calf. The wound edges pull apart and even with an adhesive bandage don't seem to be held together well. Which of the following is the best explanation for the gapping of the wound? The smooth muscle within the papillary layer of the dermis is contracting in response to the injury, causing the gapping. During the injury, the skin was overstretched, causing the collagen fibers to rupture, and they are no longer able to function to close the wound. The cut of the wound is nearly parallel to the tension lines of the skin, allowing the skin to gape because no collagen fibers are crisscrossing the wound. The cut of the wound is at or near a right angle to the skins tension lines, and the recoil of the elastic tissue is pulling the injury open.

idk

Which body system contains the primary site for red blood cell production and also is able to store lipids? Which body system contains the primary site for red blood cell production and also is able to store lipids? reproductive lymphatic integumentary system skeletal system

idk

Where in a typical eukaryotic cell would you expect to find genes?

in the DNA within the cell's nucleus

What body system is Jamal studying that protects us from environmental hazards, regulates our body temperature, and provides us with an abundance of information about our surroundings?

integumentary system

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA duplication, or replication, take place?

interphase Yes! DNA replicates during interphase. This process provides each new daughter cell with a full complement of genetic material.

The cuticle of a hair __________.

is made of a single layer of dead cells

Jeremy has noticed that because of his busy schedule, he has been eating later in the evening and not getting to the gym, and his pants no longer fit as loosely. Where is it likely that the extra weight has been stored?

it is likely in the hypodermis or subcutaneous layer just superficial to the muscles.

In which of the following locations are you UNLIKELY to find a serous membrane?

lining the nasal passages

Which of the following systems contains the spleen and is used to protect the body from pathogens? Which of the following systems contains the spleen and is used to protect the body from pathogens?

lymphatic system

Which of the following acts as the digestive system of the cell, breaking down materials?

lysosome Lysosomes use their enzymes to break down material, much as our digestive system breaks down the foods we consume. The root "lyse" means to loosen or separate, which is what the enzymes in lysosomes do to the chemical bonds in the items they digest.

Which of the following does not occur during RNA processing?

mRNA attaches to the small subunit of a ribosome.

Which of the following is a correct statement about mRNA?

mRNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm following RNA processing.

Which of the following descriptions matches the term homeostasis?

maintaining a stable internal environment suitable for survival

Hank is a 25-year-old man and is noticing that the terminal hairs on his head are being replaced by vellus hairs. What event is taking place? Hank is a 25-year-old man and is noticing that the terminal hairs on his head are being replaced by vellus hairs. What event is taking place? development of a furuncle albinism

male-pattern baldness

Which of the following is an example of an irregular bone?

maxilla bone of the face

The student who caught the cold caused by this specific Rhinovirus was exposed to the exact same Rhinovirus 18 months later. What component of the immune system will protect her from getting the same cold again?

memory B cell

By day 14 after conception, the human body is forming, and three basic layers of cells are present: the ectoderm (outer layer), the mesoderm (middle layer), and the endoderm (inner layer). Which layer do you think gives rise to the skeletal muscles?

mesoderm (middle layer)

The cells of the small intestine must absorb the majority of nutrients that we get from our food. Which of the following structures is used to facilitate this function?

microvilli

In metabolically active cells, like muscle, which of the following organelles would be increased in number? In metabolically active cells, like muscle, which of the

mitochondria

While playing football, Yohan sustains an injury to the back of his head. After this, he has trouble seeing. Which system would you expect has been damaged? While playing football, Yohan sustains an injury to the back of his head. After this, he has trouble seeing. Which system would you expect has been damaged? skeletal system

nervous system

What kind of tissue would be best relied upon to send an electrical message to the brain signaling pain in the foot?

nervous tissue

Which of the following structures begin to dissolve in prophase but then reform during telophase?

nuclear membrane

The formation of dermal bones begins when aggregated mesenchymal cells differentiate and begin producing osteoid. These aggregations where bone formation gets started are known as _____________.

ossification centers

What is the name given to the disease that makes bones weaker and appear more porous?

osteoporosis

Which of the following bones is formed by intramembranous ossification?

parietal bones

Which of the following bones would you classify as a sesamoid (seed-shaped) bone?

patella (kneecap)

White blood cells need to protect the body from pathogenic organisms, such as bacteria. The process by which a white blood cell engulfs a whole bacterial cell is called __________.

phagocytosis

Which of the following would have occurred if a cell had consumed a large volume of extracellular fluid?

pinocytosis

If Robin contracts a bacterial infection, which of the following cells would you expect to find in high numbers? Hint: These cells also produce antibodies that bind to the invasive bacteria.

plasmocytes

Which of the following is NOT a vital component of bone matrix?

potassium

Which of the following is NOT a function of bone tissue?

production of hormones

Which of the following is NOT one of the three major components of a typical eukaryotic cell?

ribosome

The site of translation is

ribosomes in the cell cytoplasm

In which of the following abdominopelvic quadrants is the liver found?

right upper and left upper quadrants

Before a newly synthesized protein reaches the Golgi apparatus, it may be modified at the __________.

rough endoplasmic reticulum

When cells go through mitosis, there must be enough DNA for each daughter cell to receive a complete set of genetic information. During what part of a cell's life cycle is this extra genetic material made?

s phase

Which of the following is found within each epiphysis?

secondary ossification center

Individual muscle cells are called muscle fibers. Which of the following has the greatest fiber length?

skeletal muscle

Which of the following would lead to epiphyseal closure?

slower cartilage formation and faster osteoblast activity

Intramembranous ossification initially produces spongy bone tissue, which is composed of struts known as __________________. Channels between these struts allow the passage of blood vessels. Hints

spicules

A sharp or pointed process is a

spine

Which of the following is NOT found in the ventral thoracic cavity?

stomach

Which of the following would NOT be found in a sample of thin skin?

stratum lucidum

If you were to receive an injection with a hypodermic needle, which layer of the integumentary system would the needle reach? If you were to receive an injection with a hypodermic needle, which layer of the integumentary system would the needle reach?

subcutaneous

If you take a course that studies only the digestive system, then what form of anatomy are you investigating?]

systemic anatomy

Not considering the use of manufactured dyes for hair, what is the determining factor for hair color?

the density of melanin in the hair cortex

Osteogenesis refers to __________.

the development of osteocytes from osteoblasts during the production of bone matrix

Intercellular connections would allow all EXCEPT which of the following to occur between cells?

the free movement of toxins into deep cell layers

If the respiratory system contains a mucous membrane for mucus production, and the skin contains a cutaneous membrane, then where could you find a serous membrane?

the peritoneal lining of the abdomen

John is looking at a skin sample in the microscope. He observes oil glands, blood vessels, hairs, and smooth muscles. Which part of the skin is he looking at?

the reticular layer of the dermis

Michael is an African American, Carlos is a Hispanic American, and Rick is a European American. Which of the following is a permanent-determining factor in their respective skin pigmentations?

the size of the melanosomes produced

Cytology is the term given to describe __________.

the study of cells

Which of the following is NOT a generalized function of every cell?

to be used to produce living offspring (a human baby)

When empty, the bladder is much smaller than when it is full. Since the bladder must be able to stretch and expand as it fills, it makes sense that its inner lining is made of __________ epithelium.

transitional

Which of the following is correctly matched?

trochlea: a grooved process that is shaped like a pulley