BIOCHEM FINAL EXAM

Calculate the value of ΔG, if the value of ΔH is +1200 Kcal/mol, ΔS is -60 Kcal/mol, and the reaction takes place at 300 K. Once you calculate the value of ΔG, you can predict the reaction is _______________. + 19200 Kcal/mol, non-spontaneous - 16800 Kcal/mol, spontaneous -19200 Kcal/mol, spontaneous +16800 Kcal/mol, non-spontaneous

+ 19200 Kcal/mol, non-spontaneous

Refer to the figure shown here, and determine the value of E for the overall oxidation/reduction reaction (refer to the book/lecture slides if you need help with the overall reaction). -0.496 volts +1.136 volts -1.136 volts 0.496 volts

+1.136 volts

If for the reaction A+B <=> C, ΔH = -400 kcal/mol and ΔS = 60 kcal/mol/K, what is ΔG on a very warm afternoon (T = 300K)? Based on your result, you can predict that this reaction is ____. +17,600 Kcal/mol; non-spontaneous -18,400 Kcal/mol; spontaneous +18,400 Kcal/mol; non-spontaneous -17,600 Kcal/mol; spontaneous

-18,400 Kcal/mol; spontaneous

If the concentrations of both the enzymes A and B used in this reaction is 2 μM, the kcat for the enzymes A and B, is 2 μM for A, 4 μM for B 4 μM for both 20 sec-1 for both 20 sec-1 for A, 10 sec-1 for B

20 sec-1 for both

This isoprene derived lipid has ____ carbons, and hence contains ___ isoprene units. 20; 4 15; 5 15; 3 20; 5

20; 4

There are ____________ H-bonds between adenine and thymine, and _________ H-bonds between cytosine and guanine. 2;3 3;2 2;2 3;3

2;3

How many chiral carbons exist within a ketohexose? 1 2 3 4

3

If the following polypeptide chain is treated with chymotrypsin, the number of fragment(s)/piece(s) generated is/are (single letter codes are given) VAGWRKVMCC 4 3 1 2

3

Number of reactions/steps that are highly regulated during glycolysis is/are____. 1 3 10 4

3

The number of amino acids in the image shown below are 2 4 3 5

3

The pH of a solution containing 0.001 M HCl is 3 4 2 1

3

Reaction (s) exclusively catalyzed by the enzyme class mutases is/are (Select all that applies) 3 PG <---> 2 PG G6P <---> F6P G6P <---> G1P DHAP <----> G3P

3 PG <---> 2 PG, G6P <---> G1P

Calculate the approximate value of the initial velocity from the graph shown below. 40 mM/sec 20 mM/sec 3 mM/sec 79 mM/ sec

3 mM/sec

The approximate protein:lipid ratio in the inner mitochondrial membrane is: 1:4 1:10 3:1 1:1

3:1

Triglycerides are comprised of glycerol plus ____ fatty acids, and are ____ compared to fatty acids. 3; more polar 2; less polar 3; less polar 2; more polar

3; less polar

Determine the different number of forms that can exist for a ketopentose. 4 8 16 2

4

Determine the number of biological forms that can exist for an aldopentose. 8 16 4 2

4

Shown here is a monosachharide. How many biological forms of this sugar are there? 4 2 16 8

4

Shown here is a monosachharide. Which numbered carbon tells us whether it is D- or L-? 5 3 4 2

4

A single futile cycle, i.e. one round of glycolysis plus one round of gluconeogenesis consumes: 6 ATP; 2 NADH 4 ATP; 0 NADH 2 ATP; 1 NADH 4 ATP; 4 NADH

4 ATP; 0 NADH

If the concentration of the enzyme used for the following reaction is 2mM, calculate kcat. 4500 sec-1 4.5 Msec-1 4.5 mM 4.5 X 10-3 sec-1

4.5 X 10-3 sec-1

The 8th amino acid (assuming its not a proline) in an alpha helix chain will form H-bond (s) with the.. 4th and 12th amino acids in the sequence. 7th and 9th amino acids in the sequence. 4th amino acid in the sequence only. 12th amino acid in the sequence only.

4th and 12th amino acids in the sequence.

How many types of different histone proteins are there? 9 4 5 8

5

In the sugar shown below, you can determine the D-, or L- form from carbon number... 5 1 Any chiral carbon 6

5

Directionality of Polynucleotide chains originates at the ____ end, and terminates at the _____ end. 5' Phosphate; 3' OH 3' Phosphate; 5' OH 5' OH; 3' Phosphate 3' OH; 5' Phosphate

5' Phosphate; 3' OH

Shown below is the titration curve for the amino acid glycine (side chain -H). What is the composition of glycine at pH 10.0? 100% H3N+-CH2-COO- 100% H2N-CH2-COOH 50% H2N-CH2-COOH; 50% H2N-CH2-COO- 50% H3N+-CH2-COO-; 50% H2N-CH2-COO-

50% H3N+-CH2-COO-; 50% H2N-CH2-COO-

Melting Temperature (Tm) of a dsDNA molecule is the temperature at which Temperature at which the first dsDNA molecules denatures. Temperature at which the dsDNA solution starts boiling. 100% of the dsDNA exists in a single stranded (denatured form). 50% of the dsDNA exists in a single stranded (denatured form).

50% of the dsDNA exists in a single stranded (denatured form).

How many isoprene units was this molecule made from? 2 6 8 10

6

For every molecule of glucose produced, gluconeogenesis consumes: 6 ATP and 2 NADH 4 ATP and 0 NADH 2 ATP and 2 NADH 4 ATP and 1 NADH

6 ATP and 2 NADH

Shown below is the titration curve for phosphoric acid. At what pH does the solution contain equal concentrations of H2PO4- and HPO42-? 0 - 0.5 6.9 2.1 12.5

6.9

In the diagram shown below, the letters denote reactants, intermediates and products. The numbers represent the enzymes catalyzing the reactions. Looking at the diagram, for the mechanism to be efficient, an excess of final product "J" should inhibit enzyme 1 8 2 7

7

How many possible forms does an aldopentose have? 1 2 4 8

8

Shown here is a monosachharide. How many total forms of this sugar are there? 2 8 16 4

8

Which of the following reagents disrupts the H-bonds in the 3D protein structures? High concentration of beta-mercaptoethanol 8 M urea Low concentration of beta mercaptoethanol Oxygen

8 M urea

What is the kcat for the reaction shown below if the enzyme concentration used for this reaction is 5 μM? 20 mM sec -1 8 sec -1 8 x 10 3 sec-1 2 μM

8 x 10 3 sec-1

Write the scientific name of the fatty acid chain shown below 9,12,15 Octadecatrienoic Acid 6,9,12 - Octadecatrienoic acid 9,12,15 - Octatrienoic Acid 3,6,9 Octadecatrienoic acid

9,12,15 Octadecatrienoic Acid

The correct systematic name for the fatty acid below is: 9,12,15 octadecatrienoic acid 9 octadecatrienoic acid 3 octadecatrienoic acid 3, 6, 9 octadecatrienoic acid

9,12,15 octadecatrienoic acid

If the pH of a solution containing a weak acid is 5, the concentration of H+ ions is = 10-5 M <10-5 M >10-5 M 5 M

= 10-5 M

In the reaction cascade shown below, the reactants, intermediates, and products are given by numbers, and the enzymes are given by letters. Which enzyme would you want to inhibit if you wanted to stop the production of both product 3 and product 6? B A E D

A

Shown below is a sugar molecule in its ring form. Upon ring opening, the linear structure of this form will correspond to C D A B IMage

A

Which of the following is an unacceptable structure of a monosaccharide sugar? C All of the sugar structures given here are acceptable. D A image

A

Which of the following sugar structures is the least probable? D C A B

A

Which of the following statements regarding gluconeogenesis bypass reactions is false? All the Bypass reactions are catalyzed by multiple classes of enzymes Some of the bypass reactions consume energy in the form of ATP. All of the bypass reactions are reversible Most Gluconeogenesis bypass reactions occur in the cytoplasm.

All of the bypass reactions are reversible

Which of the following is not a fatty acid based lipid? Beeswax Phospholipid Prostaglandins All of the options are fatty acid based lipids.

All of the options are fatty acid based lipids.

Which of the following are among net products (i.e. of both phases) of the pentose phosphate shunt? Ribose-5-P Fructose-6-P All of the options are true CO2

All of the options are true

A competitive inhibitor of an enzyme Increases the Km of the reaction. Does not change the maximum velocity of the reaction. Binds to the same binding site as the substrate. All of these options are true.

All of these options are true.

In the beta chain of adult hemoglobin, Glycine 74 is known to line the BPG binding pocket. The mutation of Glycine 74 to Aspartate in the beta chain of adult hemoglobin will result in Increased oxygen binding. Charge repulsion on BPG. Decreased BPG binding. All options are correct.

All options are correct.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of an isoprene unit? Alternate triple bonds Five Carbons Branched Double bonds

Alternate triple bonds

The molecule shown below is a/an Nucleotide Amino Acid Sugar Lipid

Amino Acid

Proteins are made up of Amino Acids Sugars Triglycerides Nucleotides

Amino acids

The figure shown here depicts the helical wheel plot arrangement of the amino acids present in the carboxy terminal end of Bovine trypsin inhibitor protein. Looking at the figure, you can predict that: Amino acids on the polar side face the aqueous solvent. Amino acids on the non-polar side face the aqueous solvent. Amino acids on the polar side are buried. Amino acids on the non-polar side are exposed.

Amino acids on the polar side face the aqueous solvent.

SDS is a detergent commonly used in biological research to denature proteins to linear forms and provide them with a uniform negative charge. Which of the following thermodynamic changes would you expect to occur? Choose the best answer. An increase in ΔS An increase in ΔG An increase in temperature An increase in ΔH

An increase in ΔS

In the deoxy state of HB, which of the following does not occur? An inter-chain salt bridge between Histidine 146 and Lys 40 A peptide bond between Tyr 145 and His 146. An intra-chain salt bridge between Histidine 146 and Aspartate 94 side chains An intra-chain salt bridge between Val 98 and Tyr 145.

An intra-chain salt bridge between Val 98 and Tyr 145.

Which of the following does not describe an oxidant? An oxidant itself become oxidized. An oxidant oxidizes something else in the reaction. An oxidant may gain electrons in the reaction. None of these statements is false.

An oxidant itself become oxidized.

Which of the following statements is true for a unimolecular reversible reaction? At the end of the reaction, equilibrium constant is zero. At equilibrium, rate of formation of the product = rate of formation of the reactant. This reaction never reaches equilibrium. At the end of the reaction, kf = kr = zero.

At equilibrium, rate of formation of the product = rate of formation of the reactant.

If the curves A - D represent four different enzymes, the enzyme with the weakest substrate binding affinity is C D B A

B

Which of the following, thermodynamically, is a measured unfavorable consequence of the localization of Concanavalin A tetramers? Randomization of water molecules Breaking hydrogen bonds between water molecules All of the options are correct Hydrophobic Interactions between the dimers to form tetramers

Breaking hydrogen bonds between water molecules

In sickle cell anemia, hemoglobin forms long fibers as a result of Burying of non-polar amino acids Electrostatic interaction between glutamate and non polar amino acids Exposing polar amino acids Burying polar amino acids

Burying of non-polar amino acids

People suffering with sickle cell anemia have a structural defect in hemoglobin (HB). The major reason for this structural change is mutation of glutamic acid to valine. This leads to Burying of non-polar amino acids thereby increasing hydrophobic interactions and formation of long fibres. Exposure of polar amino acids, leading to disintegration of hemoglobin. Exposure of non-polar amino acids leading to long fiber formation. Burying of polar amino acids, leading to disintegration of hemoglobin.

Burying of non-polar amino acids thereby increasing hydrophobic interactions and formation of long fibres.

Which of the following sugars is an aldo-hexose?

C

The diagram below is a helical wheel plot, that mimics the arrangement of the linear seqeunce of amino acids into the alpha helical form. Looking at the helical wheel plot, you can tell that the amino acids that will bury away from the aqueous solution is/are: (Select all that applies) NEEDS IMAGE

C (Cysteine) M (Methionine) A (Alanine)

The monosaccharides shown below are Enantiomers Diastereomers Anomers Epimers

Enantiomers

Two monosaccharide isomers with 4 chiral carbons in which the configuration of all of chiral carbon are inverted with respect to each other are called as Diastereomers Enantiomers Anomers Epimers

Enantiomers

What is the intermediate state of an acid-base catalysis during conversion of DHAP to GAP called, and what is its structure? Ketone, C double bonded to an O and R Aldehyde, C double bonded to O and H Enediol, 2 double bonded C with a hydroxyl group on each enediol, 2 double bonded C with 2 hydroxyl groups on a single double bonded C

Enediol, 2 double bonded C with a hydroxyl group on each

________ is a measure of bond energy, and _______ bonds are the stronger ones of the two. Enthalpy; non-polar Gibb's free energy; polar Gibb's free energy; non-polar Enthalpy; polar

Enthalpy; polar

If you look at two monosaccharide isomers with 4 chiral carbons, and find that the configuration of only one of the chiral carbon differs between the two, you would describe these stereoisomers as Anomers Epimers Enantiomers Diastereomers

Epimers

The sugar molecules shown below are Anomers Diastereomers Epimers Enantiomers

Epimers

Which of the following is water-soluble and therefore must bind to a cell surface receptor in order to elicit a cellular response? Testosterone Progesterone Epinephrine Estradiol

Epinephrine

Muscle cells respond to ____ by increasing glycogen phosphorylase activity. Insulin only Epinephrine and glucagon Glucagon only Epinephrine only

Epinephrine only

The bond formed between glycerol and fatty acid chain is a/an _____ bond. Ether Glycosidic Phosphodiester Ester

Ester

Triacylglycerols are Ketones Aldehydes Esters Ether

Esters

Which of the following reactions do not occur in the prep phase of glycolysis (Note: Only major metabolites are given). G1P <--> G6P F1,6BP --> G3P + DHAP G3P <--> DHAP G6P <--> F6P

G1P <--> G6P

Which of these reactions is associated with production of NADH during glycolysis? G3P --> 1,3BPG DHAP --> G3P PEP--> Pyruvate 1,3 BPG --> 3 PG

G3P --> 1,3BPG

An immediate/specific inhibitor of the enzyme hexokinase is G6P AMP ATP Pyruvate

G6P

Which of the following is water-soluble and therefore must bind to a cell surface receptor in order to elicit a cellular response? Aldosterone Estradiol Glucagon Testosterone

Glucagon

Which of the following is an anabolic (anabolism) pathway? Gluconeogenesis Beta-oxidation of fatty acids Glycolysis Pyruvate Dehydrogenation (PDH)

Gluconeogenesis

Which of the following statements regarding glycolysis and gluconeogenesis is false? There are seven enzymes that are shared between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis Gluconeogenesis consumes 4 ATP. While gluconeogenesis is anabolic, glycolysis is catabolic Gluconeogenesis consimes 6 ATP and 2 NADH

Gluconeogenesis consumes 4 ATP.

Which of the following reactions occurs during glycolysis? (Note that only the major metabolites are shown) Fructose + Pi -> Fructose-6-P Glucose + ATP -> Glucose-6-P + ADP Glucose + Pi -> Glucose-6-P Fructose + ATP -> Fructose-6-P + ADP

Glucose + ATP -> Glucose-6-P + ADP

Which of the following reactants is common to the pentose phosphate pathway and glycogen synthesis? Glucose-1-Phosphate Glucose-6-Phosphate NADH ADP

Glucose-6-Phosphate

Which of the following amino acids can form 2 H-bonds within an alpha helix? Glutamic acid at position 6 in the sequence Proline at position 4 in the sequence Glycine at position 2 in the sequence Proline at position 6 in the sequence

Glutamic acid at position 6 in the sequence

What is the name of this compound? Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Pyruvate 2-Phosphoglycerate 3-phosphoglycerate

Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate

Which of the following amino acids is neither R- nor S-? None of the amino acids are R or S Serine Cysteine Glycine

Glycine

Amino acid(s) with least propensity to form alpha helices is/are Histidine and Proline All non-polar amino acids All polar amino acids Glycine and Proline

Glycine and Proline

The immediate substrate of the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase kinase is Glycogen ATP Protein Kinase A Glycogen Phosphorylase

Glycogen Phosphorylase

Enzymes that are phosphorylated as well as activated by epinephrine binding to its receptor are: (Select all that applies) Glycogen Phosphorylase Protein Phosphatase Glycogen Synthase Glycogen Phosphorylase Kinase Liver Pyruvate Kinase Protein Kinase A

Glycogen Phosphorylase, Glycogen Phosphorylase Kinase

When you are awake and your blood sugar levels are very low which of the following enzymes would you expect to be activated in your liver cells? Hexokinase Glycogen phosphorylase Glycogen Synthase Protein Phosphatase-1

Glycogen phosphorylase

Which of the following is the most efficient enzyme route in order to convert Glycogen to Glucose? Glycogen Synthase --> Mutase --> Bypass I of gluconeogenesis Glycogen phosphorylase --> Mutase --> Bypass III of gluconeogenesis Glycogen phosphorylase --> Mutase --> Bypass II of gluconeogenesis Glycogen phosphorylase --> Mutase --> Bypass I of gluconeogenesis

Glycogen phosphorylase --> Mutase --> Bypass III of gluconeogenesis

Pentose Phosphate Shunt can contribute to all the following process, except Nucleotide Biosynthesis Glycogen storage Glycolysis Fatty Acid Synthesis

Glycogen storage

A purine base with a H bond donor in the middle position, and with the ability to become a monomer in both DNA and RNA is Cytosine Adenine Uracil Guanine

Guanine

Which of the following is true about CO binding to HB? CO acts like a competitive inhibitor of oxygen binding to HB. CO acts as an allosteric regulator of oxygen binding to HB. Binding of CO to HB severely diminishes HB's oxygen binding affinity. Reduced BPG is one of the compensatory mechanisms in CO-poisoned smokers.

CO acts like a competitive inhibitor of oxygen binding to HB.

Which of the following is/are product(s) of anaerobic glucose metabolism? (Select all that apply!) NADH CO2 Lactic Acid Ethanol NAD+ ATP

CO2 Lactic Acid Ethanol ATP

Which of the following is/are product(s) of both aerobic and anaerobic catabolism of glucose? CO2 ATP Ethanol O2

CO2, ATP

The products of aerobic metabolism are: ATP, CO2 CO2 Ethanol, CO2 CO2, ATP, 2 H2O

CO2, ATP, 2 H2O

What are the products of the pentose phosphate shunt in its oxidative phase? F6P CO2 Ribulose-5-phosphate Ribose-5-phosphate NADPH

CO2, Ribulose-5-phosphate, NADPH

What type of biological molecule is shown below? Carbohydrate Nucleic Acid Lipid Amino Acid

Carbohydrate

Which of the following types of enzymes/reactions is used in one or more bypass reactions of gluconeogenesis but is not used in glycolysis? Phosphorylase Dehydrogenase Carboxylase Mutase

Carboxylase

Carbohydrate polymer that contains inter- and intra-sheet H-bonds is Glycogen Cellulose Starch Blood Group Antigens

Cellulose

Out of starch, glycogen, cellulose and chitin, carbohydrate polymers with beta linkages are Cellulose and Starch Cellulose and Chitin Glycogen and Starch Glycogen and Chitin

Cellulose and Chitin

Which of the following is not an example of a protein? Chitin Keratin Insulin Hemoglobin

Chitin

Which of the following polysaccharides is not a homopolymer of glucose? Starch Glycogen Cellulose Chitin

Chitin

Which of these both increases the transition temperature of cellular membranes at high temperatures while also decreasing their transition temperature at very low temperatures? Cholesterol Saturated Fatty Acids Unsaturated Fatty Acids Phospholipids

Cholesterol

Which of the following is not a formula for a carbohydrate? CnH2nO2n n X C(H2O) Cn(H2O)n CnH2nOn

CnH2nO2n

The Drug AZT is used to treat AIDS, This drug is a _____ Inhibitor/Activator of _____ Noncompetitive; Inhibitor; DNA polymerase Noncompetitive; Activator; Reverse Transcriptase Competitive; Activator; DNA polymerase Competitive; Inhibitor; Reverse Transcriptase

Competitive; Inhibitor; Reverse Transcriptase

Amino acids form polymers by undergoing _____________ reaction. Condensation Aggregation Reduction only Oxidation only

Condensation

Isomers in which atoms can undergo changes due to free rotation around single bonds are Enantiomers Diastereomers Constitutional Isomers Conformational Isomers

Conformational Isomers

Bypass I of gluconeogenesis Consumes 2 ATP molecules for converting 1 pyr to PEP involves decarboxylation of pyruvate to oxaloacetate involves direct carboxylation of pyruvate to pep Consumes 4 ATP for converting 1 Pyr to PEP

Consumes 2 ATP molecules for converting 1 pyr to PEP

Which of the following reactions is the most exergonic (think about number of favorable factors for just the particular reaction)? Conversion of PEP to Pyruvate Conversion of Glucose-6-phosphate to Glucose Hydrolysis of ATP All of the reactions are equally exergonic.

Conversion of PEP to Pyruvate

Which of the following types of bonds are present in the primary structures of proteins? Hydrogen bonds and covalent bonds Covalent bond Covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds and dislufide linkages Ionic interactions

Covalent bond

Chemically speaking, disulfide bonds are Ionic bonds Polar bonds Hydrogen bonds Covalent bonds

Covalent bonds

Which of these is associated with production of ATP during glycolysis? Phosphorylation of glucose Conversion of 2,3 BPG to PG Coversion of PEP to Pyruvate Conversion of DHAP to G3P

Coversion of PEP to Pyruvate

In the following image, curve 2 (pink) represents the normal oxygen binding curve for HB. Curves 1 (yellow) and 3 (blue) represent the trends in presence of activators or inhibitors. Which of the following statements is true? Curve 1 represents the oxygen binding affinity in the presence of high BPG. Curve 1 represents the oxygen binding affinity in the presence of high [H+]. Curve 1 represents the oxygen binding affinity in the presence of high pH. Curve 3 represents the Fetal HB Oxygen binding curve.

Curve 1 represents the oxygen binding affinity in the presence of high pH.

Disulfide bridges can be formed by ______________ and helps in stabilizing __________ structures. Cysteine; tertiary and quaternary Methionine; tertiary and quaternary Methionine; secondary, tertiary and quaternary Cysteine; primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary

Cysteine; tertiary and quaternary

Glycolysis occurs in the Inner mitochondrial membrane Endoplasmic Reticulum Cytoplasm Mitochondrial Matrix

Cytoplasm

A pyrimidine with a H-bond acceptor its middle position is Thymine Cytosine Uracil Cytidine

Cytosine

Which of the following represents the correct set of pyrimidines that occur in RNA? Cytosine and Uracil Cytosine and Thymine Cytosine and Adenine Cytosine and Guanine

Cytosine and Uracil

All naturally occurring (biological) sugars are always d D l L

D

Fatty Acid with lowest Tm is __ A D B C

D

Which of the following is the least probable structure of a monosaccharide sugar? C A D All of these sugars are acceptable

D

In deoxy HB, what are the bonds that hold V98 and Y145, Y145 and H 146, H146 and K40 respectively? H bond, Covalent bond and ionic bond. Ionic, Covalent, Hydrogen bond Hydrogen bond, Ionic, and Covalent bond Covalent bond, H-bond, Ionic bond

H bond, Covalent bond and ionic bond.

Glutamine residues in proteins facilitate interactions with DNA through Intercalation between bases Ionic bonding with backbone phosphate groups H-bonding with Adenine All these options are correct

H-bonding with Adenine

The fully deprotonated form of glycine is H2NCH2COO- +H3NCH2COO- H2NCH2COOH +H3NCH2COOH

H2NCH2COO-

Which of the following is true about Hemoglobin (HB), and Myoglobin (MB)? HB binds to four oxygens while MB binds to one oxygen. HB is present only in adults while MB is present only in the fetus. MB and HB both display positive cooperativity. Both HB and MB binding affinity to oxygen display a sigmoidal curve.

HB binds to four oxygens while MB binds to one oxygen.

A sigmoidal shape of oxygen-HB binding curve signifies that HB is an efficient transporter of oxygen HB is a poor transporter of oxygen HB binds to oxygen tightly in muscles HB is an efficient oxygen storage protein

HB is an efficient transporter of oxygen

Which of the following option sets show both H-bond donors that occur in polynucleotide Bases? HNH and NH N: and O: OH and O: HNH and :N

HNH and NH

The reaction Glucose-6-P --> Glucose + Pi occurs in Bypass ___ of gluconeogenesis and is catalyzed by a ____: III; phosphorylase I; phosphorylase III; phosphatase I; phosphatase

III; phosphatase

Hemoglobin is a protein that transports oxygen to the body's organs and tissues as well as transporting carbon dioxide from the organs and tissues. If any, what is the difference between a fetus' hemoglobin and an adult's hemoglobin? They are the same Hemoglobin is inactive in fetus' In a fetus, there are two α chains and ℽ chains Fetal Myoglobin also partakes in O2 transport along with hemoglobin

In a fetus, there are two α chains and ℽ chains

All of the following factors will decrease DNA Tm, except Decrease in %GC content Increase in %AT content Increase in salt concentration Decrease in Salt concentration

Increase in salt concentration

Fetal hemoglobin comprises of αγ sub-units. It has been found that the γ-chain contains serine at position 143 instead of Histidine 143 normally found in the β-chain. The amino acid 143 lines the DPG binding site. This mutation in the γ chain results in Increased DPG binding in the fetal hemoglobin This is a silent mutation, i.e. no change should be observed. Increased Oxygen binding in the fetus. Increased efficiency of oxygen transport to the lungs in the fetus.

Increased Oxygen binding in the fetus.

Identify the favorable factors in the reaction:G6P --> Glc + Pi Increased electron delocalization Happy Pi Increased electron delocalization and separation of like charges Increased electron delocalization, separation of like charges and enol to keto tautomerization.

Increased electron delocalization

Mutation of Lysine 82 in the BPG-binding pocket to Glutamate 82 will result in No change in BPG binding affinity Increased oxygen binding affinity Increased affinity for BPG Reduced oxygen binding affinity

Increased oxygen binding affinity

The oxidation of NADH is favorable because it involves: Increased resonance. Conversion of liquid to gas. Conversion of non-polar to polar bonds. Separation of like charges.

Increased resonance.

A competitive inhibitor _________________ Km, and __________________ Vmax. Increases; has no effect Decreases; Has no effect on Increases; Increases Increases; Decreases

Increases; has no effect

Which of the following is secreted in response to high blood sugar and binds to receptors on liver cells? Insulin Epinephrine/Adrenalin All of the above Glucagon

Insulin

Which of the following bonds is directly affected when oxygen binds to heme? Intra-chain covalent bond Inter-chain salt bridge Intra-chain salt bridge Intra-chain H-bond

Intra-chain H-bond

In the deoxy state, Histidine forms an ______ salt bridge with aspartate and an ______ salt bridge with lysine. Inter-chain; Inter-chain Inter-chain; Intra-chain Intra-chain; Intra-chain Intra-chain; inter-chain

Intra-chain; inter-chain

Which of the following amino acid groups has the least propensity to be present in a beta turn? Isoleucine Serine Lysine Glutamic Acid

Isoleucine

Conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate is catalyzed by a/an: Kinase Isomerase Phosphorylase Dehydratase

Isomerase

The reaction converting Glucose-6-phosphate to Fructose-6-phosphate is catalyzed by a/an _____. Dehydratase Dehydrogenase Kinase Isomerase

Isomerase

Bile salts are derived from ____ and are _____. Fatty acids; carriers for oligosaccharides Cholesterol; electron carriers Isoprene; biological detergents Fatty Acids; electron carriers

Isoprene; biological detergents

Dolichol is derived from ____ and is a carrier for_____. fatty acids; oligosaccharides Cholesterol; electrons Isoprenes; oligosaccharides Coenzyme Q; electrons

Isoprenes; oligosaccharides

During Cori Cycle, Pyruvate --->Lactate is favorable in muscles because It allows for glycolysis to continue in the muscle cells by regenerating NAD+ It allows for glycolysis to continue in the liver cells by regenerating NADH It allows for glycolysis to continue in the muscle cells by regenerating NADH It allows for glycolysis to continue in the liver cells by regenerating NAD+

It allows for glycolysis to continue in the muscle cells by regenerating NAD+

Which of the following statements is false regarding a polypeptide chain with residues Asn-Gly-Ile-Gln? Two of the amino acids found in this chain are polar, uncharged at pH 7. It is a tetrapeptide with four peptide bonds. There are three peptide bonds in this chain. The polypeptide chain is formed by condensation reaction.

It is a tetrapeptide with four peptide bonds.

What is true about the biosynthesis of amino acids? It is synthesized via a condensation reaction Additional amino acids are added starting from the c-terminal towards the n-terminal It results in a loss of water and the degradation of peptide bonds None of the above are true.

It is synthesized via a condensation reaction

Which of the following statements regarding gluconeogenesis is NOT true: It involves one or more intermediates that are different from those of glycolysis. It utilizes all of the same enzymes as glycolysis. It results in production of glucose from pyruvate. It consumes ATP.

It utilizes all of the same enzymes as glycolysis.

Mutation of arginine to which of the following amino acids would retain the same binding affinity to BPG in the BPG binding pocket? (select all that apply) G M D K T

K

Which of the following is true? k association is the inverse of K dissociation K association is the inverse of k dissociation k association is the inverse of k dissociation K association is the inverse of K dissociation

K association is the inverse of K dissociation

Which of the following are constants? (Select all that apply!) dB/dt for the reaction A <=> B ∆Gactual Keq V k

Keq k

Which of these is an approximate measure of enzyme-substrate binding affinity? k-cat Km ½ V-max V-max

Km

Which of the following is a catabolic (catabolism) pathway? Krebs Cycle Gluconeogenesis Synthesis of fatty acids Glycogen Storage

Krebs cycle

The value of Km can be estimated from k-1 k1 Ks kcat

Ks

Km is approximately ____ and is large when substrate binding is_____: 1/Ks; weak 1/Ks; strong Ks; weak Ks; strong

Ks; weak

With the exception of glycine, which is achiral, all naturally occuring proteins are R L D S

L

Select the choice that best describes the stereochemistry of the following amino acid, and rank the priority of the four groups surrounding the alpha carbon (in DESCENDING order: 1-highest 4-lowest) D and S, (1-NH2, 2-CH2SH, 3-COOH, 4-H) D and S, (1-CH2SH, 2-COOH, 3-NH2, 4-H) L and R, (1-NH2, 2-CH2SH, 3-COOH, 4-H) L and R, (1-NH2, 2-COOH, 3-CH2SH, 4-H)

L and R, (1-NH2, 2-CH2SH, 3-COOH, 4-H)

Select the choice that best describes the stereochemistry of the following biologically occurring amino acid, and rank the priority of the four groups surrounding the alpha carbon (in DESCENDING order: 1-highest 4-lowest) L and R, (1-NH2, 2-COOH, 3-CH3, 4-H) D and S, (1-CH3, 2-COOH, 3-NH2, 4-H) L and S, (1-NH2, 2-COOH, 3-CH3, 4-H) D and S, (1-NH2, 2-CH3 3-COOH, 4-H)

L and S, (1-NH2, 2-COOH, 3-CH3, 4-H)

Deoxyribonucleotides Lack a hydroxyl group at position 2 of the sugar molecule Lack a hydroxyl group at position 3 of the sugar molecule Lack a hydroxyl group at position 2 of the base Lack a hydroxyl group at position 3 of the base

Lack a hydroxyl group at position 2 of the sugar molecule

The Cori Cycle involves transport of ____ from muscle to liver and ____ from liver back to muscle. Pyruvate; Lactate Lactate; glucose Glucose; pyruvate Lactate; pyruvate

Lactate; glucose

Enzyme chymotrypsin cleaves polypeptides after ____aa. Large, non-polar Negatively charged Positively charged small

Large, non-polar

During respiration, lungs expel carbon dioxide, leading to the formation of more carbonic acid (H2CO3), which then dissociates to replenish the loss of carbon dioxide. This phenomenon is an example of Acid-Base catalysis Henderson Hasselbalch Relationship Buffering capacity Le Chatelier's Principle

Le Chatelier's Principle

Which of the following is true about insulin? insulin receptors are present on all types of cells Leads a dephosphorylation cascade is secreted long after a meal activates glycogen phosphorylase

Leads a dephosphorylation cascade

The figure shown here is a Ramachandran plot. The plausible secondary structure that can be found in quadrant B is Anti-parallel beta sheets Left-handed alpha helix Right-handed alpha helix Parallel beta sheets

Left-handed alpha helix

Which of the following classes of biological molecules do we commonly use for energy storage? (Select all that apply!) Lipids Amino acids Carbohydrates RNA nucleotides

Lipids and Carbohydrates

Which of the following biomolecules contain a phosphate group Lipids Deoxyribonucleic Acid carbohydrates proteins

Lipids, deoxyribonucleic acid

Which of the following factors can help increase enzyme efficiency: (select all that applies, negative points for wrong answer) Low kcat High substrate concentration Low Km High kcat

Low Km, high kcat

Hemoglobin has a ____ binding affinity at pO2 = 20 Torr and _____ binding affinity at pO2 = 100 Torr. High; Low Low; High High; High Low; Low

Low; High

The NAD+/NADH ratio in muscle cells is ___ compared to liver. This favors the reaction ___. Low; pyruvate -> lactate High; lactate -> pyruvate High; pyruvate -> lactate Low; lactate -> pyruvate

Low; pyruvate -> lactate

For the entropy factor (S) to become favorable, the entropy of the reactants should be Lower than that of the products. Always zero. Higher than that of the products. Equal to that of the products.

Lower than that of the products.

For the enthalpy (H) factor to become favorable, the enthalpy of the products should be Lower than that of the reactants. Always zero. Higher than that of the reactants. Equal to that of the reactants.

Lower than that of the reactants.

Histones are proteins that aid in compacting DNA to microscopic levels. Regarding your knowledge of DNA and assuming a tight interaction between the histones and DNA, which of the following amino acids might you expect to be abundant in histones? Lysine Glutamic Acid Aspartic Acid Leucine

Lysine

Which of the following amino acids is most unlikely to be present in a beta sheet? Isoleucine Lysine Leucine Valine

Lysine

Histone proteins are rich in amino acids Glutamine and Asparagine Lysine, Arginine and Histidine Lysine and Asparagine Lysine and Arginine

Lysine and Arginine

Identify the amino acid shown below. (Note: single letter code is provided as answer) C W F M

M

The units of rate of a unimolecular reversible reaction are ____, while the units of rate of a bimolecular reaction are ____. no units; M-1 M sec-1; M sec-1 sec-1; sec-1 sec-1; M-1 sec-1

M sec-1; M sec-1

For a reversible bimolecular association reaction A + B <=> AB, what are the units of Kassoc? M sec-1 M sec-1 M-1

M-1

The Km of muscle hexokinase is _____ than typical blood glucose concentrations. At typical blood glucose concentrations, therefore, the rate of glucose catabolism in muscle cells is relatively ____. Much higher; slow Much higher; fast Much lower; fast Much lower; slow

Much lower; fast

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the genetic code and translation? Multiple amino acids may be coded for by a single codon. There are 64 different codons mRNA sequence is the reverse complement of the template strand of DNA. An mRNA is typically translated on only 1 reading frame.

Multiple amino acids may be coded for by a single codon.

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the genetic code and translation? All codons encode for amino acids. Multiple codons may code for a single amino acid. A mRNA can be typically translated in ALL of the three reading frames. There are 24 different codons - one for each amino acid, one start codon and three stop codons.

Multiple codons may code for a single amino acid.

Which of the following option sets show both H-bond acceptors that occur in polynucleotide bases? N: and O: HNH and NH OH and O: HNH and :N

N: and O:

All of the molecules listed below are high energy compounds, except ATP NAD+ NADH Acetyl CoA

NAD+

The table below shows the standard reduction potential of some biochemical reactions. As per the table, the molecule that would most readily undergo oxidation is FADH2 NADH O2 NAD+ IMAGE

NADH

Which of the following is not a reactant in the overall glucose catabolism pathway? ADP NADH Glucose Oxygen

NADH

Throughout the electron transport chain many reactions occur. What happens to NADH eventually? NADH is not used in ETC. NADH remains unchanged in ETC but is used later. NADH is oxidized NADH is reduced

NADH is oxidized

When will ΔG always be spontaneous? Positive ΔH & Negative ΔS Negative ΔH & Negative ΔS Positive ΔH & Positive ΔS Negative ΔH & Positive ΔS

Negative ΔH & Positive ΔS

The image shown below is one of the steps in the Acid-Base catalysis of Triose Phosphate Isomerase. What should occur next? Negatively charged Oxygen on carbon 2 should attack the Glutamate proton Negatively charged Oxygen on carbon 2 should attack the Histidine proton The hydroxyl group on carbon 1 should donate its proton to the negatively charged oxygen None of the options are correct.

Negatively charged Oxygen on carbon 2 should attack the Histidine proton

2,3 - BPG is ___________ charged, and is surrounded by __________ amino acids when it is bound to HB. Negatively; amino acids with negatively charged side chains at pH 7 Negatively; amino acids with neutral charged side chains at pH 7 Positively; amino acids with positively charged side chains at pH 7 Negatively; amino acids with positively charged side chains at pH 7

Negatively; amino acids with positively charged side chains at pH 7

Phosholipids form Neither Homopolymers nor Heteropolymers Homopolymers Heteropolymers Both Homopolymers and Heteropolymers

Neither Homopolymers nor Heteropolymers

At a very low pH, a protein would be Deprotonated Net positive Net Neutral Net Negative

Net positive

The hydroxyl group of Beta naphthol has a pKa of 10. At a pH 8, the charge on beta naphthol is Neutral Negative Not enough information Positive

Neutral

Which of the following is NOT a favorable factor during ATP hydrolysis? No resonance of electrons Like charges pulled away Increased favorable interaction with solvent molecules Increased ionization

No resonance of electrons

An unknown amino acid dissolves in octanol and is calculated to have a negative ΔG when going from water to octanol. What is known about the amino acid? Non polar, hydrophobic polar: hydrophilic Non polar, hydrophilic polar, hydrophobic

Non polar, hydrophobic

In which reading frame will this mRNA be read? 5'- A C A G C C U G C A A G U C A C U G A C G - 3' Second None of the options is true. Third First

None of the options is true.

If the summary plot shown here depicts the data of an enzyme alone, and in the presence of its inhibitors, which data must be of that of enzyme with mixed - noncompetitive inhibitor C None of these B A

None of these

Which of the following statements is TRUE? None of these options is true Urea disrupts primary protein structure Oxygen reduces oxidized proteins Trace amounts of BME fully reduce oxidized proteins

None of these options is true

Which of the following steps do not occur when oxygen binds to heme? Binding of oxygen oxidizes Fe2+ to Fe3+ Binding of oxygen results in bending of heme. None of these steps occur when oxygen binds to heme. Binding of oxygen results in tense state of hemoglobin.

None of these steps occur when oxygen binds to heme.

The structure of an amino acid at pH 7 is shown below. This amino acid is most likely ___________. Non-polar Polar and charged at pH 7. Aromatic Polar and uncharged at pH 7.

Nonpolar

A mutation of Lysine 82 (in the DPG-binding pocket) to Arginine in beta sub-unit will most likely result in Higher than normal binding affinity to oxygen Not enough information Normal binding to oxygen Lower than normal binding affinity to oxygen

Normal binding to oxygen

If both ∆H < 0 and ∆S < 0 for a reaction A --> B, the reaction is: Not enough information Favorable Unfavorable At equilibrium

Not enough information

The mechanism by which trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase catalyzes proteolysis is: Nucleophilic attack of the enzyme to the substrate. Electrophilic attack by the enzyme onto the substrate. Entropy reduction Acid-base catalysis

Nucleophilic attack of the enzyme to the substrate.

The molecule shown below is a Base Not enough information Nucleotide Nucleoside

Nucleoside

The scientific name of the disaccharide sugar molecule shown below is O- β-D Galactofuranosyl (1-->4) D- glucofuranose O- α-D Glucopyranosyl (1-->4)- α D- galactopyranose O- β-D Glucopyranosyl (1-->4) D- galactopyranose O- β-D Galactopyranosyl (1-->4) D- glucopyranose

O- β-D Galactopyranosyl (1-->4) D- glucopyranose

What is the correct systematic name for the disaccharide below? (you do not need to know the monomer names to answer this question) O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1--> 2)-α-D-glucopyranose O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->2)-α-D-glucopyranose O-β-D-glucofuranosyl-(1--> 4)-β-D-glucofuranose O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4)-β-D-glucopyranose

O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4)-β-D-glucopyranose

For a given reaction, CH3CHO + 1/2O2 --> CH3COOH; the oxidizing agent is CH3COOH O2 CH3CHO None of the above

O2

The table below shows the standard reduction potential of some biochemical reactions. As per the table, the molecule that would most readily undergo reduction is O2 NADH NAD+ H2O IMAGE

O2

Imagine that a proline is present at position 4 in an alpha helical structure, the number of hydrogen bonds that proline can form with other amino acids is/are Four None Two One

One

Which of the following does not favor the formation of Concanavalin A tetramers from its dimers? Products have a higher entropy than the reactants. Disruption of ice-like water lattice. Organization of two protein dimers. Randomization of several water molecules.

Organization of two protein dimers.

In an M13 viral capsid, which is composed of protein subunits, the amino acids Asp and Glu point towards the ______ of the virus, because DNA is ______ charged. Inside; negativley Inside; positively Outside; negatively Outside; positively

Outside; negatively

Which of the following factors does not pay for the generation of NADH and ATP during steps 6 and 7 of glycolysis? Oxidation of an alcohol group to an aldehyde group Delocailization of electrons/Resonance Solvation Enthalpy

Oxidation of an alcohol group to an aldehyde group

Which of these processes is most exergonic? (Think VERY carefully!) Conversion of enol to keto ATP hydrolysis Dephosphorylation of glucose Oxidation of an aldehyde to a carboxylic acid group

Oxidation of an aldehyde to a carboxylic acid group.

Amino acids form polymers by forming a ______________ bond. Peptide Glycosidic Phosphodiester Amino acids simply form aggregates.

Peptide

A particular enzyme only recognizes proteins high in amino acids with conjugated pi systems. Which of the following amino acids would expect to be frequently found in a protein for this enzyme? Serine Phenylalanine Valine Isoleucine

Phenylalanine

The amino acid that can intercalate itself between DNA bases is Phenylalanine Proline Ethidium Bromide Tryptophan

Phenylalanine

Which of the following factors favors the formation of the Random DNA Coil? Enthalpy Base-Pairing Phosphate group interactions Stacking Energies

Phosphate group interactions

Which of the following is not a part of Triacylglycerols? Phosphate groups Ester bonds Glycerol Three fatty acid chains

Phosphate groups

The type of bond that exists between the 5' carbon and 3' carbon of cAMP (structure shown below is) Phosphoester bond Glycosidic linkage Phosphoanhydride bond Phosphodiester bond

Phosphodiester bond

What is the name of this compound? 2-Phosphoglycerate 3-Phosphoglycerate Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate Phosphoenol Pyruvate

Phosphoenol Pyruvate

The most efficient way to inhibit glycolysis is by inhibiting the enzyme Pyruvate Kinase G3P Dehydrogenase Hexokinase Phosphofructokinase

Phosphofructokinase

The most regulated enzyme in glycolysis is Phosphofructokinase Pyruvate Kinase G3P Dehydrogenase Hexokinase

Phosphofructokinase

Which of the following biomolecules is amphipathic? Phospholipids Nucleic Acids Carbohydrates Glutamic Acid

Phospholipids

Which of the following groups is not a regular component of an amino acid? Phosphoric Acid Carboxylic Acid Amino group Hydrogen

Phosphoric acid

Epinephrine acting on liver cells causes enzymes involved in glycogen metabolism to become ____ and, therefore ____. (Caution: Think Carefully!!!!) Phosphorylated; either active or inactive, depending on the enzyme Dephosphorylated; Inactive Phosphorylated; Active Dephosphorylated; either active or inactive, depending on the enzyme

Phosphorylated; either active or inactive, depending on the enzyme

Look at the amino acid sequence given below (single letter codes are given). Based on your theoretical BIO 305 knowledge, this polypeptide chain can possibly undergo which of the following post translational modifications? MFTGAEPC Phosphorylation, Carboxylation and Prenylation Not enough information Prenylation and Phosphorylation only Phosphorylation and carboxylation only

Phosphorylation, Carboxylation and Prenylation

The structure of an amino acid at pH 7 is shown below. This amino acid is most likely_____________. Non-polar Polar and charged at pH 7. Aromatic Polar and uncharged at pH 7.

Polar and charged at pH 7.

Which of the following amino acids or types of amino acids is rarely found in beta sheets? Polar uncharged amino acids Glycine Polar charged amino acids Non-Polar amino acids

Polar charged amino acids

Which of the following reactions does not involve the pyrophosphate molecule? Combination of isoprene derivatives Polymerization reaction of nucleotides cyclic AMP formation Polymerization reaction of Carbohydrates

Polymerization reaction of Carbohydrates

Levels of RNA structure/folding include Primary and Secondary Primary and Tertiary Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Secondary and Tertiary

Primary, Secondary and Tertiary

Levels of RNA structure/folding include Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Primary and Tertiary Primary and Secondary Secondary and Tertiary

Primary, Secondary and Tertiary

In a sequence of amino acids, a non-polar amino acid is mutated into a polar charged amino acid. Which of the following describes what levels of protein strucutures/folding is affected by this mutation? Primary, Secondary Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary Primary, Secondary, Tertiary Secondary, tertiary, quaternary

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

The pentose phosphate pathway: Produces glucose from pyruvate. Produces NADPH for use in fatty acid synthesis. Involves carboxylation followed by decarboxylation of a metabolite. Produces heat through simultaneous activation of both catabolic and anabolic reactions.

Produces NADPH for use in fatty acid synthesis.

The amino acid that lacks a backbone NH for bond formation to backbone CO group (due to the presence of a ring structure) is Proline Histidine Phenylalanine Glycine

Proline

Which class of biological molecules has the most diverse functions, including transport, structure, signaling, and motility? Carbohydrates Nucleic Acid Protein Lipids

Protein

Epinephrine signaling results in activation of ____ in liver cells resulting in ____. Protein Phosphatase-1; Glycogen breakdown Protein Kinase A; Glycogen breakdown Protein Kinase A; Glycogen synthesis Protein Phosphatase-1; Glycogen synthesis

Protein Kinase A; Glycogen breakdown

Insulin signaling results in activation of ____ in liver cells resulting in ____. Protein phosphatase-1; glycogen breakdown Protein Phosphatase-1; glycogen synthesis protein kinase a, glycogen breakdown protein kinase a, glycogen synthesis

Protein Phosphatase-1; glycogen synthesis

Which of the following does not occur when epinephrine binds to its receptor? G-alpha subunit gets activated and binds to adenylate cyclase ATP is converted to cAMP Protein kinase A is phosphorylated Glycogen phosphorylase is activated

Protein kinase A is phosphorylated

Which of the following would be expected to be, if anything, an inhibitor glycolysis? ADP NAD+ Glucose Pyruvate

Pyruvate

Which of the following reactions is energetically favorable because of LeChatelier's principle? PEP --> Pyr NADH --> NAD+ Diffusion of protons down the gradient Pyruvate --> Acetyl CoA + CO2

Pyruvate --> Acetyl CoA + CO2

In the presence of O2, glucose is converted to ___ during glycolysis and then __ in order to be used in the Krebs Cycle: Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate (G3P); pyruvate Pyruvate; Acetyl CoA Acetyl CoA; CoA Pyruvate; Citric Acid

Pyruvate; Acetyl CoA

In the absence of O2, glucose is converted to ___ in glycolysis and then __ during fermentation. Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate (G3P); Acetyl CoA Pyruvate; Lactate or ethanol and CO2 Pyruvate; Acetyl CoA Acetyl CoA; Citric acid

Pyruvate; Lactate or ethanol and CO2

Identify the amino acid shown below. (Note: Single letter codes are given as answer choices) E G D Q

Q

The two forms of Thalidomide are an example of R-, S- isomers D-, L- isomers d-, l- isomers None of the above

R-, S- isomers

Entropy is a measure of: Bond Energy The rate of a reaction Randomness Whether a reaction is favorable or not

Randomness

A non-competitive inhibitor can Has no effect on Ks Increase the value of kcat of the reaction. Reduce the value of kcat of the reaction. Reduce the value of Ks.

Reduce the value of kcat of the reaction.

Inhaling air that is highly concentrated in CO2 can lead to Increased oxygen binding affinity in lungs No change in the oxygen binding affinity. Reduced oxygen binding affinity in lungs

Reduced oxygen binding affinity in lungs

Anabolic pathways usually involve ____. Production of ATP Release of PPi Release of CO2 Reduction of Metabolites

Reduction of Metabolites

Which of the following reactions is favorable due to LeChatelier's principle? Conversion of NADH to NAD+ Release of CO2 Enol to Keto tautomerization Diffusion of protons down the gradient

Release of CO2

During glycogen synthesis, _____ primarily pulls the reaction shown below in the forward direction.G1P + UTP --> UDP-glucose + 2Pi Formation of UDP-glucose Energy Coupling Release of Pyrophosphate G1P

Release of Pyrophosphate

The Bypass reactions of gluconeogenesis: Reverse glycolysis reactions that are very exergonic. Make conversion of pyruvate to glucose possible without using ATP. Provide both reducing power in the form of NADPH and nucleic acid building blocks using intermediates of glycolysis. Evolved to generate heat.

Reverse glycolysis reactions that are very exergonic.

Which of the following is similar between DNA and RNA (Select all that applies!) Type of sugar Right handed helices Phosphodiester bond Overall negative charge Structure of minor groove Purine Composition Arrangement of bases in the helix

Right handed helices Phosphodiester bond Overall negative charge Purine Composition

Which of the following define the stereochemistry of alanine (as per the structure shown)? Note: Functional groups arranged horizontally are facing towards the front, and the functional groups arranged vertically are facing towards the back. l- d- R- S-

S

In a reaction, where V (initial) = 0.5 (Vmax), the units of Km are Same as that of kcat Same as that of the velocity of the reaction. Same as that of k-1 Same as that of substrate concentration.

Same as that of substrate concentration.

An organism adapted to extremely high temperatures would likely see high proportions of ___ fatty acids in their membrane phospholipids, which ___ their effective transition temperature. Saturated; increases Saturated; decreases Unsaturated; increases Unsaturated; decreases

Saturated; increases

In which reading frame will this mRNA be read? 5'- A C A G A U G C A A G U C U A A U G A C G - 3' Third Second First None of these

Second

Which of the following amino acids is uncharged at pH 7, but can become negatively charged after losing a H+ under certain circumstances? (Note: Think about this carefully). Serine Glutamine Glutamate Aspartate

Serine

Which of the following amino acids undergoes phosphorylation? Serine Isoleucine Histidine Glutamic Acid (Glutamate)

Serine

Which of the following amino acids will be polar, negatively charged ONLY when it is in a solution where the pH is higher than its pka? Serine and Threonine Aspartate and Glutamate Glutamine and Asparagine Serine and Glutamine

Serine and Threonine

Which of the following correctly describes the 3 amino acids that are most likely to undergo phosphorylation? Serine, threonine, tyrosine Serine, tyrosine, cysteine Cysteine, tryptophan, tyrosine Tyrosine, asparagine, serine

Serine, threonine, tyrosine

Which of the following statements is false? Concentration of DPG increases at high altitudes. Smokers have a very low level of DPG so that oxygen can easily bind to HB. DPG is an allosteric inhibitor of oxygen binding to HB DPG makes oxygen binding to HB difficult.

Smokers have a very low level of DPG so that oxygen can easily bind to HB.

This 30-carbon compound derived from isoprene, which serves as a precursor to many other lipids is: Retinol Squalene Arachidonic acid Retinal

Squalene

Which of the following carbohydrates play a role in storage? Cellulose Starch and Glycogen Glycogen alone Starch alone

Starch and Glycogen

The R-form of Ibuprofen does not bind to prostaglandins (pain signals) in the same way as the S-form. Hence the R-form of this medication can not relieve from pains. This could be due to a major difference in Conformation Constitution Deflection of Light Stereospecificity

Stereospecificity

Ibuprofen (pain reliever, analgesic) is known to exist in a racemic mixture of R- and S- forms. While the S- form has been shown to help with pain relief, the R- form does not do that. The structure of the two forms is given below. This is mainly due to differences in Constitutional differences in the two forms Conformation difference in the two forms. None of the given options is true. Stereospecificity differences in the two forms

Stereospecificity differences in the two forms

Most amino acids exist in the L-form because All Amino acids are R. Steric Hindrance is minimum in this form. Stereospecific binding is maximum in this form. H-bonds are minimum in this form.

Steric Hindrance is minimum in this form.

Fetal Hemoglobin consists of a ____ composed of ____ and ____ chains. Tetramer; 1 Alpha; 3 Gamma Tetramer; 2 Alpha; 2 Beta Dimer; 1 Aplha; 1 Gamma Tetramer; 2 alpha; 2 Gamma

Tetramer; 2 alpha; 2 Gamma

The pH of black tea is 5.5, while the pH of Coke is 2.5. Which of the following correctly describes the relative H+ concentrations in coffee and Coke? The H+ concentration of tea is 1000x that of Coke. The H+ concentration of tea is 2.2x that of Coke. The H+ concentration of Coke is 1000x that of tea. The H+ concentration of tea is 3x that of Coke.

The H+ concentration of Coke is 1000x that of tea.

One of the important features of enzymes is that they stabilize transition state of the reaction they catalyze. What is directly responsible for Trypsin and Chymotrypsin's stabilization of the transition state? The Oxyanion hole Valine Aspartate Histidine

The Oxyanion hole

If the Ka of an acid is really high, and the pKa is really low, it implies that The acid is very weak. The acid has no tendency to dissociate and give up H+. The acid has a strong tendency to dissociate and give up its H+ ion. The acid will stay protonated at very high pH.

The acid has a strong tendency to dissociate and give up its H+ ion.

If the Ka of an acid is really high AND the pKa is really low, this means (Select all that applies) The acid is weak The acid readily gives up it's H+ ions The acid is very strong The acid does NOT readily give up its H+ ions

The acid readily gives up it's H+ ions The acid is very strong

While determining the orientation of a peptide chain.. The direction is determined in the -CO to -NH2 direction. The amino group is in the center of the box. The carbonyl carbon is in the center of the box. The alpha carbon is in the center of the box.

The alpha carbon is in the center of the box.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the M13 virus coat protein? (Refer to the figure) The amino acids in the beginning of the chain can face the DNA. The amino acids at the beginning of the chain can stabilize the DNA. The amino acids at the end of the chain can destabilize the DNA. The amino acids towards the higher number end of the chain can face the DNA.

The amino acids towards the higher number end of the chain can face the DNA.

The diagrams below gives the energy diagram of four different reactions. After comparing the four energy diagrams, you can conclude that the corresponding kinetics and equilibrium plot for energy diagram B is given by

The picture where Y and X end close but start later

Fatty Acids are good fuels, and release energy in the form of heat. This is primarily because: The products of combustion are energetically more stable than the reactants. The reactants of combustion are energetically more stable than the reactants. Oxygen molecule is highly stable before combustion. Hydrocarbons are highly unstable before combustion.

The products of combustion are energetically more stable than the reactants.

The free energy graph for a reaction is shown below. Looking at the graph, you can conclude that The reaction is not spontaneous as ΔG>0. Not enough information. The reaction is spontaneous as ΔG<0. The reaction is not spontaneous as ΔG<0. NEEDS IMAGE

The reaction is not spontaneous as ΔG>0

After binding of two oxygen molecules, hemoglobin attains a realxed state, thereby reducing affinity to oxygen molecules. a fully tensed state, thereby releasing DPG. a fully relaxed state, thereby releasing DPG. a tensed state, thereby reducing affinity to oxygen molecules.

a fully relaxed state, thereby releasing DPG.

Melting of the ice is a result of a positive ΔS and a positive ΔH a positive ΔS and a negative ΔH a negative ΔS and a negative ΔH a negative ΔS and a positive ΔH

a positive ΔS and a positive ΔH

Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to ______ through ______. acetyl CoA; PDH complex ATP; Krebs Cycle Lactic Acid; Fermentation ethanol and carbon dioxide; PDH complex

acetyl CoA; PDH complex

Phosphorylases add phosphate group to its substrate without using ATP remove phosphate group from its substrate add phosphate group to its substrate using ATP phosphorylates and oxidizes its substrate

add phosphate group to its substrate without using ATP

The name of the base shown below is ____________. The DNA nucleotide with this base is called ___________. guanine, dGTP guanine, GTP adenine, dATP adenine, ATP

adenine, dATP

The sugar molecule shown below is the cyclic form of a/an ______ and the anomeric carbon is in the _____ position. aldopentose; β aldopentose; α aldohexose; α ketopentose; β

aldohexose; α

The sugar molecule shown below is the cyclic form of a/an ______ and the anomeric carbon is in the _____ position. ketopentose; α ketopentose; β ketohexose; β aldopentose; α

aldopentose; α

Glycogen can form alpha 1--> 4 linkages only alpha 1--> 6 linkages only alpha 1--> 4 and alpha 1--> 6 linkages alpha 1-->4 and beta 1--> 6 linkages

alpha 1--> 4 and alpha 1--> 6 linkages

The monosaccharide shown below is the ________________ anomer. alpha- L- D- beta-

alpha-

The pentose phosphate shunt is likely to be active when: an organism is growing the organism has not had a meal for a long time. fatty acid beta-oxidation is active. AMP levels are high

an organism is growing

For an exothermic reaction, the value of ΔG is positive (unfavorable) can not be predicted due to lack of information. is zero is negative (favorable)

can not be predicted due to lack of information.

pH > 7 in the lungs results in protonating of histidine, making it positively charged. deprotonating of histidine, making it neutral. protonating of histidine, making it neutral. deprotonating of histidine, making it negatively charged.

deprotonating of histidine, making it neutral.

Treating hemoglobin with 8 M urea, and high concentration of BME will result in disruption of intra- and inter-chain H-bonds and disulfide linkages, thereby generating 2 alpha and 2 beta chains. disruption of disulfide linkages, thereby generating 2 alpha-beta dimers disruption of inter-chain H-bonds only and disulfide linkages, thereby generating 2 alpha and 2 beta chains. disruption of intra- and inter-chain H-bonds thereby generating 2 alpha beta dimers.

disruption of intra- and inter-chain H-bonds and disulfide linkages, thereby generating 2 alpha and 2 beta chains.

Glycosylation of proteins occurs with the help of ___, a/an ___ . dolichol; isoprene derived lipid CoQ; protein embedded in mitochondrial membrane CoQ; isoprene derived lipid dolichol; protein embedded in ER membrane

dolichol; isoprene derived lipid

Which of the following form Right-handed alpha helices? ds RNA ssDNA and ss RNA ds DNA ds DNA, ds RNA, and proteins

ds DNA, ds RNA, and proteins

Chargaff rule applies to ssDNA All Polynucleotides dsDNA ss RNA

dsDNA

Depolymerization of disaccharides into two monosaccharides involves a/an _____________ reaction. amidation condensation mutarotation hydrolysis

hydrolysis

In a beta turn, proline is favored at the position i+3 i i+1 i+2

i+1

A mixed inhibitor (sometimes called a mixed non-competitive inhibitor) of an enzyme: increases Km and decreases V-max. decreases Km without altering V-max. increases Km without altering V-max. decreases both Km and V-max.

increases Km and decreases V-max.

cAMP increases [glucose] by promoting glycogen breakdown reduces [glucose] by promoting glycogen synthesis is produced only in liver cells is inhibited by caffeine

increases [glucose] by promoting glycogen breakdown

If the composition of unsaturated fatty acids increases, membrane fluidity ____ and melting point ____. increases; decreases decreases; decreases decreases; increases increases; increases

increases; decreases

Pyruvate kinase (glycolysis reaction 10) is ____ in liver cells and ____ in muscle cells in response to epinephrine. stimulated; inhibited stimulated; unaffected inhibited; stimulated inhibited; unaffected

inhibited; unaffected

Glycogen breakdown requires: UTP ATP HCO3- inorganic phosphate

inorganic phosphate

The folding of a protein is non-spontaneous involves unfavorable entropy occurs at a high Temperature (>90 C) involves favorable entropy

involves unfavorable entropy

A reducing agent accepts H+ ions. itself undergoes oxidation accepts electrons itself undergoes reduction

itself undergoes oxidation

For the series of equilibria describing an enzyme catalyzed reaction (below) Ks is: k-1/k1 (k2 + k-1)/k1 k-2/k2 k1/k2

k-1/k1

Which of the following is not true regarding bimolecular reactions? Irreversible reactions cannot reach equilibrium kassoc is the inverse of kdissoc Rate of reaction is dependent on rate of collision Kassoc is the inverse of Kdissoc

kassoc is the inverse of kdissoc

For the reaction A + B <=> AB, Kassoc = kdissc/kassoc kassoc/kdissoc 1/kdissoc 1/kassoc

kassoc/kdissoc

For the reaction A + B <=> AB, Kdissoc = 1/kassoc kassoc/kdissoc 1/kdissoc kdissc/kassoc

kdissc/kassoc

The sugar molecule shown below is a/an ______ and can have ______ total form(s). aldohexose; 4 ketohexose; 4 ketohexose; 8 aldohexose; 8 NEEDS IMAGE

ketohexose; 8

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding all reactions of the type A <=> B at equilibrium? ∆Gactual = 0 kf = kr V of forward reaction = V of reverse reaction net velocity (V) = 0

kf = kr

For a unimolecular reversible reaction, A <=> B, if forward rate constant is given by kf, and reverse rate constant is given by kr, rate of formation of "A" can be given by kf[A] kr[B]-kr[A] dB/dT -dB/dT kr[B] dA/dT

kr[B]-kr[A], -dB/dT, dA/dT

Glucokinase has a ___ substrate binding affinity, and therefore, ____ Km. low; low high; high high; low low; high

low; high

NAD+ is a ____ energy compound, and can be _____ to NADH. high; oxidized low; oxidized low; reduced high; reduced

low; reduced

You find a vial of clear, unknown sample in the freezer of your lab. The easiest way to determine the presence of proteins in that vial is by measuring absorbance of the sample at 260 nm. determining the pH of the sample. measuring absorbance of the sample at 280 nm. smelling the sample.

measuring absorbance of the sample at 280 nm.

If the pKa1, pKa2, and pKa3 of a triprotic acid (reaction shown below) are 2.1, 6.9, and 12.1 respectively, H3A + OH− <=> H2A− + H2O H2A− + OH− <=> HA2− + H2O HA2− + OH− <=> A3− + H2O, the pH at which H2A− = HA2− is pH = 6.9 pH >12.1 pH = 2.1 pH = 12.1

pH = 6.9

The pKas of two hypothetical organic acids are given below: ACOOH ----> ACOO- + H+ (pKa = 4.15) BCOOH -----> BCOO- + H+ (pKa = 4.55) The pH at which BOTH these acids will be soluble can be given by: 4.15 <pH <4.55 pH > 4.55 pH <4.15 pH < 4.55

pH > 4.55

The structure and pKa of the carboxylic acid group of the B vitamin niacin is shown below. The pH at which niacin is most soluble in water is pH < 4.75 pH > 4.75 Not enough information pH = 4.75

pH > 4.75

Resorcinol is used as an antiseptic and disinfectant in topical pharmaceutical products in the treatment of skin disorders and infections such as acne and eczema, has two dissociable protons, with pKa1 = 9.2 and pKa2 = 10.0. At what pH is resorcinol most soluble in water? pH >10.0 pH <9.2 pH between 9.2 and 10

pH >10.0

The image shown above illustrates a _____ beta sheet as the directionality of the top sheet is ____ and that of the bottom sheet is ____. parallel; left to right; left to right anti-parallel; right to left; left to right anti-parallel; left to right; right to left parallel; right to left; right to left

parallel; right to left; right to left

The type of linkages found between monomer units in nucleic acids is phosphoester ether amide phosphodiester

phosphodiester

In sickle cell anemia, long fibers of hemoglobin are formed due to the mutation of a ______ amino acid to a ______ amino acid. polar charged; non polar polar charged; polar uncharged non polar; polar uncharged non polar; polar charged

polar charged; non polar

Enzyme trypsin cleaves polypeptides after ______________ aa, and therefore, has a _____ charged aa in its substrate binding pocket to accommodate its substrate. large; no other negatively charged; positvely charged positively charged; positively charged positively charged; negatively charged

positively charged; negatively charged

Glucagon is a ____, and belongs to the class of ____. carbohydrate; lipid soluble hormone protein; lipid soluble hormone carbohydrate; water soluble hormone protein; water soluble hormoe

protein; water soluble hormoe

The carbonic acid equilibrium is shown below. Exhalation of CO2 by the lungs causes this equilibrium to shift to the ______, which causes the pH of the blood to _______. H+ + HCO3- <=> H2CO3 <=> H2O + CO2 right; decrease left; decrease right; increase left; increase

right; increase

If a bacteria exists in high temperature habitats, you should expect them to have high amounts of ______ fats, hence ______ the fluidity of their membranes. unsaturated; increasing unsaturated; decreasing saturated; increasing saturated; decreasing

saturated; decreasing

Enzyme elastase cleaves polypeptides after ______________ aa. small Large, non-polar Negatively charged Positively charged

small

The sequence of the mRNA is reverse complementary to the non-template strand template strand All of the options are correct. coding strand

template strand

In a single-chain protein, ionic interactions will primarily stabilize ____ structure. secondary, tertiary and quaternary primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary tertiary tertiary and quaternary

tertiary

Using BME will disrupt which structures of a protein consisting of a single chain? tertiary Secondary, tertiary, quaternary Primary Primary, Secondary and tertiary

tertiary

The main purpose of using ATP in the first step of glycolysis is make glucose a high energy compound due to repulsion of like charges using energy to convert glucose to fructose to make sure glucose is unable to leave the cell. making glucose asymmetrical

to make sure glucose is unable to leave the cell.

When the quaternary structure of adult HB is treated with dilute urea, it results in The protein is totally denatured. Four monomeric chains - 2 α chains and 2 β chains. two αβ dimer sub-units. one α2 dimer and one β2 dimer

two αβ dimer sub-units.

At a very low temperature, the membranes should contain a higher % of ____ fatty acids, thereby, ____ the Tm. saturated; increasing unsaturated; lowering unsaturated; increasing saturated; lowering

unsaturated; lowering

For a reaction to be spontaneous, which of the following factors should have a negative sign? Δ Gibbs Free Energy and Δ Enthalpy Δ Enthalpy and Δ Entropy Δ Temperature ΔGibb's Free Energy, ΔEnthalpy and Δ Entropy

Δ Gibbs Free Energy and Δ Enthalpy

We all have observed melting of ice. Based on your thermodynamic knowledge, you can predict that for this process, ΔG is negative, ΔH is positive, ΔS is positive ΔG is positive, ΔH is positive, ΔS is positive ΔG is negative, ΔH is negative, ΔS is positive ΔG is positive, ΔH is positive, ΔS is negative

ΔG is negative, ΔH is positive, ΔS is positive

Which of the following statements is true regarding an endothermic reaction? ΔS is always positive ΔH is always positive The reaction is always non-spontaneous. The reaction is always spontaneous.

ΔH is always positive

Glycogen contains___ linkages that ___ be digested by animals. α1 --> 4 glycosidic ; can α1--> 2 glycosidic ; can β1--> 4 glycosidic ; canNOT α1--> 4 glycosidic ; canNOT

α1 --> 4 glycosidic ; can

The scientific name of the fructose molecule shown below is β-D-Fructopyranose β-D-Fructofuranose α-D-Fructopyranose α-D-Fructofuranose

β-D-Fructofuranose

Cellulose contains___ linkages that ___ be digested by animals. α1--> 4 glycosidic ; canNOT β1--> 4 glycosidic ; canNOT α1 --> 4 glycosidic ; can α1--> 6 glycosidic ; can

β1--> 4 glycosidic ; canNOT

For all reactions of the type A <=> B, at equilibrium: ∆G°' = 0 ∆G-actual = 0 All of the above [A] = [B]

∆G-actual = 0

Which of these compounds is most oxidized? CH3CHO (acetaldehyde) C2H6 (ethane) CH3COOH (acetic acid) CH3CH2OH (ethanol)

CH3COOH (acetic acid)

What is the name of this compound? 3-Phosphoglycerate 2-Phosphoglycerate Glyceraldehyde -3- Phosphate Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate

Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate

BME (high concentration) disrupts ___________ in proteins. H-bonds Accelerating disulfide cross-linking. Disulfide linkages Ionic Interactions

Disulfide linkages

Out of the following four options, the concentration at which dsDNA will have the highest Tm is 1000 μM 1 M 10 mM 100 mM

1M

Bypass I of gluconeogenesis requires a source of energy. This energy comes from: 1 ATP + 1 NADH 2 ATP 6 ATP oxidation of the metabolite

2 ATP

If the value of Vmax for the the summary plot shown below is 40 M s-1, the approximate value of Km for enzyme A is 4 μM 2 μM 20 M sec-1 40 M sec-1

2 μM

Number of reducing end(s) in sucrose (structure shown below) is/are 1 2 3 0

0

Shown below is the titration curve for phosphoric acid. At what pH is the solution entirely in the H3PO4 form? 14 0-0.5 2.1 12.5

0-0.5

Ubiquinone + 2H+ + 2e- <=> ubiquinol, E = 0.045 V NAD+ + H+ + 2e- <=> NADH, E = -0.315 V Given the two half reactions above, calculate the overall reduction potential for the reaction: Ubiquinone + NADH --> Ubiquinol + NAD+ Based on the overall E value, you can tell that the reaction is ______.

0.36 V; favorable

Number of active reducing end(s) in the disaccharide molecule shown below is/are 1 2 3 0

1

The size of a eukaryotic cell nucleus is approximately 10 μM in diameter, and human chromosome 1 is approximately 100,000 μM long. Given this information, we need to fold chromosome 1 approximately _________ fold so that it can fit into the nucleus. 10 times 1,000,000 times 10,000 times 320 times

10,000 times

If the concentration of OH- ions in a solution is 10^-2 M, pH of that solution will be 12 7 14 2

12

Shown below is the titration curve for phosphoric acid. At what pH is the solution entirely in the PO43- form? 14 12.5 0-0.5 2.1

14

The symbol for the fatty acid below is: CH3(CH2)3CH=CH(CH2)7COOH 14:1, n-6 14:0, n-5 14:1, n-5 14:1, n-4

14:1, n-5

The total number of forms present for an aldohexose is 16 4 8 32

16

Write the symbolic name of the fatty acid shown below 19:2 n-7 18:2 n-6 18:2 n-5 18:2 n-8

18:2 n-6

The symbol for the fatty acid shown below is: CH3CH2(CH=CHCH2)3(CH2)6COOH 18:2, n-3 18:3, n-3 18:3; n-6 18:3, n-9

18:3, n-3

The approximate protein:lipid ratio in a typical cellular membrane such as the plasma membrane of erythrocytes is: 1:4 3:1 1:10 1:1

1:1

Shown here is ribose. Is ribose an aldose or a ketose? Ketose None of the above Aldose

Aldose

Which of the following statements regarding polynucleotides is true? A double stranded DNA forms a right-handed helix, where both strands run anti-parallel to each other. A double stranded DNA forms a left-handed helix, where both strands run parallel to each other. A double stranded DNA forms a left-handed helix, where both strands run anti-parallel to each other. A double stranded DNA forms a right-handed helix, where both strands run parallel to each other.

A double stranded DNA forms a right-handed helix, where both strands run anti-parallel to each other.

Smokers are known to have an increased concentration of DPG. This helps in A larger decrease in oxygen binding in muscles (as compared to oxygen binding in the lungs); resulting in more oxygen for muscles. A small increase in oxygen binding in muscles; hence HB can keep its oxygen in muscles. An improved oxygen binding efficiency in lungs; hence more HB binds to oxygen in lungs A higher saturation of oxygen binding to hemoglobin

A larger decrease in oxygen binding in muscles (as compared to oxygen binding in the lungs); resulting in more oxygen for muscles.

Fatty acids comprise of A long hydrocarbon chain and a carboxylic acid A long hydrocarbon chain and phosphoric Acid Two long hydrocarbon chains and a carboxylic acid group Two long hydrocarbon chains and a phosphoric acid group.

A long hydrocarbon chain and a carboxylic acid

Which of the following statements regarding the pyran rings is true? A pyran ring can be formed only by ketoses. A pyran ring in sugars should have six carbons A pyran ring can be formed only by aldoses. A pyran ring in sugars should have five carbons and one oxygen.

A pyran ring in sugars should have five carbons and one oxygen.

Which of the following biomolecules can act as glycolysis activators. [Select all that applies; Note: not a specific reaction, but glycolysis overall] Acetyl CoA AMP ADP G6P (optimum concentration) High [Glc] Pyruvate

AMP ADP G6P (optimum concentration) High [Glc]

A net product of catabolism is NADH sugar, e.g. glucose PPi ATP

ATP

The first half of glycolysis is called investment phase or preparatory phase because ATP is released to trap glucose in the cell. ATP is consumed to form G3P at the end of this phase ATP is released to form a nearly symmetrical molecule. ATP is consumed to generate NADH at the end of this phase

ATP is consumed to form G3P at the end of this phase

Which of the following organic compounds, would be most soluble when dissolved in water? Acetic Acid Ethane Acetaldehyde Ethanol

Acetic Acid

A metabolite common to oxidation of both glucose and fatty acids is: Acetyl CoA Pyruvate Dihydroxy Acetone Phosphate (DHAP) Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)

Acetyl CoA

_____is a high energy compound because its hydrolysis involves conversion of a thioester with poor pi overlap into an oxygen ester, which has good pi overlap. Pyruvate Acetyl CoA NADH FADH2

Acetyl CoA

Phosphofructokinase (PFK-1) is ____ when ATP levels are low, and ____ when ATP levels are high. Activated; activated Inhibited; inhibited Activated; inhibited Inhibited; activated

Activated; inhibited

Insulin signaling results in dephosphorylation, and thus ___, of ___ in liver cells. (Think carefully!!) Inactivation; Glycogen Synthase Activation; Glycogen phosphorylase Activation; Glycogen Synthase Activation; Protein Kinase A

Activation; Glycogen Synthase

Which of the following is the correct set of purines in DNA? Adenine and Guanine Adenine and Cytosine Guanine and Cytosine Guanine and Uracil

Adenine and Guanine

The molecule shown below is Adenosine deoxyadenosine Adenylic Acid Adenine

Adenosine

Protein kinase A has an effect on all of the following enzymes, except Adenylate Cyclase Glycogen phosphorylase Glycogen Synthase Glycogen phosphorylase kinase

Adenylate Cyclase

Which of the following enzymes is not directly affected by protein phosphatase enzyme? Glycogen Phosphorylase kinase Glycogen synthase Glycogen Phosphorylase Adenylate Cyclase

Adenylate Cyclase

Which of the following amino acids is not positively charged at pH 7? Asparagine Arginine Lysine Histidine

Asparagine

Which uncharged amino acids (i.e uncharged at pH 7) have the tendency to become positively charged? Serine and Tyrosine Glutamine and Threonine Asparagine and Glutamine Arginine and Glutamic Acid

Asparagine and Glutamine

Beta sheets shown in the figure below are: Not enough information One strand is parallel and another is anti-parallel Parallel Anti-parallel Image

Anti-parallel

Beta sheets shown in the figure below are: Anti-parallel Not enough information One strand is parallel and another is anti-parallel Parallel

Anti-parallel Not enough information One strand is parallel and another is anti-parallel Parallel

Which of the following amino acids can bind to DNA both in sequence specific (specific DNA bases) as well as sequence non-specific (to phosphate backbone) manner? (Think carefully!!) Asparagine Lysine Arginine Glutamine

Arginine

Amino Acids that carry a positive charge of +1 at pH 7 are (Think about it - don't rush through the question!) Asparagine, Lysine and Histidine. Arginine, Lysine and Histidine Arginine and Lysine Asparagine and Lysine

Arginine and Lysine

In N-linked glycoproteins, the sugar molecule is usually bound to Asp Asn Thr Ser

Asn

In the catalytic triad of enzyme trypsin, the aa responsible for stabilizing the positive charge on His 57 is Gly 193 All of the above Asp 102 Ser 195

Asp 102

The active form of insulin contains Inter-chain disulfide bonds No disulfide bonds Intra-chain disulfide bonds Both inter- and intra-chain disulfide bonds.

Both inter- and intra-chain disulfide bonds.

Which of the following are true characteristics of a dsDNA? B-form, parallel, #A=T#, and #G=#C A-form, anti-parallel, #A = #G, #C=#T A-form, parallel, #A = #G, #C=#T B-form, anti-parallel, #A=T#, and #G=#C

B-form, anti-parallel, #A=T#, and #G=#C

Which of the following constituents of the amino acids/ amino acid residues take part in the secondary level folding of a protein? (Select all that applies, negative points for wrong answer) Amino terminal Side chain Carboxyl terminal Disulfide linkages Backbone amino group Backbone Carbonyl group Backbone chiral carbon

Backbone amino group Backbone Carbonyl group

In amino acids, D- or L- system is applied to (or determined from) All amino acids are symmetric, so you can not apply D/L systems. Chiral carbon in the side chain Chiral carbon furthest away from the carboxylic acid group Backbone chiral carbon

Backbone chiral carbon

Why is it favorable to have proline in the beta turns? Because of its inability to form a H-bond with other amino acids. Because its phi angle is incompatible with beta sheets. Because its phi angle is ideal for turns. Because it does not sterically interfere with the i+2 side chain.

Because its phi angle is ideal for turns.

Which of the following is NOT an isoprene-derived lipid? Cholesterol Beta-carotene Beeswax Coenzyme Q

Beeswax

Total number of H-bonds formed by water molecules in 'liquid' state are 4 3 Between 3 to 4 2

Between 3 to 4

O-linked glycosylation occurs through Binding of sugars through oxygen of Threonine backbone carbonyl oxygen Binding of sugars through oxygen of serine side chain Binding of sugars through oxygen of Tyrosine side chain Binding of sugars through oxygen of serine backbone carbonyl oxygen

Binding of sugars through oxygen of serine side chain

Which of the following is true regarding the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin? Binding of the first two oxygen molecules to HB results in its relaxed state All of these statements are true. Hemoglobin has the highest affinity for the first oxygen molecule. Hemoglobin binds less tightly to Oxygen in lungs than in muscles

Binding of the first two oxygen molecules to HB results in its relaxed state

Enthalpy is a measure of: Bond Energy Randomness The rate of a reaction Whether a reaction is favorable or not

Bond Energy

Enzymes reduce entropy of their substrates in reactions with multiple reactants. This is possible because: High energy molecules like ATP provide energy that allows for the reduction in entropy. Bonding between enzyme and substrates causes an enthalpy change that counteracts the reduction in entropy. Thermal kinetic energy provides enough energy to reduce the entropy. Entropy reduction does not require energy. It can happen on its own

Bonding between enzyme and substrates causes an enthalpy change that counteracts the reduction in entropy.

Carbohydrates can form Heteropolymers only Both Heteropolymers and Homopolymers Homopolymers only Aggregates

Both Heteropolymers and Homopolymers

Alpha helices and beta sheets are the secondary structures of proteins. Which of the following statements regarding the two structures is false? None of these statements is false. Both alpha helices and beta sheets can form intra-chain H-bonds. Alpha helices are formed as a result of intra-chain H-bond while beta sheets are formed as a result of inter-chain H-bonds. Anti-parallel beta sheets are more stable as compared to parallel beta sheets.

Both alpha helices and beta sheets can form intra-chain H-bonds.

Which of these compounds is most soluble in water at pH 7.0? (Note that the non-ionized forms are shown, and remember that ionization will impact solubility!) CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-COOH CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CHO CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2OH CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-COOH

Which of these compounds is most soluble in water at pH 7.0? (Note that the non-ionized forms are shown, and remember that ionization will impact solubility!) CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-NH2 CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CHO CH3-CH2-HCO-O-CH3 (an ester)

CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-NH2

Which of the following is not a carbohydate? C7H14O7 C5H10O5 C6(H2O)6 C5(HO)5

C5(HO)5

The arrow marked by letter ____ marks the 5' end of the polynucleotide, and the arrow marked by the letter ___ marks the 3' end of this polynucleotide. A; C B; D C; A D; B

C; A

The carbon labeled ____ in the structure below is the 3' carbon, and the carbon labeled _____ is the 5' carbon respectively. A; B D;C B; A C; D

C; D

Which of the following would be expected to have the largest bond energy? C-H O=O C=O C=C

C=O

Which of the following molecules is most soluble in water (they all have similar MW)? CH3COO- CH3COOH CH2OH-CH2OH CH3CH2CH2CH3

CH3COO-

A mutation of Histidine 146 (at C-terminus of the beta 2 chain) to Tyrosine 146 will result in Disruption of intra-chain salt bridge. Disruption of inter-chain salt bridge. Decreased binding to oxygen. Increased binding to DPG

Disruption of intra-chain salt bridge.

Which of the following statements is true about polynucleotides? DNA and RNA absorb UV light, with a peak absorbance at 260 nm. DNA absorbs UV light, with a peak at 260 nm while RNA absorbs UV light, with a peak at 280 nm. DNA and RNA absorb UV light, with a peak absorbance at 280 nm. DNA absorbs UV light, with a peak at 280 nm while RNA absorbs UV light, with a peak at 260 nm.

DNA and RNA absorb UV light, with a peak absorbance at 260 nm.

The molecule shown below is a monomer of ________. We know this because of the structure of the carbon labeled _______. RNA; C RNA; B DNA; B DNA; C

DNA; B

Keeping in mind the bicarbonate buffer system (equilibrium equation), which of the following will immediately happen when there is a large increase in CO2 in blood? no change Decreased pH Increased pH decreased bicarbonate ion

Decreased pH

Conversion of 2PG to PEP is catalyzed by a/an: Phosphorylase Kinase Dehydratase Isomerase

Dehydratase

All reactions that invlove dephosphorylation of a biological molecule are favorable due to: Le Chatelier's Principle Delocalization of electrons Separation of like charges Happy Pi

Delocalization of electrons

pKa of acetic acid is 4.76. At pH 12, acetic acid is predominantly in the ________ form. Deprotonated Protonated [Protonated] = [Deprotonated] Not enough information.

Deprotonated

After exhalation of carbon dioxide, His 146 becomes ___________________ , resulting in ________________ oxygen binding affinity by hemoglobin. Protonated; Decreased Protonated; Increased Deprotonated; Increased Deprotonated; Decreased

Deprotonated; Increased

The sugar molecules shown below are ______ of each other. Enantiomers Diastereomers Anomers Epimers

Diastereomers

Two monosaccharide isomers with 4 chiral carbons in which the configuration of two chiral carbon differs are most precisely described as: Epimers Diastereomers Enantiomers Anomers

Diastereomers

Which of the following is the correct increasing order of oxidized form of carbon. Ethanol<Acetaldehyde<Acetone<Acetic Acid Acetic Acid<Acetone<Acetaldehyde<Ethanol Ethanol<Acetaldehyde<Ethene<Acetic Acid Acetaldehyde<Acetic Acid<Carbon dioxide<Ethane

Ethanol<Acetaldehyde<Acetone<Acetic Acid

When carbohydrate monomers combine to form dimers and polymers, they form an _________ bond, and this bond is called a _____________ linkage. Acyl, peptide Ether, Glycosidic Amide, Peptide Ester, Glycosidic

Ether, Glycosidic

Conversion of NADH to NAD+ is ___ because it ___. Exergonic; increases the number of polar bonds. Exergonic; separates like charges. Exergonic; is driven forward by LeChatelier's Principle Exergonic; increases charge delocalization.

Exergonic; increases charge delocalization.

Diffusion of compounds - e.g. ions, atoms, or molecules - down a gradient is ___ because it ___. Exergonic; produces heat. Exergonic; increases entropy. Exergonic; separates like charges. Endergonic; does not involve bond formation.

Exergonic; increases entropy.

Amino acid that can form specific interactions with Adenine base in DNA is (single letter codes are given) F Q R K

F

Which of the following reactions is not reduction? N2 + 3H2 --> 2NH3 1/2 O2 + 2 H+ + 2e- ----> H2O FADH2 ---> FAD + 2H+ + 2e- Fumarate- + 2H+ + 2e- ----> Succinate-

FADH2 ---> FAD + 2H+ + 2e-

An exothermic reaction is always spontaneous. True False

False

True or false: The oxidizing agent in a reaction is the one that gets oxidized. True False

False

True or false: The reaction below involves a decrease in entropy. 2 N2O5 (solid) ---> 4 NO2 (gas) + O2 (gas) True False

False

True or false: The reducing agent in a reaction is the one that gets reduced. True False

False

True or false: When liver cells consume glucose anaerobically, lactate is secreted into the bloodstream where it is taken up by muscle cells, which convert it to pyruvate and then glucose. True False

False

Which of the following processes is dependent on the activity of pentose phosphate shunt? Glycogen Synthesis Gluconeogenesis Fatty Acid Synthesis All of these options are true

Fatty Acid Synthesis

Oxygen binds to _______________ in the heme group of the hemoglobin. End of the porphyrin ring Fe2+ Fe3+ Histidine

Fe2+

Which of the following reactions does NOT show oxidation? Fe3+ + e- ---> Fe2+ NADH --> NAD+ Ethanol --> Acetaldehyde Acetaldehye --> Acid

Fe3+ + e- ---> Fe2+

In which reading frame will this mRNA be read? 5'- A C A A U G C A A G U C U A A U G A C G C C - 3' Third Fourth First Second

First

The following mRNA will be translated in the _________ reading frame. 5' - AAAGTCCGUAUGCTTTTGAAA -3' Tenth None second First

First

Which of the following is NOT a dissimilarity between RNA and DNA? Formation of Phosphodiester bonds Types of Bases Double stranded vs Single stranded Type of Sugar

Formation of Phosphodiester bonds

The pathway leading to glycogen synthesis involves all EXCEPT which of the following compounds? Glucose-6-P Fructose-1,6-BP Glucose-1-P UTP

Fructose-1,6-BP

Which of these reactions occurs during glycolysis? (Note that only the major metabolites are shown) Fructose-1-P -> Fructose-6-P Fructose-6-P -> Glucose-6-P Fructose -> Fructose-6-P Fructose-6-P -> Fructose-1,6-BP

Fructose-6-P -> Fructose-1,6-BP

Many sugars, including galactose, fructose, and mannose, are converted into ______ to be catabolized in glycolysis. Fructose-6-Phosphate Glucose Glucose-6-Phosphate Acetyl-CoA

Fructose-6-Phosphate

The breakdown of many digestible sugars converges on metabolism at the glycolytic intermediate _______. Therefore, glycolysis can still take place even when hexokinase has been inhibited Glucose-6-Phosphate G3P Fructose-6-phosphate DHAP

Fructose-6-phosphate

Which of the following base pairs is the STRONGEST? G-C A-U A-T G-T

G-C

Which of the following protein(s) exhibit positive cooperativity in oxygen binding? Myoglobin and Hemoglobin Myoglobin None of these options are correct Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin

Which of the following is an activator of gluconeogenesis? High [Glucose] ADP High [Acetyl CoA] AMP

High [Acetyl CoA]

The pH is ________ in the lungs and _______ in the muscles. High in the lungs but there is no oxygen in the muscles Low; High High; Low Equal in both the lungs and the muscles

High; Low

The NAD+/NADH ratio in liver cells is ___ compared to muscle. This favors the reaction ___. Low; lactate -> pyruvate High; lactate -> pyruvate Low; pyruvate -> lactate High; pyruvate -> lactate

High; lactate -> pyruvate

Myoglobin has a _______ affinity for oxygen compared to hemoglobin, and therefore it ______ oxygen. Lower; transports Higher; transports Lower; stores Higher; stores

Higher; stores

The disruption of which of the following interactions directly contributes towards removing 2,3-BPG from HB? His 146 - Lys 40 Tyr 145 - Val 98 His 146 - Asp 94 Tyr-145 - His 146

His 146 - Lys 40

The amino acid in Hemoglobin that is most found to be most sensitive to pH changes, and hence affects Oxygen binding process around pH 7 is Histidine Valine Tyrosine Aspartic Acid

Histidine

Glucagon is a/an Coenzyme Enzyme Glucose storage molecule Hormone

Hormone

Which of the following types of bonds are responsible for the secondary structures of proteins? Hydrogen bonds Ionic interactions Covalent bond dislufide linkages

Hydrogen bonds

Nucleotide BASE PAIRS are held together by _____, and the correct pairing pattern is _____. Hydrogen bonds, (A-T, G-C) Hydrogen bonds, (A-G, U-C) Glycosidic bonds, (A-G, T-C) Glycosidic bonds, (A-U, G-C)

Hydrogen bonds, (A-T, G-C)

The shape for curve of oxygen binding to Myoglobin is ___________ and the shape for curve of oxygen binding to Hemoglobin is _________________. Sigmoidal, Sigmoidal Hyperbolic, Hyperbolic Hyperbolic, Sigmoidal Flat, Sigmoidal

Hyperbolic, Sigmoidal

In BIO 305, we discussed the behavior of amino acids in polar vs non-polar solvents. Which of the following amino acids have a non-spontaneous reaction when going from a non-polar solvent to a polar solvent? (Select all that applies, negative points for wrong answer). Glutamate Lysine Methionine Aspartate Isoleucine Phenylalanine Tryptophan Serine

Methionine, Isoleucine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan

Functional carbohydrates exist in the form of Polysaccharides Monosaccharides, Disaccharides and Polysaccharides Monosaccharides Monosaccharides and Disaccharides

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides and Polysaccharides

For a reaction that increases entropy, an increase in temperature will tend to make the reaction: Less Favorable More favorable Not enough information It won't have any effect

More favorable

The Km of liver glucokinase is _____ than typical blood glucose concentrations. At typical blood glucose concentrations, therefore, the rate of glucose catabolism in liver cells is relatively ____. Much higher; slow Much lower; slow Much lower; fast Much higher; fast

Much higher; slow

The Go of the reaction of reactant X to product Y is the same in its catalytic reaction and the uncatalyzed reaction. Which of the following is false? The time it takes for both reactions (catalyzed vs uncatalyzed) to reach equilibrium is the same. A small difference in Go means a small difference in relative amounts of X and Y at equilibrium. A large difference in Go means a large difference in relative amounts of X and Y at equilibrium. Catalysts does not affect the concentrations of X and Y at equilibrium.

The time it takes for both reactions (catalyzed vs uncatalyzed) to reach equilibrium is the same.

Reactions in which either CO2 or PPi are produced tend to be very exergonic because: The bond energies of the products are much lower than those of the reactants. Reactions coupled to their production involve oxidation of the metabolite. Reactions coupled to their production involve reduction of the metabolite. Their concentrations quickly decrease, driving the reactions forward due to LeChatelier's Principle.

Their concentrations quickly decrease, driving the reactions forward due to LeChatelier's Principle.

Which of the following is NOT true of enzymes? They may alter Keq for the reaction that they catalyze. They may interact chemically with their substrates. They may catalyze a reaction in both forward and reverse directions. They may decrease the entropy of their substrates.

They may alter Keq for the reaction that they catalyze.

Which of the following is not true of enzymes? They may form covalent bonds with a substrate. They may stabilize the transition state. They may decrease entropy of the substrates. They may be permanently altered in the catalyzed reaction.

They may be permanently altered in the catalyzed reaction.

You're examining an amino acid at position 3 in an alpha helix. Without knowing the specific amino acid. What do you already know? There is not enough information This amino acid forms one H bond. The amino acid will form bonds with its nitrogen. The amino acid forms two H bonds

This amino acid forms one H bond.

The reaction shown below occurs in glycolysis. Which of the following is false about this reaction? [Note: only major metabolites are given] The substrate gets oxidized during this reaction. This particular reaction uses phosphorylase enzyme. This particular reaction uses kinase enzyme The substrate gets phosphorylated during this reaction.

This particular reaction uses kinase enzyme

Which of the following nucleotides are small and have a hydrogen bond donor in the middle? Thymine and cytosine Thymine and Guanine Adenine and Thymine Thymine and Uracil

Thymine and Uracil

True or false: When muscle cells consume glucose anaerobically, lactate is secreted into the bloodstream where it is taken up by liver cells, which convert it to pyruvate and then glucose. True False

True

Which of the following is an aromatic acid? Tryptophan Alanine Proline Isoleucine

Tryptophan

Which of the following is not a structural difference between DNA and RNA? Single vs Double stranded Type of Purines Type of pyrimidines Type of Sugar

Type of Purines

Amino acid(s) that can help in determining protein concentration by absorbing UV light at 280 nm is/are Tyrosine and Tryptophan Tyrosine only Tryptophan only Tyrosine, Tryptophan amd Phenylalanine

Tyrosine and Tryptophan

Which of the following mutations is silent? (Refer the genetic code table shown below) UAU --> UAC UAU --> UAG UAU --> UCU UAU --> UGU

UAU --> UAC

Which of the following mutations can be lethal? (Refer the genetic code table shown below) GAC --> GAA GAA--> GAG GUU --> GUC UAU --> UAG

UAU --> UAG

Which of the following mutations can be most lethal? (Refer to the genetic code table shown below) UGG --> UGA GUU --> GCU AUU --> ACU AUU --> AUC

UGG --> UGA

In the alpha helix shown below, all carbonyl groups are pointing_____________, and amino groups are pointing __________. Upwards; Upwards Downwards; Upwards Upwards; Downwards Downwards; Downwards

Upwards; Downwards

Uridine is composed of Uracil, Deoxyribose sugar and phosphate groups Uracil and Deoxyribose sugar Uracil and Ribose Sugar Uracil, Ribose sugar and phosphate groups

Uracil and Ribose Sugar

Which of the following steps does not occur when the first oxygen molecule binds to HB? Valine 98 forms H-bond with Tyrosine 145 Heme flattens out Salt bridges are broken DPG eventually gets released

Valine 98 forms H-bond with Tyrosine 145

A random protein composed of glutamic acid, arginine, valine, and phenylalanine units are placed in an aqueous solution. Which amino acid(s) would you expect to aggregate on the inside/bury themselves? Valine only Glutamic acid and arginine Glutamic acid only Valine and phenylalanine

Valine and phenylalanine

Gibb's free energy is a measure of: Whether a reaction is favorable or not Randomness The rate of a reaction Bond Energy

Whether a reaction is favorable or not

The amino acid shown below is _____, and it belongs to the category of _____. (Note: single letter code is given) T, polar uncharged, and aromatic Y; polar uncharged, and aromatic W, non-polar P; non-polar

Y; polar uncharged, and aromatic

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding all reactions of the type A <=> B at equilibrium? net velocity (V) = 0 V of forward reaction = V of reverse reaction ∆Gactual = 0 [A] = [B]

[A] = [B]

Which of the following states the correct [H+] and [OH-] at pH 4.0? [H+] = 4 M; [OH-] = 10 M [H+] = 10-4 M; [OH-] = 10-10 M [H+] = 104 M; [OH-] = 1010 M [H+] = 10 M; [OH-] = 4 M

[H+] = 10-4 M; [OH-] = 10-10 M

A weak acid solution can act as a good buffer when its pH is 7 around its pKa way below its pKa way above its pKa

around its pKa

Glycine is a highly flexible amino acid and is unfavored in some of the secondary structures of the proteins. However, glycine can be found/preferred in which of the following structures? beta sheets and beta turns First alpha helical turn, beta sheets and beta turns Glycine can be found in alpha helices, beta sheets and beta turns beta sheets only

beta sheets and beta turns

Shown below is the __________________ anomer of monosaccharide. D- alpha- beta- L-

beta-

Shown below is the __________________ anomer of monosaccharide. D- beta- alpha- L-

beta-

Ethidium Bromide is a chemical reagent that has been used to detect the presence of nucleic acids. It is known to fluoresce under UV light and the intensity of the fluoresence increases when it binds to the nucleic acids. Ethidium Bromide binds to polynucleotides by binding directly to the bases on one of the strands. through the hydroxyl group of the sugar molecule. by intercalating itself between the base pair stacks. through the negatively charged phosphate groups.

by intercalating itself between the base pair stacks.

By looking at the summary plot shown below, you can conclude that enzymes A and B are _____ inhibitors of each other. competitive not enough information non-competitive image

competitive

Adenosine is not a part of NADH dATP CoA FADH2

dATP

The image shown below is ATP GMP dGTP dATP

dATP

For the reaction A + B <=> C + D, a catalyst: (Select all that apply!) decreases ∆Gactual. increases kf and decreases kr. increases the amount of C and D relative to A and B at equilibrium. decreases the time it takes to reach equilibrium.

decreases the time it takes to reach equilibrium.

The reaction shown below occurs in glycolysis, and is catalyzed by a/an ________. [Note: only major metabolites are given] kinase dehydrogenase mutase dehydratase

dehydrogenase

Two of the bypass reactions of gluconeogenesis involve: phosphorylation of the metabolite using phosphate from ATP. phosphorylation of the metabolite using phosphate from Pi. dephosphorylation of the metabolite without using it to make ATP. phosphorylation of ADP using phosphate from the metabolite.

dephosphorylation of the metabolite without using it to make ATP.

Liver cells respond to ____ by increasing glycogen phosphorylase activity. Insulin only Glucagon only epinephrine only epinephrine and glucagon

epinephrine and glucagon

Which of the following binds to receptors on liver cells inducing them to produce more glucose? Insulin Glucagon Insulin and epinephrine epinephrine and glucagon

epinephrine and glucagon

cAMP is the second messenger that is produced as a result of hormone binding. The hormone(s) responsible for this process is/are: glucagon insulin epinephrine and glucagon epinephrine and insulin

epinephrine and glucagon

The aggregation of hydrophobic groups between and within molecules (such as the aggregation of Concanavalin A subunits (shown below) is driven by: favorable ∆S of water. favorable ∆H of water. favorable ∆S of concanavalin A both favorable ∆H of water and favorable ∆S of Concanavalin A. IMAGE

favorable ∆S of water.

Atmospheric Oxygen can play a role in the ________ of ________ bonds in a protein. disruption; hydrogen disruption; disulfide formation; hydrogen formation; disulfide

formation; disulfide

The compound shown below is _______, and has _____ total forms. glyceraldehyde; 1 glyceraldehyde; 2 Serine; 1 Serine; 0

glyceraldehyde; 2

A homopolymer of glucose with α 1--> 4 linkage, and functions as storage in animals is cellulose starch glycogen chitin

glycogen

Monosaccharides are connected by _________ in polysaccharides. Chemically, these linkages are _____ bonds. peptide bonds; ether glycosidic linkages; ether peptide bonds; amide glycosidic linkages; ester

glycosidic linkages; ether

Blood group A antigen contains a ______, that belongs to the class of _______. heteropolymer; carbohydrates heteropolymer; proteins heteropolymer; fats homopolymer; carbohydrates

heteropolymer; carbohydrates

NAD+ is ____ stable than NADH because NAD+ has a ______ structure. less; planar/aromatic less; non-planar/tetrahedral carbon more; nonplanar/tetrahedral carbon more; planar/aromatic

more; planar/aromatic

At pH = 7, a non-polar amino acid such as valine has a neutral carboxylic acid, a neutral amino group and an alkane side chain negatively charged Carboxylic Acid group, positively charged amino group and an alkane side chain Only a non-polar side chain negatively charged Carboxylic Acid group, positively charged amino group and an aromatic side chain

negatively charged Carboxylic Acid group, positively charged amino group and an alkane side chain

Shown here is a monosachharide. Which numbered carbon tells us whether it is d- or l-? 3 5 4 none of the options are true

none of the options are true

A valine at position 4 in a protein alpha helix chain would make hydrogen bond(s) to which of the following amino acid position (s) Not enough information one hydrogen bond with an amino acid at position 8 and another hydrogen bond with an amino acid at position 1 one hydrogen bond with an amino acid at position 8 and another hydrogen bond with an amino acid at position 12 one hydrogen bond with an amino acid at position 8

one hydrogen bond with an amino acid at position 8

Steps 6 and 7 of glycolysis lead to the generation of high energy compounds. The types of reactions that occur in these two steps combined are oxidation, phosphorylation only carboxylation and phosphorylation oxidation, phosphorylation and dephosphorylation reduction of the substrate, followed by phosphorylation

oxidation, phosphorylation and dephosphorylation

If pKa for the ammonium group of the compound butylamine CH3(CH2)3NH3+ is 10.9, at what pH is butylamine most soluble in water? (Hint: Remember that nitrogen is ionized when protonated) pH = 10.9 pH > 10.9 pH < 10.9

pH < 10.9

For the equilibrium below, pKa1 = 7.9 and pKa2 = 10.1. At what pH is [HA-] equal to [A2-]? H2A <=> H+ + HA- <=> 2H+ + A2- pH < 7.9 pH = 10.1 pH = 7.9 pH > 10.1

pH = 10.1