BIO322 Exam #1
The plateau phase of the cardiac muscle action potential is shown by the letter ___ and results from... B, increased membrane permeability to calcium ions (Ca channels open). A, an increased membrane permeability to sodium ions (Na channels open). C, increased membrane permeability to potassium ions (K channels open) C^2, increased membrane permeability to chloride ions (Cl channels open).
B
A patient comes to the emergency room with numbness on 1 side of her face, has trouble speaking, and 1 eyelid is drooping. She is about 60 years old. She is immediately treated for stroke and given thrombolytic therapy. This therapy attempts to dissolve blood clots, and prevent more clotting. What do you predict will be done to her blood? a. Thrombolytic therapy will reduce plasma vitamin K and Ca2+ which will reduce or stop blood clotting. b. The intrinsic pathway will be inhibited using TPA, tissue plasminogen activator. c. The extrinsic pathway will be inhibited by blocking conversion of fibrin to fibrinogen. d. The parasympathetic nervous system will be inhibited to reduce stress.
a
Calculate the osmotic concentration of a solution containing 135 mM NaCl, 5 mM, KCI, 2 mM CaCI2, and 5.5 mM glucose. a. 291.5 mOsm/L b. 286 Osm/L c. 295 mOsm/L d. iso-osmotic: between 280 and 300 mOsm/L
a
Comparing plasma to interstitial fluid: a. The concentration of dissolved proteins in plasma is m.7%, significantly higher than interstitial fluid. b. The concentration of dissolved protein is higher in interstitial fluid compared to plasma because proteins accumulate in the interstitial space. c. Na+ concentration is about 140 mM in plasma and it's about 10 mM in interstitial fluid. d. K+ is higher in plasma, about 140 mM, compared to interstitial fluid. about 10 mM.
a
Damage to the aortic semilunar valve on the left side of the heart a. Will interfere with blood flow to the aorta. b. Will interfere with blood flow to the pulmonary artery. c. Will interfere with blood flow to the right ventricle. d. Will interfere with blood flow into the right atria.
a
During a cardiac action potential.. a. Na+ flows into the cell resulting in membrane depolarization b. K+ flows into the cell resulting in membrane depolarization c. Ca2+ flows into the cell resulting in membrane hyperpolarization d. Na+ flows into the cell, resulting in membrane hyperpolarization
a
During the cardiac cycle when the ventricles are filling a. during ventricular diastole. b. during ventricular systole c. during diastole, when the entire heart is at rest. d. during the cardiac plateau.
a
How does the parasympathetic nervous system slow heart rate? a. It hyperpolarizes the pacemaker cell membrane potential, making it harder to reach threshold. b. It depolarizes the pacemaker cell membrane potential, making it easier to reach threshold. c. It hyperpolarizes the cell membrane by opening Ca2_ channels. This increases the plateau period and slows heart rate. d. It hyperpolarizes the cell membrane by opening Na+ channels, creating more inward Na+ current which will make the cell interior more negative.
a
How is blood type determined? a. Antisera is a solution that contains antibodies. Anti-B antisera will bind B antigens on red blood cells and clumpir/m will indicate a positive reaction, and identify Type B blood. b. Antisera is a solution that contains antigens. For example, Anti-A antisera contains A antigens and if the blood sample reacts with it the sample is Type A c. Antigens are used to detect the antibodies in a blood sample. Anti-A antigens can detect A antibodies. d. If a blood sample contains anti A and anti B antibodies it must be type O. the most common.
a
The figure shows a cardiac action potential. If plasma Na+ is 125 mM which part will be affected? a. Depolarization occurs at A. It starts when Na+ channels open, and Na+ enters the cell. Less Na+ enters if the plasma Na+ concentration is decreased. b. All of it c. Hyperpolarization occurs at B. This happens when Na+ channels open and Na+ enters the cell. More Na+ enters at this 125 mM compared to normal. d. Repolarization occurs at C. Reducing extracellular Na+ causes depolarization here due to less + charge leaving the cell.
a
This WBC is the most abundant leukocyte. It is sometimes called a polymorph due the shape of the nucleus. It is phagocytic, granular, and releases cytotoxic enzymes to help destroy pathogens. a. Neutrophil b. Basophil c. Lymphocyte d. Eosinophil
a
This image was taken from the textbook. Does it show Left AV Valve (closed) systole or diastole? A. Ventricular systole. B. Ventricular diastole C. Atrial systole D. There is just no way to know.
a
What describes the plateau phase of the action potential accurately? a. The plateau phase is labeled B and it occurs when slow voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open, Ca2+ rushes in, and contributes to contraction. b. The plateau phase is labeled by A and B. This is where Na+ channels open on depolarization, triggering an all-or-none action potential which then opens Ca2+ channels. c. Repolarization phase is labeled C and it occurs when Ca2+ channels close and K+ channels open. d. The plateau phased is labeled A. This is when all of the Na+ channels close, and all of the K+ channels remain closed, and all of the Ca2+ channels snap open.
a
What disease is characterized by a decreased ability to transport oxygen by the blood? a. anemia b. polycythemia c. leukocytosis d. leukemia
a
What is leukocytosis? a. It is a white blood cell count above normal that usually results from infection. b. It is a high red blood cell count that results from leukemia. c. It is commonly associated with decreased neutrophil counts. d. These are ALL true.
a
What is the disease that involves either overproduction of red blood cells, or a decrease in plasma volume? a. polycythemia b. leukemia c. leukocytosis d. thrombocytosis
a
What is true about a person with a A+ blood type? a. She has Rh antigens on her red blood cells b. She is a universal donor. c. She has type-B antigens on her cells. d. She has anti-Rh antibodies in her plasma.
a
What is true about hemoglobin? a. It is in red blood cells and is an intracellular protein. b. It is in plasma and it is an extracellular protein. It is made of a single polypeptide unit that contains a single Heme molecule that binds oxygen. It is essential for oxygen transport and contributes to the hematocrit., The hematocrit is the % of blood that is hemoglobin.
a
What value is correct for cation concentration in red blood cells? a. K+ = 139 mM b. Protein = 7% c. Ca2+ = 4 mM d. C1- = 80 mM
a
Why doesn't blood clot in healthy people? a. Endothelial cells are 'slippery' and prevent clotting because they cover basal lamina. If the basal lamina was exposed that would trigger platelet adhesion and blood clotting. b. The liver constantly releases heparin. c. Vitamin K and Calcium levels are too low in the blood. d. Positive feedback loops prevent it.
a
Consider blood flow in the heart. Beginning in the right atria, blood flows through the... a. Right AV valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary circuit, left atria, left AV valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta and the systemic circuit. b. Right AV valve, right ventricle, aortic valve, pulmonary circuit, left atria, left AV valve left ventricle, atrial valve, aorta and the systemic circuit. c. Right AV valve, right ventricle, systemic circuit, left atrium, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta and the pulmonary circuit. d. Bicuspid valve, right ventricle, ascending vena cava, systemic circuit, descending vena cava, left atria, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta and the pulmonary circuit.
a.
a. # 1 points to the pulmonary semilunar valve. #2 points to the aortic semilunar valve. b. # 1 points to the aortic semilunar valve. #2 points to the pulmonary semilunar valve. c. # 1 points to the tricuspid valve. #2 points to the bicuspid valve. d. #1 points to the mitral valve. #2 points to the bicuspid valve right AV valve.
a.
A hypertonic intravenous solution is given to patients who have hyponatremia. What is true? a. The hypertonic IV will cause red blood cells to swell. The patient has a low plasma Na+ concentration. b. The hypertonic IV will cause red blood cells to shrink. The patient has a low plasma Na+ concentration. c. The hypertonic IV will cause red blood cells to shrink. The patient has a elevated plasma Na+ concentration. d. The hypertonic IV will help to decrease plasma Na+ concentration and return it to normal, around 140 mM Nat.
b
Damage to the semilunar valve on the left side of the heart would affect blood flow to which vessel? a. pulmonary vein b. aorta c. pulmonary artery d. superior vena cava
b
Do plasma proteins contribute to the osmolarity of blood? a. No, formed elements contribute the most to blood osmolarity and a normal hematocrit is about 48. b. Yes, plasma proteins are an important contributor to plasma osmolarity. c. No, only solutes like Na+, K+, CI-, and glucose contribute to osmolarity. d. Yes, 7g/dI of plasma protein creates 75 mOsm/L of osmotic driving force.
b
How do you determine what type of blood you can receive in a transfusion? a. Use Google. Or Quizlet. Or ChatGPT. b. It depends on the antibodies that are in your plasma. Once you know what antibodies you have, then you choose a blood Ixpe doesn't interact with those c. Always select the universal donor blood to be safe. d. Always select the universal receiver blood to be safe. e. It depends on the antigens on your red blood cells. These antigens can react with donated blood resulting in a cross-reaction and agglutination (clumping).
b
If you had atherosclerosis on your renal arteries what is likely to happen to your hematocrit? a. It would decrease dramatically because urine production will increase. b. It will decrease because the decreased blood flow may cause hypoxia and the kidney responds with erythropoietin secretion, which increases erythropoiesis. c. It will increase because decreased blood flow to the kidney decreasing oxygen delivery, to the kidney. The kidney responds with erythropoietin secretion, which increases erythropoiesis and eventually restores oxygen delivery to the kidney. d. It would increase dramatically because urine production will drop.
b
Layers of the heart wall are the endocardium, myocardium, visceral pericardium, and parietal pericardium. Which description is correct? a. The visceral pericardium covers the inside of the ventricles and has a slippery layer of endothelial cells. b. The myocardium includes the cardiac muscle tissue. blood vessels, and nerves. c. The visceral and parietal pericardium are also called the epicardium since they cover the surface of the heart. d. The endocardium and the pericardium are separated by pericardial fluid, a slippery K+ and Na+ rich extracellular fluid.
b
Red blood cells are described as having a bi-concave disc shape. Why is this important for function? a. The shape allows the cell to increase it's volume very easily when it is in hypotonic plasma. b. The shape gives red blood cells a large surface area to volume ratio. This allows oxygen to move from the red blood cell to the surrounding plasma very easily. c. The shape helps contain hemoglobin inside of the red blood cell, and to not become a plasma protein. d. The shape is cute! Plus it is easily identified by medical technologists under a microscope when determining hematocrit.
b
Synthesis of plasma proteins occurs a. In the kidney, and decreased liver function may increase bleeding time because fibrinogen is lacking. b. In the liver, and during starvation albumins cannot be produced in sufficient quantity that sometimes results in edema, specifically swelling of the abdomen. c. In the pancreas. Decreased liver function may result in bruising because blood clotting is impaired. d. In the kidney, except for antibodies, which are produced in plasma cells derived from lymphocytes.
b
The left atrium collects blood from the __________ and empties into the left ventricle. a. None of these choices is correct. b. pulmonary circuit c. portal circuit d. systemic circuit
b
The systemic circuit is this: a. left ventricle > mitral valve> aorta > systemic capillaries > vena cava > pulmonary valve > right atrium b. left ventricle > aorta > systemic capillaries > vena cava > right atrium c. left ventricle > aorta > systemic capillaries > vena cava > right ventricle d. right ventricle > pulmonary trunk > pulmonary arteries > capillaries > pulmonary veins > right atrium
b
The systemic circulation a. Is an open circulation, meaning the blood flows from areas of higher pressure like the heart to areas of lower pressure line the capillaries. b. has oxygenated blood in arteries and deoxygenated bloods in veins. c. brings blood from the cardiac ventricles to the entire body and visceral organs. d. has oxygenated blood in veins and deoxygenated bloods in arteries.
b
What heart valve problem is associated with increased afterload? This may also be associated with cardiac hypertrophy and can usually be heard using a stethoscope during ventricular systole. A. Aortic stenosis, a disease that allows backflow from the left ventricle to the left atrium. B. Aortic stenosis, or a narrowing of the valve that allows blood to flow from the left ventricle to the aorta. Therefore more effort, or pressure, must be developed by the left ventricle. O C. Mitral valve prolapse, a leaky AV valve. D. This is a connective tissue disease called Marfanà s syndrome. It increases the probability for hypertension because connective tissues are weakened
b
What is different about conducting cells and contractile cells? a. Conducting cells transmit electrical information and do not contract. Contractile cells are muscle cells that generate force when intracellular K+ rises. b. Conducting cells can be pacemaker cells and they can also rapidly transmit electrical signals around the heart. Contractile cells generate force. c. Conducting cells are stimulated by epinephrine, contractile cells are not. d. Conducting cells have higher intracellular Ca2+ during action potentials to enable powerful contractions.
b
What is the extracellular concentration of K+. Nat, and Ca2+? a. 140 mM, 4.5 mM, 2.5 mM b. 5 mM. 140 mM. 3 mM c. 8 mM, 150 mM, 2 uM d. 140 mM, 10 mM. 0.1 uM
b
What is the osmotic concentration of a solution containing 100 mM NaCl and 100 mM glucose? Is it iso-, hypo-, or hyper- osmolar? a. 200 mOsm/L, hypo-osmolar b. 300 mOsm/L, iso-osmolar c. 300 Osm/L, hyper-osmolar d. 200 Osm/L, hyper-osmolar
b
What is true about hemoglobin? a. It binds 02 with strong covalent bonds and transports it throughout body, enzymatically releasing it where necessary. b. It contains 4 heme molecules, a non-protein iron-containing pigment oxygen. c. It is produced by the liver and transports iron, which is necessary for oxygen binding. d. It is stimulated by erythropoietin.
b
Why is K+ important for cardiac myocyte function? a. It is an electrolyte and helps to carry electrical currents. b. During a cardiac action potential it is required for repolarization. c. During a cardiac action potential it is important for depolarization. d. During a cardiac action potential it is important for the plateau phase. e. It is a major extracellular cation and contributes to osmolarity more than other cations.
b
Consider electrical impulse conduction through the heart. What is correct? a. The impulse is generated in conducting cells via depolarizing K+ channels, starting in the SA node. b. A spontaneous impulse is generated by the SA node which first travels to atrial muscle cells causing contraction, and then the impulse is transmitted to the AV node. c. The impulse travels from the SA node to the AV node, there is a 100 msec delay, and the impulse then travels along the interventricular septum, bundle branches, and to the Purkinje fibers at the apex of the heart. d. Impulse conduction takes approximately 800 msec when the heart is beating at 100 beats per minute
c
Do chordae tendenae close heart valves? a. Yes. These fibrous ligaments are connect to AV valves and semilunar valves. b. Yes, contraction of papillary muscles starts ventricular contraction and pulls the valves shut. c. No, the fibrous tendons prevent evergion of the AV valves. d. Yes. Chordae tendenae pull the valves open AND pull them shut at the right times.
c
If Joe's blood volume is 5 L, and his hematocrit is 30%, what is his plasma volume? a. 5L b. 1.5L c. 3.5L d. 1.5%
c
If you have type AB blood what antibodies are you likely to find in your plasma? a. anti-B b. anti-A and anti-B c. None! d. anti-A
c
Reticulocytes... a. are a type of 'blast' cell that divides, vielding one daughter cell and one progenitor cell. b Never become functional red blood cells. They are found in the circulating blood and account for roughly 10% of all red blood cells. c. are immature red blood cells, and most are found in the bone marrow. d. Are immature red blood cells that still contain a nucleus.
c
The pulmonary arteries a. carry oxygenated blood to the left atrium. b. carry deoxygenated blood to the right atrium. c. carry deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs. d. carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs.
c
This question is about the ECG. Select the best answer. a. The ECG tells us about the total time spent in systole, and also about preload, afterload, and end diastolic volume. b. The ECG is useful for diagnosing arteriosclerosis, i.e. the thickening of arterial walls that occurs due to ageing. c. The ECG measures electrical activity at the skin surface and is useful for measuring the overall timing of electrical events in the heart. d. The ECG measures electrical activity at the skin surface and is useful for measuring cardiac contractility which is a measure of cardiac performance.
c
What do colony stimulating factors (CSF) do and when might they be used to treat disease? a. CSF stimulates production of lymphocytes and might be used to stimulate the immune system after a viral infection. b. CSF can stimulate production of basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocvtes. It could be used for leukemia treatment. c. CSF can stimulate production of all formed elements except lymphocytes. They could be used to stimulate production after any treatment that lowers blood counts, for example, cancer treatments. d. CSF stimulates erythrocyte production by binding to reticulocytes. CSF is more potent compared to erythropoietin.
c
What is an electrocardiogram? a. It describes the cardiac cycle, from 1 atrial contraction to the next. b. It measures cardiac action potentials from the skin surface. c. It is electrical activity measured at the skin surface resulting from electrical activity in cardiac myocytes. d. It is the resting membrane potential in cardiac myocytes, which are conducting cells.
c
What is depolarization during a cardiac action potential? a. It is a decrease in membrane potential. b. It is an increase in membrane potential c. It is a rapid change in the membrane potential with it becoming more positive, for instance moving from -90 mV to +30 mV during a cardiac action potential. d. It is a decrease in the membrane potential with it returning to rest, for instance moving from +30 mV to -90 mV during a cardiac action potential.
c
What is erythropoiesis? a. Blood clotting. b. The breakdown of red blood cells inside of the body, in the bloodstream. c. The production of red blood cell in myeloid tissue. Myeloid tissue is also called bone marrow. d. The process of keeping blood flowing so that it does not clot. e. The production of blood cells in the spleen in adults.
c
What is the concentration of KCI if you dissolve 50 grams in 1 L of water? The MW of KCL is 74 g/mol. a. 5 g/L b. 1.35 M c. 0.67 M d. 67 mM
c
What is the role of the liver in blood clotting? a. The liver detoxifies the blood constantly. b. The liver synthesizes plasma proteins that are important for plasma osmolarity. c. The liver synthesizes the inactive clotting protein fibrinogen. d. The liver synthesizes platelets, cell fragments that are essential for blood clotting.
c
When the AV valves are open, and the semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic) are closed a. the ventricles are in systole and the blood flows from the atria to the ventricles. b. the atria are in systole and blood flows from the ventricles to the atria. c. the ventricles are in diastole and blood flows from the atria to the ventricles. d. Blood is flowing backwards, from ventricles to atria.
c
Where will you find the 7g/al protein that is in blood? a. In interstitial fluid. b. In extracellular fluid, c. In plasma. d. In the liver.
c
Why does the hematocrit drop if a person drinks 2 or 3 gallons of water? a. Sweat is mainly water. When the water content of blood decreases the hematocrit is increased. b. The hematocrit is the % of formed elements in a sample of blood. c. Absorbing so much water will increase the amount of formed elements and decrease the hematocrit. d. A decrease in plasma electrolyte concentration results in a decreased hematocrit. e. Absorbing so much water to the body will add water to the blood. Since the total amount of formed elements is not changed the % of blood volume by formed elements decreases.
c
Pericarditis is... a. Inflammation of the membrane surrounding the heart, resulting in increased K+ concentration in the interstitial fluid and interfering with muscle action potentials. b. Swelling of the inner lining of the pericardium, resulting in interstitial fluid entering heart chambers. c. Inflammation of the membranes surrounding the heart resulting in fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac. This interferes with filling of the ventricles and therefore the heart will pump less blood. d. Inflammation and swelling of the membranes surrounding the heart, This can be observed when you look at the patient's chest which will be slightly swollen, warm, and red.
c.
Why can't a person with Type B blood safely receive blood from a person with Type A blood? a. Type A blood contains antibodies, which will cause recipient's blood cells to hemolyze. b. Type B blood contains antigens against Type A antibodies. c. Type B blood contains antibodies against Type A antigens. d. Someone can ONLY receive a blood type that is identical to their own.
c.
A diabetic patient has a blood glucose concentration of 378 mg/dI after eating a slice of birthday cake. What do you know about their plasma osmolarity? a. The plasma osmolarity will be hypo-osmolar but it is impossible to estimate since we do not know the plasma glucose concentration in mM. b. It's probably normal, or on the high side of normal, around 100 mg/dI. c. It's definitely high because glucose is an osmotic particle. I would estimate plasma osmolarity to be around 678 mOsm/L. d. It's definitely high because glucose is an osmotic particle. I would estimate plasma osmolarity to be around 320 mOsm/L.
d
A sample of bone marrow has unusually low myeloid stem cells. What body process would be impaired? a. Oxygen delivery to tissues because red blood cells develop from megakaryocytes in the spleen. b. The viscosity of blood would be increased, due to an increase in platelet number and enhanced blood clotting. c. The immune response to infection since megakaryocytes are precursors for leukocytes that fight infection. d. The patient would be anemic and may have an impaired immune system because red blood cells AND white blood cells (except lymphocytes) are derived from myeloid stem cells.
d
Albumins a. Account for ~70% of the plasma proteins. They function as immunoglobulins which attack foreign proteins, and also transport apolipoproteins. b. Account for ~30% of the plasma proteins. They function as immunoglobulins which attack foreign proteins, and also transport hormones. c. Account for ~70% of the plasma proteins and are major contributors of the osmotic pressure of formed elements. d. Are the most abundant plasma protein and are the major contributor of plasma osmolarity.
d
Blood clotting is a complicated process that is essential for maintenance of life. Which part of the process begins with the activation of proenzymes that are already in the bloodstream (such as factor XII)? a. Homeostasis b. The extrinsic pathwav c. The common pathway d. The intrinsic pathway
d
Laura weighs approximately 110 Ibs (~50 kg) and has a hematocrit of 30. Her blood volume is 4.7L. What is her plasma volume? a. 2.4L b. 1.4L c. 30% d. 3.3L
d
Oxvhemoglobin a. does not release oxygen when plasma oxygen is low. b. absorbs additional oxygen when it passes through the pulmonary circulation. c. refers to heme bound to oxygen. Each hemoglobin molecule has 1 heme molecule. Each heme molecule binds frijon molecules. d. refers to oxygenated hemoglobin, and oxyhemoglobin is bright red.
d
The AV valves prevent the backflow of blood into the_____, prevent backflow of blood into the______. a.capillaries, coronary blood vessels b. ventricles, atria c. veins, arteries d. atria, ventricles
d
The figure shows a cardiac action potential. If plasma K+ is 8 mM which part will be affected? A. C. This is hyperpolarization caused by inward K current. Inward K current will increase with increased K concentration. B. A. This is depolarization occurs, Na+ channels open, and Na+ enters the cell. Less Na+ enters if the concentration is decreased. C. A. This is hyperpolarization that happens when Na+ channels open and Na+ enters the cell. More Na+ enters at this concentration. D. C. This is repolarization and increasing extracellular K+ will reduce outward K+ current, probably prolonging the action potential.
d
The vascular phase of blood clotting a. Lasts about 3 minutes, and is quickly followed by the platelet phase which is triggered by Factor X. b. Begins when collagen is exposed, platelets adhere, and endothelin is released. c. Begins roughly 30 seconds after a bleed begins. This is helpful because bleeding flushes wounds minimizing infection. d. is contraction of the smooth muscle fibers of the vessel wall. It lasts for approximately 30 minutes.
d
What is the BEST definition of an artery and a vein? a. Arteries are bigger and drawn in red, veins are smaller and drawn in blue. b. Arteries carry oxygenated blood, veins carry deoxygenated blood. c. Arteries are high pressure and veins are low pressure. d. Arteries always carry blood away from the heart, veins always return blood to the heart.
d
What is this structure? (arrow to that skin) a. The heart b. epicardium c. endocardium d. pericardium
d
What is true about red blood cell (rbc) lifetime and turnover? a. Red Blood Cells hemolyze in the blood near the end of the lifespan, around 120 days. b. Macrophage identify rbc's that are old, maybe 120 davs. Iron is turned into bilirubin and eliminated by the large intestine, c. After about 60 days macrophage, located in bone marrow, identify and consume rbc's. d. After about 120 days macrophage identify and recycle rbc's. Heme and iron are recycled. e. Red blood cells are derived from circulating stem cells, roughly 3 million per day.
d
Where is systolic blood pressure highest? a. The left atrium since this is the start of the systemic circuit. b. Either the right or left ventricles since these are the most powerful. c. The vena cava because all of the blood travels through it to return to the left atrium. d. The left ventricle because it must provide enough pressure to push blood through the systemic circuit.
d
Which component of blood contains more Nat? a. Plasma has more Na+. Plasma contains water and formed elements, which are mainly leukocytes, hemoblasts, and hemoglobins. b. Serum has more Na+. Serum is blood with the clotting factors removed. c. Formed elements contain more Na+ compared to plasma. Formed elements contain 135 mM Na+ and 10 mM K+ d. Plasma has more Na+. Plasma volume is usually more than ½ the blood volume and it contains ~ 140 mM Na+ and 4.5 mM K+.
d
a. basophil. It is a phagocyte meaning it can engulf antibody-labeled material. It is increased in allergic and parasitic reactions, b. leukocyte. It is a granular cell and it rf/ease histamine and heparin when stimulated. c. neutrophil. The most abundant white blood cell. it is phagocytic and it engulfs pathogens. d. eosinophil. It is a phagocyte meaning it can engulf antibody-labeled material. It is increased in allergic and parasitic reactions,
d
How does the sympathetic nervous system increase heart rate? a. It hyperpolarizes the cell membrane by opening Na+ channels, creating more inward Na+ current which will make the cell interior more negative. b. It hyperpolarizes the pacemaker cell membrane potential, making it harder to reach threshold. c. It depolarizes the cell membrane by opening Ca2_ channels. This increases the plateau period and slows heart rate. d. It depolarizes the pacemaker cell membrane potential, making it easier to reach threshold.
d?